Kungaqinisekiswa ukuthi Izilwane zase-Amphibian zaba ngezokuqala ezakwazi ukushiya imvelo yasemanzini ukuze zimise indawo yazo endaweni yemvelo yasemhlabeni. Kodwa abakwazanga ukukushiya ngokuphelele, ngakho baqhubeka bephila phakathi kwamanzi nomhlaba. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngendlela yokuphila Yezilwane Eziphila Ngaphansi Kolwandle, sikumema ukuthi ufunde lolu lwazi futhi ucacise ukungabaza kwakho ngalezi zidalwa eziphilayo ezikhetheke kakhulu.
Ayini ama-Amphibians futhi ahlala kuphi?
Izilwane ezihlala emanzini ziyizilwane eziyingxenye yomndeni wezilwane ezinomgogodla futhi ezinomjikelezo wokuphila lapho zihlanganisa izigaba zasemanzini nezigaba. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zezindawo ezihlala kuzo zikhawulelwe ngenxa yokulandelana kwemijikelezo eziphila ngayo, kanye neqiniso lokuthi aziwona ama-homeotherm, okungukuthi, ziyizilwane ezinegazi elibandayo.
Ukuba negazi elibandayo kuvimbela ukuba babe nezinga lokushisa lomzimba elihlala njalo. Ngaleso sizathu kuyivelakancane kakhulu ukuthi izilwane ezihlala emanzini zingatholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo. Lesi isizathu esiyinhloko esenza bangahlali ezindaweni ezifana ne-Antarctica noma i-Arctic, nakuba kuye kwatholakala izidalwa ezinsalela phansi zazo kulezo zindawo, okufakazela ukuthi esikhathini esidlule zazikwazi ukuhlala kulawo mazwe.
Ukuguqulwa komzimba
Ngaphezu kokungakwazi kwabo ukugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba elilinganiselwe, banesici esifuna ukwazi kakhulu ezilwaneni futhi sibenza babe izidalwa ezihlukahlukene kakhulu: i-metamorphosis.
I-Metamorphosis yindlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo eyenza ukuthi izilwane ezihlala emanzini zikwazi ukuguquka kusukela ekuzalweni njengama-tadpoles kuya ezilwaneni ezindala, okungabangeli izinguquko ze-morphological kuphela, kodwa futhi kushintshe uhlobo lwazo lokudla nokuphefumula.
I-Amphibian Classification
Izilwane ezihlala emanzini zihlukaniswe ngama-oda amathathu, ngenxa yokuthi zinezidingo ezihlukile zokuguquguquka, ngakho-ke, naphezu kokuthi zingaphila endaweni efanayo, kuvamile ukuqaphela ukuthi zihlala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ze-biomes. Le miyalo emithathu yilena:
- I-oda i-gymnophiona (noma izilwane ezihlala emanzini ezingenamilenze): okuhlanganisa izilwane ezinkulu ezihlala emanzini, kodwa ezingenawo amaphethelo, njengama-caecilians noma ama-tapaculos. Ngaphakathi kwalokhu kuhlukaniswa singathola ama-apodes, okuyizilwane ezihlala emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ezimelana namazinga okushisa kancane, ngakho zihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo.
- I-oda U-Anura: Ziyizilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini ezinemilenze, kodwa ezingenawo umsila, njengamaxoxo noma amaxoxo.
- I-oda I-Caudata: Ama-Newts, ama-axolotl, nama-salamanders afakiwe kulesi sigaba.
Izilwane ezihlala ezindaweni ezihlala ezindaweni ezinokushisa okuphansi
Njengoba sesishilo, izilwane ezihlala ezindaweni ezibandayo azivamile kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, singathola ezinye, imvamisa zingama-amphibians okungokwe-oda lama-anurans noma ama-salamanders. Icala eliyingqayizivele yileli intulo yaseSiberia (Salamandrella keyserlingii), indawo yawo yokuhlala itholakala esifundeni esisenyakatho yeSiberia, noma ixoxo lasehlathini (I-Lithobates sylvaticus), ehlala engxenyeni esenyakatho yeNyakatho Melika, eyakhiwa i-Alaska neCanada.
Ngenxa yesici sabo sokuthi bayizilwane ezinegazi elibandayo, bajabulela ukuzivumelanisa nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuningana, ngenxa yokuthi bangakwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezibandayo, enye yazo yikhono lokulala ngaphansi kweqhwa, ezikhathini zasebusika, noma ukuba khona kwezinto ezivimbela ukuqina kweqhwa. kukhemikhali yamaseli omzimba wakho.
i-taiga amphibians
Izinga lokushisa endaweni yehlathi le-taiga noma le-boreal lisabanda, nakuba lingaphansi kwezindawo esizishilo ngenhla, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthola izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezihlala emanzini kulezo zindawo.
Izibonelo ezimbalwa zezilwane ezihlala endaweni ye-taiga noma ehlathini le-boreal ixoxo eliluhlaza (I-Pelophylax igcwele), ixoxo lengwe (Amapayipi ama-Lithobates), ixoxo lehlathi (I-Lithobates sylvaticus), iselesele laseMelika (I-Anaxyrus americanus), intulo enamabala aluhlaza (I-Ambystoma laterale), intulo yomlilo (intulo intulo) noma i-newt yasempumalanga (I-Notophthalmus viridescens).
Ama-steppe noma ama-amphibians asogwadule
I-steppe, i-savannah noma ugwadule yizindawo zokuhlala ezomile futhi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthuthukisa impilo yezilwane ezihlala emanzini. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi banezindawo lapho ukungabikho kwamanzi okubonakala khona futhi enye yezidingo ezinkulu ukuze ukuphila kwezilwane ezihlala emanzini kuthuthuke indawo enamanzi amaningi ahlanzekile, ukuze izigaba zabo zezibungu zithuthuke.
Kodwa, imvelo iyamangalisa futhi amanye ama-anurans akwazile ukuthuthukisa ukuguquguquka kokuziphendukela kwemvelo okubavumela ukuba bahlale kulezi zimo zezulu futhi, empeleni, uma uphenyo olwenziwa ngonembeza lwenziwa, sizothola ukuthi kulezo zindawo emhlabeni, kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane. wezilwane ezihlala emanzini ezikhona, sizothola kuphela izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni zohlobo lwe-anura.
Ezinye izimpawu zokuthuthuka kwezindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zokuzijwayeza ukuthi kungenzeka ukugcinwa komchamo ugcine amanzi akhona emzimbeni kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-osmotic gradient eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukumunca amanzi esikhumbeni, noma nokuba nokwenzeka kokuphila emhlabathini. , ezingasebenzisa kuwo ngokunenzuzo amanzi anqwabelene, eza phezulu kuphela ngezikhathi zemvula ukuze zikwazi ukumunca amanzi amaningi.
Izinhlobo ezifana neselesele elinamachashazi abomvu (I-Anaxyrus punctus), isele eliluhlaza (ama-buffotes viridis), iselele le-spadefoot (Izinhlobo ze-Pelobates), iselesele elibhobozayo noma umgodi waseMexico (I-Rhinophrynus dorsalis) noma iselele le-natterjack (I-Epidalea calamita).
Ama-amphibians atholakala emahlathini aseMedithera
Amahlathi aseMedithera ayizindawo ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo futhi ezinamanzi amaningi ahlanzekile, yingakho kulula ukuthola izilwane ezihlala emanzini. Kulezi zindawo singathola amaxoxo, amaselesele, amaxoxo namasalamane, njengexoxo le-spadefoot (Izinhlobo ze-Pelobates), iselesele elivamile (IBufo bufo), ixoxo eliluhlaza (I-Pelophylax igcwele), ixoxo laseSan Antonio (i-arborea), intulo yomlilo (intulo intulo) noma i-marbled newt (I-Triturus marmoratus).
Ama-Amphibians wezindawo ezishisayo noma ezishisayo
Izindawo ezishisayo nezishisayo yilezo eziseduze nenkabazwe futhi yindawo lapho ungathola khona inala yezilwane ezihlala emanzini, ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nenani elikhulu lemvula, okuba yizona ezifanele kakhulu lesi sigaba sezilwane.
Mayelana nohlobo lwama-anurans, izilwane ezihlala emanzini angatholakala ngobuningi obukhulu amaxoxo, ngobuningi obukhulu kunamaxoxo, amaningana avela anobuthi futhi anemibala emihle nezinhlanganisela ze-chromatic, ngoba amaxoxo angamelana kangcono nesimo sezulu esomile. . Ezinye zezibonelo ezingabonwa ixoxo elinamehlo abomvu (I-Agalychnis callidryas) noma ixoxo elinekhanda lomcibisholo (I-Dendrobatidae sp.).
Izinhlobo eziningi zama-apods noma ama-caecilians nazo zingatholakala kulezi zindawo, kodwa leli yiqembu elinzima kakhulu ukuliphenya, njengoba ngokuvamile lihlala ngaphansi komhlaba, phezu kwama-litter amaqabunga noma emhlabathini othambile.
Ithini incazelo ye-amphibian?
I-Amphibia, livela egameni lesiGreki elithi amphi, elisho kokubili kanye ne-bios, okusho ukuphila, ngakho igama elithi amphibian ngokwezwi nezwi lisho ukuphila kokubili noma kuyo yomibili imidiya. Le nhlanganisela yakhethwa ngenxa yemvelaphi yezilwane ezihlala emanzini, ezikwazile ukuguquka noma ukushiya imvelo yasemanzini ukuze ziphile emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke kungashiwo ukuthi izilwane ezihlala emanzini ziphila izimpilo ezimbili, impilo yasemanzini yokuqala nenye emhlabeni.
Bangama-anamniotes
Iwuhlobo lwezilwane ezinomgogodla we-anamniotic, okusho ukuthi azinayo i-amnion, njengezinhlanzi, kodwa izilwane ezihlala emanzini zingase zibe ama-tetrapod, i-ectothermic, eziphefumula ngegill ngenkathi zisesigabeni sazo sezibungu bese kuba yiphaphu lapho zifika. ukukhula kwabantu abadala.
Njengoba sesishilo, ukuhlukana kwazo okukhulu kwezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla, zithola inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-metamorphosis, lapho zishintsha khona zisuka kolunye uhlobo lwesilwane ziye kolunye ezihluke ngokuphelele phakathi nokukhula kwazo.
Njengamanje, izilwane ezihlala emanzini zisakazwa cishe kuyo yonke iplanethi, azikho kuphela ezifundeni zase-Arctic nase-Antarctic, kanye nasezingwadule eziwugwadule kanye neziqhingi eziningi zolwandle. Namuhla sinezinhlobo ezingu-7492 ezichazwe zezilwane ezihlala emanzini.
Zinendima ebalulekile yezemvelo maqondana nokuthuthwa kwamandla, ukusuka endaweni yasemanzini ukuya endaweni ewumhlaba, kanye nokuhlobana kwe-trophic esimweni sazo sabantu abadala, lapho ngokuyisisekelo zidla ama-arthropods nezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla. Izinhlobo eziningana zezilwane ezihlala emanzini asemhlabeni zisebenzisa ukukhishwa kwezinto ezinobuthi obuphezulu esikhumbeni sazo njengendlela yokuzivikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye zazo.
Evolution futhi ehlelekile
Ngezansi kunezici ezimbalwa ezihlobene nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okwabangela ukuba khona kwe aizilwane ezihlala emanzini:
ama-tetrapods
Ama-tetrapod okuqala azalwa kukhokho okwakuvamile kubo kanye nezinhlanzi ezazinezimpiko ze-lobe, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-sarcopterygians, kodwa zilondoloza ama-gill namazenga, kodwa amaphiko akwazi ukuguquka abe yimilenze ebanzi, eyisicaba enenani elikhulu lamaphiko. iminwe, esengabonakala nanamuhla ohlotsheni lomkhakha i-Acanthostega ne-Ichthyostega, eneminwe ephakathi kwesishiyagalombili neyisikhombisa.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwaveza izinguquko ekuphileni kwezilwane, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo okwavumela ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ziqhubeke ziphila hhayi ezinye, izinguquko zaqhubeka zenzeka ngokuzikhethela kwemvelo, enye yazo esingabala ukufika kolimi olubonakalayo nolunesikhathi eside, iziphi izilwane ezazifunda. ukuze basebenzise ukubamba inyamazane yabo.
Okunye ukuguqulwa okubangelwa ukujwayela uhlobo olusha lokuphila kwakuwukuvela kwezindlala zesikhumba ezikhiqiza ubuthi, obudalwe njengendlela yokuzivikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, ukuthuthukiswa kwamajwabu amehlo, kanye nokudalwa kwezindlala zokuhlanza, ukuvikela. kanye nokugcotshwa kwamehlo nezinye izindlela eziningi.
Incazelo yezilwane ezihlala emanzini
Sisengathola ukuthi kunezingxoxo eziningi mayelana nokuqukethwe kwencazelo ye-amphibian. Isikhundla sakudala sencazelo ye-amphibian, namuhla efanelekile njenge-paraphyletic, ibheka ukuthi ama-amphibians kuphela angama-anamniotic tetrapods, okusho ukuthi yilezo zinhlobo iqanda lazo lingavikelwe i-amnion noma igobolondo.
Ngokwendlela ye-cladistic, incazelo ye-amphibian ivinjelwe kakhulu, kufaka phakathi kuleli qembu kuphela izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala emanzini zanamuhla kanye nokhokho bazo abaseduze kakhulu, kanye nama-amniotes kanye nokhokho babo abaseduze kakhulu.
Ngalo mqondo, sizobe sesithola ukuthi kunomqondo obanzi wezilwane ezihlala emanzini kanye nomunye ovinjelwe. Ku-cladogram elandelayo, esekelwe esihlahleni sokuphila, imiqondo emibili yama-amphibians ingatholakala, "ububanzi" kanye "nomkhawulo":
I-Amphibia (i-paraphyletic)
Kuqondwa njengomqondo obanzi, kuhlanganisa izinhlobo zezilwane:
- elginerpeton
- I-Metaxygnathus
- I-Ventastega
- I-Acanthostega
- ichthyostega
- I-Hynerpeton
- I-Tulerpeton
- I-Crassigyrinus
- Baphetidae
- I-Colosteidae
- I-Temnospondyli
- yini
- I-Gephyrostegidae
- embolomeri
I-Amphibia ngomqondo okhawulelwe
Ihlanganisa kuphela izinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- i-aistopoda
- I-Nectridea
- I-Microsauria
- I-Lysorophia
- I-Lissamphibia (izilwane ezihlala emanzini zanamuhla)
- I-Amniota (izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo)
Ama-Amphibians anamuhla
Njengoba kulindelekile, izixhumanisi ze-phylogenetic ezingatholakala phakathi kwamaqembu amathathu ama-lissamphibians abe yindaba yokuxoxisana nokuphikisana amashumi eminyaka. Uphenyo lwangaphambili lwe-DNA ye-mitochondrial kanye nokulandelana kwe-nuclear ribosomal DNA kwasungula isixhumanisi esiseduze phakathi kwama-salamanders nama-caecilians, okuyingxenye yeqembu elibizwa ngokuthi i-Procera.
Ngalesi sitatimende, isizathu samaphethini wokusabalalisa kanye nerekhodi lezinsalela zama-lissamphibians kwaqiniswa, ngenxa yokuthi amaxoxo angatholakala cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi, kuyilapho ama-salamanders nama-caecilians anokusabalalisa okukhawulelwe kakhulu kuphela. umlando wokwakheka komhlaba wawuyingxenye yeLaurasia neGondwana ngokulandelana.
Amarekhodi ezinsalela zakudala kakhulu amaxoxo kanye lissamphibians ziye sangomhla Early Triassic period, ezitholakala Madagascar futhi zihambisana uhlobo Triadobatrachus, kuyilapho amarekhodi ezinsalela ezindala kakhulu salamanders kanye caecilians ziye sangomhla enkathini Jurassic.
Naphezu kwalokhu, ngenxa yemiphumela yocwaningo lwakamuva nolwakamuva, lapho imininingwane egciniwe nolwazi oluningi luye lwaqinisekiswa khona, kokubili kusuka kurejista yofuzo yenuzi kanye ne-mitochondrial, kanye nenhlanganisela yakho kokubili, kuye kwaqinisekisa ukuthi amaxoxo nama-salamanders anodadewabo. amaqembu, uhlaka lwawo lubizwa nge-Batrachia. Lesi sitatimende sisekelwe ucwaningo ngokufana kwe-morphological, lapho kufakwe khona ama-fossil specimens.
I-hypothesis yokuqala mayelana nemvelaphi yayo
Kodwa-ke, imvelaphi yeqembu ayikabi yimfihlakalo ecacile, futhi imibono ephathwayo namuhla ihlukaniswe ngezigaba eziyinhloko ze-3. Kowokuqala, i-genus Lissamphibia ithathwa njengeqembu le-monophyletic elinomsuka walo kuma-temnospondyls, lapho iqembu lodade lingaba uhlobo lwe-Doleserpeton, kanye ne-Amphibamus, i-Branchiosauridae noma iqeqebana leqembu lokugcina.
Kamuva ama-hypotheses
I-hypothesis yesibili iphinde iqale kusukela esisekelweni sokuthi i-Lissamphibia iyiqembu le-monophyletic, kodwa ukuthi babenomsuka wabo ku-lepospondylos. I-hypothesis yesithathu ibonisa uhlamvu lwe-polyphyletic, okuyi-diphyletic futhi kwezinye izifundo ze-triphyletic, ze-lissamphibians, nemvelaphi yazo kusukela kumaxoxo nama-salamanders, kusukela ku-temnospondiles, kodwa ukuthi ama-caecilians, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ama-salamanders, ayengaba nemvelaphi yawo. imvelaphi ku-lepospondyles .
izilwane ezihlala emanzini namuhla
Namuhla zonke izilwane ezihlala emanzini zifakwe eqenjini le-Lissamphibia, elakhiwe yizigaba ze-Gymnophiona, i-Caudata ne-Anura, futhi zisakazwa ngokwesigaba sesakhiwo se-vertebral kanye nomkhawulo wazo. izilwane ezihlala emanzini ezihlala emanzini eziyivelakancane eziyivelakancane, ezaziwa kancane futhi eziyinqaba.
UCecilias kanye namaCaudates
I-Caecilians iyizilwane ezimbayo ezingenayo imilenze, kodwa ezinomsila oqalayo kanye namathentekele anomsebenzi wokuhogela. Indawo yayo kuphela izifunda ezishisayo ezinomswakama ophezulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-caudate amphibians, ama-newt nama-salamanders, anomsila nezitho ezifanayo. Abantu abadala bayafana kakhulu nonoshobishobi, nakuba behluka ngokuthi esikhundleni samagill, banamaphaphu, futhi ngokuthi banamandla okuzala nokuhlala ngaphandle kwemvelo enamanzi.
Kuyinqaba kakhulu ukuthi emanzini akwazi ukuhamba ngokukhulu ukushesha, ngenxa yokunyakaza okusemaceleni akwenzayo ngomsila wawo, kuyilapho emhlabathini anyakaza esebenzisa imilenze yawo emine ukuhamba.
ama-anurans
Ekugcineni, ama-anuran, ahlanganisa amaxoxo namaxoxo, anemilenze engalingani ngobude futhi lapho efika esimweni sawo esidala, awanawo umsila, abonisa, njengokujwayela ekugxumeni kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umgogodla. ebizwa ngokuthi i-urostyle Ngenkathi isesiteji sezibungu, ingaba nesiteji esimise okwezinhlanzi.
Ngokuvamile zidla inyama, njengezilwane eziningi ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini emazingeni amadala, nakuba esigabeni sazo sezibungu ngokuvamile ziyizilwane ezidla uhlaza. Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe ama-arachnids, izikelemu, iminenke, izinambuzane kanye nanoma yisiphi esinye isidalwa esikwazi ukunyakaza futhi sibe sincane ngokwanele ukuba sigwinywe siphelele.
Umgudu wokugaya ukudla kubantu abadala mfishane, okuwuphawu lwezilwane eziningi ezidla inyama.Cishe zonke lezi zilwane ezihlala emanzini zihlala emachibini nasemifuleni, kodwa ezinye zikwazile ukujwayela impilo yezihlahla kanti ezinye zihlala ezindaweni eziwugwadule zikhombisa ukusebenza ngesikhathi kuphela inkathi yemvula. Izinhlobo ezingama-206 zama-caecilians ziyaziwa, kanti ama-caudate nama-anuran amelwe cishe yizinhlobo ezingama-698 kanye nezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-6588, ngokulandelana.
I-Morphophysiology
Kulesi sigaba sendatshana sizokhuluma ngezici ezikhethekile kakhulu zezilwane ezihlala emanzini, njenge:
Isikhumba
Ixoxo lomcibisholo obomvu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (Oophaga pumilio) iyisilwane esiphila emanzini esiphila ngaphansi kwe-anuran esinobuthi esibonisa umbala oyisixwayiso. Isikhumba samaqembu amathathu amakhulu ezilwane ezihlala emanzini, okungama-anurans, ama-caudate kanye nama-gymnophians, sifana ngokwesakhiwo, kodwa ngokungafani nezinye izilwane ezihlala emanzini, ama-gymnophyans anezikali zesikhumba, angena emanzini, abushelelezi futhi abushelelezi. ezinganalo noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesijobelelo se- integumentary, njengezinwele noma izikali), ngaphandle kwasekuvele kunqunyelwe, futhi kuqukethe insada enkulu yezindlala.
Isikhumba Imisebenzi
Lesi sikhumba esiyisici senza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile ukuze siphile, ngokusivikela ekuhumeni nasezintweni ze-pathogenic, futhi senza umsebenzi wokuphefumula ngesikhumba, simunce futhi sikhulule amanzi, futhi sibambisane ekushintsheni umbala obala ezinye izinhlobo zesikhumba. Kubalulekile futhi ekukhiqizweni kwezinto ngayo, futhi, ekugcineni, zisiza ukulawula izinga lokushisa lomzimba wezilwane ezihlala emanzini.
Ukwengeza, isikhumba singakwazi ukufeza umsebenzi ovame ukuzivikela noma ongavumeli izilwane ezidla ezinye, ngoba zinenqwaba yezindlala ezinobuthi noma zingaba ne-pigmentation ekhiqiza izexwayiso ezitheni zaso.
Esikhumbeni sazo zibonakalisa isici esijwayelekile sezilwane ezinomgogodla wasemhlabeni, okuwukuba khona kwezingqimba zangaphandle ezinomkhoni ophezulu. Isikhumba sezilwane ezihlala emanzini siqukethe izingqimba eziningana futhi sichithwa ngezikhathi ezithile, ngokufanayo, ngokujwayelekile, sifakwe isilwane, le nqubo yokuguqulwa kwesikhumba ilawulwa yizindlala ezimbili, okuyi-pituitary kanye ne-thyroid.
Kujwayelekile futhi ukuthola ukujiya kwasendaweni, njengoba kwenzeka kuma-anurans ohlobo lwe-Bufo, olusebenze njengendlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo empilweni yasemhlabeni.
Izindlala esikhunjeni
Izindlala ezitholakala esikhumbeni, zithuthuke kakhulu kunasezindaweni zezinhlanzi, futhi kunezinhlobo ezimbili: ama-mucous kanye nezindlala ezinobuthi. Izindlala zamafinyila ziyakwazi ukukhihla amafinyila angenambala noketshezi anenhloso yokuvimbela ukubola kwawo nokugcina ibhalansi yawo ye-ionic. Kuphinde kucatshangwe ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi le mfihlo inezindawo ze-fungicidal kanye ne-bactericidal.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindlala ezinobuthi zinenjongo yokuzivikela kuphela, njengempendulo yokukwazi ukuhlasela izilwane ezizidlayo, njengoba zikhiqiza izinto ezicasulayo kwezinye izimo futhi kwezinye zibe nobuthi.
Enye inhlakanipho yesikhumba sezilwane ezihlala emanzini iwumbala wazo. Iwumkhiqizo wezingqimba ezintathu zamangqamuzana e-pigment, abizwa nangokuthi ama-chromatophores. Lezi zingqimba zamangqamuzana ezintathu ezihambisanayo ziqukethe, ngalolo hlelo, okuthiwa ama-melanophore, asengxenyeni ejulile yezingqimba zesikhumba.
Imibala
Alandelwa ama-guanophores, akha ungqimba oluphakathi, oluqukethe ukwakheka kwama-granules okuthi, ngokuhlukanisa, akhiqize umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanye nama-lipophores, akhiqiza umbala ophuzi futhi atholakala ongqimbeni olungaphezulu kakhulu. Ukushintsha kombala okungabonwa ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane ezihlala emanzini kubangelwa uketshezi oluvela ku-pituitary gland.
Ngokungafani nezinhlanzi ezinamathambo, izilwane ezihlala emanzini azikwazi ukulawula isimiso sezinzwa esiqondile phezu kwamangqamuzana e-pigment futhi, ngenxa yaleso sizathu, ukuguquka kombala wabo kungase kube kancane kakhulu.
Umbala ocatshangwa yizilwane ezihlala emanzini ngokuvamile uyimfihlo, okusho ukuthi inhloso yazo ukufihla izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini nendawo eyizungezile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-shades ehlukene eluhlaza idla kakhulu, nakuba izinhlobo eziningana zinamaphethini ombala avumela i-amphibian ukuba ibonakale ngokuphelele, njengoba kunjalo nesalamanda somlilo noma i-Salamandra salamandra noma okwenzekayo ngamaxoxo omcibisholo ( Dendrobatidae).
Le mibala egqamile ihlotshaniswa, kaningi, ngokukhula okumangazayo kwezindlala ezinobuthi be-paratoid futhi, ngakho-ke, idala umbala we-aposematic, noma isixwayiso ngengozi, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba zibonakale ngokushesha ngabazingeli bazo abangase babe nazo.
Izinhlobo eziningana zamasele lapho zigxuma ngokuzumayo zibonisa amachashaza anemibala egqamile ezithweni zawo zangemuva, ezinomsebenzi wokumangaza nokwethusa izilwane eziwadlayo. Futhi, njengoba sesibonisile kakade, isikhumba sama-amphibians sinomsebenzi wokuzivikela ngokumelene nemiphumela ukukhanya okungabangela noma, esimweni semibala emnyama, kusiza ukumuncwa nokugcinwa kokushisa ezithatha emvelweni.
Isikhumba
Amathambo ezilwane ezihlala emanzini angahlukaniswa futhi achazwe kanje:
Isikhumba
Lokho esingakubiza ngokuthi ibhande lehlombe lamakilasi okuqala ezilwane ezihlala emanzini kwakucishe kufane nokhokho bazo, ama-osteolepiforms, ngaphandle kokuba khona kwethambo elisha lesikhumba, i-interclavicular, elingasekho ezimfihlakalweni zanamuhla.
Leli bhande lehlombe lalinezici ezimbili ezihlukanisayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izakhi ezivela ezingxenyeni ze-endochondral ze-precursor ancestor fin eyayiyi-pisciform futhi eyayinomsebenzi wokunikeza indawo yokukhuluma yomkhawulo; ngakolunye uhlangothi, indandatho yamathambo emvelaphi yesikhumba, esingawabiza ngokuthi amazenga esikhumba futhi ayengene ngaphakathi emzimbeni.
Mayelana nebhande le-pelvic, sizothola ukuthi liphelele kakhulu. Kuwo wonke ama-tetrapod akhiwe ngamathambo amathathu ayinhloko, okuyi-ilium, engemuva kanye ne-ventral, i-pubis, engaphambili, ne-ischium, engemuva. Lapho la mathambo amathathu ehlangana khona, amafomu e-acetabulum, okuyindawo lapho ikhanda le-femur likhuluma khona.
Iziphetho
I-Anurans ne-urodeles, njengomthetho jikelele, inezitho ezine, kodwa ama-caecilians awanawo. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zama-anurans, izitho zawo zangemuva zinde, okwakha ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuguquguqukayo ukuze ukwazi ukugxuma nokubhukuda.
Ukubekwa kwamathambo nemisipha etholakala emilenzeni yangaphambili nasemilenzeni yangemuva ye-tetrapod kuyavumelana ngendlela emangazayo, kanjalo nokusetshenziswa okuhlukene okubekwe kukho.Esithweni ngasinye singathola amalunga amathathu, ihlombe noma inqulu, kuye ngokuthi iyinhlangano isitho sangaphambili noma sangemuva, indololwane noma idolo nesihlakala noma iqakala.
Izitho ku-tetrapods ziwuhlobo lwe-chiridium. Kuzo sizothola ithambo elide le-basal, elingasebenza njenge-humerus noma i-femur futhi eliveza ekugcineni kwayo amathambo amabili, okungaba i-radius kanye ne-tibia ene-ulna, noma i-ulna noma i-fibula ene-fibula.
Lawa mathambo ahlanganisa isihlakala noma iqakala ne-carpus noma i-tarsus, ngokulandelana, okuthi, lapho esekhule ngokugcwele, abe imigqa emithathu yama-ossicle, amathathu emgqeni oseduze, owodwa phakathi nendawo, futhi amahlanu kude. Ngamunye wabo wokugcina ubambe umunwe, owakhiwe ama-phalanges amaningi.
Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla
Umlomo wezilwane ezihlala emanzini ufinyelela izilinganiso ezinkulu, futhi kwezinye izinhlobo unikezwa amazinyo amancane kakhulu futhi abuthakathaka. Ulimi lwayo lunenyama kanti kwezinye izinhlobo lunamathiselwe ngaphambili bese ludedelwa ngemuva, ukuze lukwazi ukuphumela ngaphandle, ukuze lusetshenziswe ukubamba inyamazane. Isici sezilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemhlabeni ukuthi ziyizilwane ezinwabuzelayo, ngoba ngokuvamile zingenisa inyamazane yazo yonke emgudwini wazo wokugaya, ngaphandle kokuyisika ibe yizicucu.
Isitho abakhipha ngaso imfucuza emzimbeni wabo sibizwa ngokuthi i-cloaca. Kuwumgodi lapho kutholakala khona amasistimu okugaya ukudla, umchamo kanye nokuzala futhi onembobo eyodwa yokuphuma ngaphandle; lesi sitho singatholakala kwezinye izinyoni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo.
Izilwane ezihlala emanzini zinamakhala amabili axhumana nomlomo futhi zinikezwa ama-valve avimbela ukungena kwamanzi, lapho ziqhuba khona ukuphefumula kwamaphaphu.
Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi
Njengoba sekushiwo, ama-amphibians abhekana nokushintshashintsha phakathi nokuphila kwawo, ngoba ekuqaleni anesimo sezibungu, esifana nenhlanzi ezimweni eziningi, kodwa lapho efika esimweni sazo esidala, ayisilwane esihluke ngokuphelele, futhi lokhu futhi kubonakala ohlelweni lwakho lokujikeleza kwegazi.
Njengoba ziyizibungu, izilwane ezihlala emanzini zinomjikelezo ofanayo nowezinhlanzi, imithambo emine iphuma ku-ventral aorta, emithathu yayo eya emathunjini, kanti eyesine ixhuma namaphaphu, angathuthukisiwe, ngakho ithutha igazi eligcwele umoya-mpilo.
Kodwa lapho sezikhulile, izilwane ezihlala emanzini, ikakhulukazi ama-anurans, ziyayeka ukusebenzisa amathumbu azo futhi zithuthukise amaphaphu azo, khona-ke ukujikeleza kuba kabili, ngoba ukujikeleza okuncane kubonakala, kwengezwe kulowo omkhulu kakade okhona. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokuthi banenhliziyo eyi-tricameral, eyakhiwe i-ventricle kanye ne-atria emibili.
Ukujikeleza okukhulu kwenza umnyakazo ojwayelekile emzimbeni, kodwa omncane uya kuphela emaphashini futhi ngendlela engaphelele, ngoba igazi lixubana ku-ventricle, futhi lapho lihamba emzimbeni ligcwele umoya-mpilo kuphela. Le ngxube yegazi le-venous ne-arterial blood, lapho iphuma enhliziyweni, ihlukaniswa kusetshenziswa ivalve ezungezayo ebizwa ngokuthi i-sigmoid valve, futhi inesibopho sokuthwala igazi elinomoya-mpilo liyise ezithweni nasezicutshini kanye negazi elingenawo umoya-mpilo liyise emaphashini. Ukuthi le valve isebenza kanjani namanje akwaziwa.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha, Ukuthuthukiswa kanye Nokudla
Izilwane ezihlala emanzini ziyi-dioecious, okusho ukuthi zinobulili obuhlukene, futhi i-dimorphism yobulili ephawulekayo ingabonakala ezinhlotsheni eziningana. Ngokuya ngezinhlobo, ukuvundiswa kungaba ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle, futhi inombolo enkulu i-oviparous, ukubekela, ngenxa yokuthi amaqanda awavikelekile ekuqothulweni, ngokuvamile kwenziwa emanzini ahlanzekile futhi akhiwe inombolo enkulu yamaqanda amancane ahlanganiswe ne into ye-gelatinous.
Le nqwaba ye-gelatinous ehlanganisa amaqanda, nayo, izombozwa ulwelwesi olulodwa noma ngaphezulu oluwavikela ekushayweni, ezintweni eziphilayo ezigulayo kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa kakhulu ezinikeza ukunakekelwa kwabazali kumaphuphu azo. Phakathi kwezimo lapho kunesu lokuzalanisa iselesele laseSurinam (Pipa pipa), ixoxo lase-Darwin (Rhinoderma darwinii) noma uhlobo lohlobo lwe-Rheobatrachus.
Imibungu ine-holoblastic segmentation engalingani, ngaphandle kwe-extra-embryonic membranes.Kusuka emaqandeni kuchanyuselwa amaphuphu esigabeni sezibungu, esikhathini esiningi abizwa ngokuthi ama-tadpoles. Izibungu ze-amphibian zihlala emanzini ahlanzekile, kuyilapho lapho sezikhulile, ngokuvamile ziphila impilo ye-semi-terrestrial, nakuba zihlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama.
I-metamorphosis yezilwane ezihlala emanzini igcwaliseka ngale ndlela elandelayo: njengoba zikhula, izibungu zilahlekelwa umsila wazo kancane kancane, umkhiqizo we-autolysis yamangqamuzana, kuze kube yilapho zithola isimo sesilwane se-semi-terrestrial kanye ne-semi-aquatic esiyiso. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, abantu abadala bagcina imikhuba yasemanzini nokubhukuda.
Umjikelezo wokuphila
Izibungu zezilwane ezihlala emanzini zidlula ezigabeni ezintathu zokukhula, esokuqala kube yi-pre-metamorphic, lapho ukukhula kukhiqizwa khona ukukhuthazwa kwemithamo ephezulu ye-prolactin ekhiqizwa i-adenohypophysis. futhi iphetha ngesigaba sesithathu, lapho kwenzeka khona i-metamorphic zenith ephetha ngokuguqulwa kwesibungu sibe yisilwane esincane.
Ukuphakelwa kwezilwane ezihlala emanzini kuyaba nezinguquko, ngoba idla uhlaza esigabeni sezibungu, ukuze kusekelwe kuma-arthropods nezikelemu lapho sezivele zisesigabeni sazo sabantu abadala. Umthombo oyinhloko wokudla wabantu abadala amabhungane, izibungu zevemvane, izikelemu kanye nama-arachnids, phakathi kwabanye.
Ukulondolozwa
Kusukela ngo-1911 kube nokwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kube khona ukwehla okukhulu kwenani labantu abahlala emanzini emhlabeni wonke emhlabeni. Kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi ukuwohloka kwenani labantu abahlala emanzini kanye nokuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi kwenzeke kwezinye izindawo.
Izimbangela zalokhu kuncipha kwenani labantu zihlukile, njengokucekelwa phansi kwendawo abahlala kuyo, izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezilethiwe, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nezifo ezisafufusa. Ezinye zazo azizange zibe inhloso yochungechunge lophenyo, ukuze ukwazi ukwazi ngokuqondile imiphumela abayikhiqizile, yingakho ososayensi abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba behamba ngaleyo ndlela ngalesi sikhathi esinembile.
U-85% wezilwane ezihlala emanzini ezihlala emanzini eziyi-100 ezisengozini kakhulu azikunakwa futhi azivikeleki kancane. Phakathi kwezinhlobo eziyishumi ezisengozini yokushabalala emhlabeni, kuwo wonke amaqembu, ezintathu ziyizilwane ezihlala emanzini; futhi phakathi kweziyikhulu ezisongelwa kakhulu, kunezilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu, futhi ngalo mqondo, ukuze uqedele, sikunikeza uhlu lwazo, ngezinga lazo lengozi yokunyamalala:
- U-Andrias davidianus ("intulo enkulu yamaShayina")
- Boulengerula niedeni ("cecilia Sagalla")
- Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ("purple frog")
- U-Heleophryne hewitti no-Heleophryne rosei ("amaxoxo ayisipoki")
- I-Proteus anguinus ("olm")
- I-Parvimolge townsendi, i-Chiropterotriton lavae, i-Chiropterotriton magnipes, ne-Chiropterotriton mosaueri kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezingu-16 ze-salamanders ezingenamaphaphu zaseMexico
- I-Scphiophryne gottlebei ("Ixoxo le-Malagasy rainbow")
- I-Rhinoderma rufum ("Ixoxo laseChile laseDarwin")
- I-Alytes dickhillen ("i-Betic midwife toad")
- Sechellophryne gardineri, Sooglossus pipilodryas, Sooglossus sechellensis and Sooglossus thomasseti ("Seychelles frogs")
Uma usithandile lesi sihloko, sincoma lezi ezinye izihloko ezithakazelisayo: