Izici zothando nencazelo yalo

I-rationalism kanye nemifanekiso esikhathini eside esidlule kwakubusa yonke into yobuciko nemibhalo; nokho, lezi azizange zibonise ubuqiniso balo mhlaba kunalokho ongenangqondo, ogcwele imizwelo nokungapheleli futhi lokho ekugcineni okuyingqikithi yawo; zivela kanje Izici i-del Romanticism.

IZIMPAWU ZEROMANTICism

Izici kwezothando

Ukuze uqale ukwazi izici eziyisisekelo ze-romanticism, kubalulekile ukubhekana nokuthi le nhlangano entsha yobuciko nefilosofi eyathonya umphakathi ngaleso sikhathi yaqala kanjani, futhi yaphawula ukuqala kohlobo olusha lokubonisa ubuciko kuzo zonke izindawo.

I-Romanticism yavela eYurophu ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, lokhu kwakuyisimanje esisha esasigxile ebuhleni obuhlukile, ifilosofi entsha kanye nendlela entsha yokwenza nokuqonda ubuciko. Yayivele ivela ezikhathini zomfanekiso, isikhathi lapho ukucabanga nobuntu kwakubusa, kushiya eceleni imizwelo, imizwa namaphupho.

Ngakho-ke, ekuphenduleni lo mhlaba we-pragmatic kakhulu, i-romanticism yavela, ukuzibophezela kumuntu ozimele kanye nokuphakanyiswa kwemizwelo kanye nezwe lamaphupho. Ngalokhu, wabuyela esikhathini esidlule, ezenzweni zezinganekwane namasiko esizwe, ngokwako kwakuyindlela yokuthola kabusha ubuntu bezwe nezici zalo; lokhu kwaholela ekudlondlobaleni kobuzwe nokubuyela ezweni lamaGreki nesiLatini, kanye neNkathi Ephakathi. Lo mkhuba omusha wona umake izinselele ezahlukene kanye nezindawo okufanele zihlolwe kumkhakha wobuciko ngamunye.

Izici Zothando Ekupendeni

Endabeni yokubonakaliswa kobuciko ekudwebeni, kwakuhilela inguquko yeqiniso mayelana nendlela umphakathi owawungalwazisa ngayo lolu hlobo lobuciko, okwakusukela ezikhathini zangaphambili olwalucishe lufane noMbuso neSonto, okwakungabagqugquzeli balo bokuqala, ngokuvamile. uyisebenzise ezikhangisweni zakho.

Ngokufanayo, izici ze-romanticism zisungulwe, ngokuxhumanisa ubuciko nokusetshenziswa kukanembeza nokudala kwakhe, izimo ezintsha zokwenza kanye nokwakhiwa kobuciko; futhi yile ndlela isazi-mlando u-Ernst Gombrich ekuchaza ngayo, kulokhu okulandelayo:

IZIMPAWU ZEROMANTICism

"Umbono weqiniso kanye nendlela ubuciko obungabonakalisa ngayo ubuntu kungasungulwa kuphela lapho ubuciko buqeda zonke ezinye izinjongo zabo."

Yile ndlela abaningi abaculi nababhali bezothando ababeqonda ngayo ubuciko njengendlela yokuziveza futhi ngempela ubizo. Ngale ndlela, abaningi banquma ukulahla imisebenzi, bezizwa bephoqelekile ukuthengisa imisebenzi yabo ukuze "bangazithengisi" njengabaculi. Ngakho-ke, kanye nenkolo yomculi owaziveza njengomhloli wokuqukethwe kwezenkolo, abaculi abavinjelwe nabangenamali banda, ngoba kwakuphephile ukuthi izethameli ezintsha zithembele kubuciko bendabuko.

I-Literary Romanticism

Kwakuyinguquko yemibhalo eyaqala eYurophu ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX lapho ababhali abathile beshiya imithetho yesakhiwo nesitayela sababhali basendulo futhi baqala ukukhuluma ngemvelo, ngezinhlupheko zothando ngethoni yomuntu siqu kanye ne-melancholy njengomongo. Ithathwe ekukhululekeni kwemizwelo. Lo mkhuba omusha waqala eJalimane, wafinyelela eNgilandi naseFrance futhi wasakazekela nakwamanye amazwe.

Besabela esikweni lezikhulu ezisabusa, ababhali bagxila ekuwohlokeni kweNkathi Ephakathi, izikhathi zokusungulwa kwamazwe abo, ukwazisa kwabalingiswa abangamaqhawe nabanesibindi, namasiko endabuko; Lokhu kuvukela kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba wawo ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Izisekelo zetiyetha ze-Romanism ezincwadini zadalwa eJalimane ngu-Hegel, uSchelling, no-Fichte, izazi zefilosofi ze-idealism yakudala (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-romanticism yefilosofi).

Ubuzwe

Ama-romantics ashumayela ubuzwe, akhuthaze ukuphakanyiswa kwemvelo yezwe, ukubuyela emlandweni wesikhathi esidlule kanye nokudalwa kweqhawe lesizwe. Ezincwadini zaseYurophu, amaqhawe esizwe angamaqhawe enkathi ephakathi amahle futhi anesibindi; eBrazil, bangamaNdiya, amahle ngokulinganayo, anesibindi futhi aphucuzekile.

Imvelo ibuye ikhazinyuliswe kwezothando, ibonakala njengokukhulisa isizwe noma indawo yokukhosela empilweni yokuhlubuka kwamadolobha ekhulu le-XNUMX; ukuphakanyiswa kwemvelo kufeza imingcele yokuqhubeka yomlobi kanye nomzuzu wakhe womzwelo.

Ezothando Emculweni

Izingoma zomculo ezinhle kakhulu ze-Romanticism zathuthukiswa phakathi nenkathi yomculo eNtshonalanga, kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Le nhlangano yomculo yayixhunyaniswe nokunyakaza kwemibhalo nobuciko begama elifanayo elavela eYurophu phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, ikakhulukazi eJalimane.

Ngalesi sikhathi, umculo uye waba izinkulumo ezivezwayo kanye nemizwelo kakhudlwana uphenduka ithimba lezindikimba zesimanje, ezobuciko nezefilosofi. Usayizi we-orchestration ukhuphuke kakhulu ku-Romanticism, njengoba kwenza ububanzi obuguqukayo nokuhlukahluka kwamathuluzi asetshenzisiwe.

Amakhonsathi omphakathi asephenduke isizinda somphakathi wasemadolobheni osezingeni eliphakathi, ngokungafani nezikhathi zomlando zangaphambili lapho amakhonsathi ayekhokhelwa futhi enzelwe izicukuthwane. Phakathi kwezici ze-romanticism, singabala ukulahlwa okusha kwemvelo, ukuthakazelisa okwedlule (ikakhulukazi izinganekwane zenkathi ephakathi), ukubukeka okusha maqondana nemfihlakalo nokungaphezu kwemvelo, ukulangazelela okungapheli nokugxila kokumangalisayo, ezingokomoya kanye nezipoki

Ukushisekela ubuzwe nakho kwaba yisisusa phakathi kwabaculi be-Romanticism; ukuvezwa kwemizwa ejulile ezingomeni bekubalulekile kwezobuciko obuningi obuthuthuke kulesi sikhathi somlando.

IZIMPAWU ZEROMANTICism

Ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo, i-ode yomculo, ingoma eshukumisayo, i-opera ye-Bel Canto kanye nesandulelo sekhonsathi izinhlobo ezavela futhi zanconywa ngesikhathi sothando njengezinye izindlela kuma-sonatas akudala nama-symphonies.

Amanani kanye nezici zohlelo lokunyakaza kwezothando

Abaculi abahlukahlukene abangene shí kule nhlangano entsha ye-romanticism, ngokuvamile babemelela imisebenzi yabo besebenzisa uchungechunge lwamagugu nezici ezixhumene kakhulu nezici ze-romanticism, indlela entsha yokubonakaliswa kwezobuciko yangaleso sikhathi, phakathi kwazo :

Umcabango vs. ubuhlakani

Njengempendulo yokwenqatshwa kwenani langempela lezimpawu zomcabango, ngenxa yokuwufanelekela njengokungqubuzana nalokho umphefumulo wokucabanga nokuziphatha okumelelwe ngesikhathi sobuciko be-neoclassical; abadwebi banquma ukunikeza incazelo entsha emcabangweni ngokuwukhulisa ngezindlela ezimbili: ukuwusebenzisa njengento yokudala kanye nolwazi.

i-sublimity vs. ubuhle zakudala

Ngalesi sikhathi, amaciko asukuma enqaba i-prototype yakudala emele ubuhle (ukuhleleka, ibhalansi nokuvumelana), njengoba yayivame ukubikezelwa futhi iphindaphindeka, ngakho-ke banquma ukuyithwebula ngombono we-sublime.

Ngakho-ke, ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwalokhu kokubili kwakumangalisa kakhulu: kuyilapho i-prototype yakudala iqala injabulo nozwela, i-sublime, okusho okuphambene, imele ukunganeliseki, imizwa eyeqile noma ukuyaluza okubangelwa ukungafani phakathi kobukhulu obucatshangwayo balokho okuyikho. okucatshangwayo nalokho okubonwayo.leso sizathu silindelwe. I-sublime iyanyakaza, inyakaze futhi iphazamise obukele ngendlela ehehayo; Lokhu kukukhipha endaweni yakho yokunethezeka futhi kukuphoqa ukuthi uhlole ezinye izinhlobo zobuhle ngaphandle kokuhleleka, ibhalansi nokuvumelana.

IZIMPAWU ZEROMANTICism

subjectivity vs. ukuzimisela

I-Romanticism iphakamisa ukuthi umbono womdwebi ovezwa emisebenzini yakhe, okungukuthi, ukuzithoba kwakhe ngomzwelo wakhe, ukwahlulela kwakhe, ukukhathazeka kwakhe kanye nezifiso zakhe. Ngalo mqondo, kukhulula iciko ekuhambiseni okubekwe yizifiso zomthengi noma zomphakathi, ikakhulukazi kumkhulula ekuzibophezeleni nasekukhomishinini; futhi yile ndlela igama elithi art lisungulwa ngayo njengokubonakaliswa komuntu ngamunye.

ubuzwe vs. indawo yonke

Kwakukhona amanani amabili abambe iqhaza kokubili kwezobuciko bezothando kanye neoclassical, nokho, asebenzisana ngezindlela ezihluke kakhulu kukho kokubili ukubonakaliswa kobuciko; Lokhu kukhulu kangangokuthi izazi-mlando ezifana no-Eric Hobsbawm zithi:

"I-romantic kanye ne-neoclassical, imele izingxenye ezi-2 zohlamvu lwemali".

Phakathi komehluko phakathi kwalokhu kubonakaliswa okuhlobene nobuzwe yilokhu: ngenkathi kubuciko be-neoclassical ivikela umbono wezwe kazwelonke njengegunya elinengqondo kanye nendlela yokuthuthukisa impucuko, uthando lothando lwazisa umbono wobunikazi bezwe. Ngalo mqondo, umbuso uhlanganisa ndawonye izingane zesizwe, zobuzalwane.

Izici ezisemthethweni nezesitayela ze-romanticism

Ngezici ze-romanticism, izakhi nezitayela ezehlukene zethulwe, umdwebi angazihlola ukuze azithwebule emisebenzini yakhe elandelayo, yilezi:

Ukuhlukahluka kwezitayela

Ngokungangabazeki, inkululeko yokuveza uthando eyalethwa amaciko yayinzima kakhulu kulezi zikhathi, ngoba esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-romanticism yizinhlobonhlobo zezitayela, ezilahla yonke imikhuba yezemfundo futhi zisho ukufuna ukubonakaliswa kwangaphakathi. Ngokuqondene ne-romanticism egatsheni ukuthi (isb ubuciko noma izincwadi), ingabhekwa njengesitayela esijwayelekile.

Kuningi kangangokuthi i-romanticism ayikwazi ukufaneleka ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa kunalokho njengamanje emkhawulweni wabanye (neoclassicism, realism, symbolism, pre-Raphaelitism). Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-romanticism idale ukubusa okuveza ngokusobala embukisweni wobuciko wekhulu le-XNUMX, kumemezela ukuthi kungaba yini umqondo wokubhala nobuciko besimanje.

Ukukhululwa emithethweni

Ku-romanticism, bobabili abaculi nababhali bazihlenga ekungaguquguquki kwemithetho yezemfundo, nokho, lokhu akusho ukulahla ngokuphelele; nakuba kwelinye noma kwelinye icala, kubonakala sengathi imithetho iyanyamalala ngokuphelele. Kukhona futhi abanye abathobela ukubonakaliswa kwabo siqu, kusetshenziswa njengesidingo esivezwayo esivelayo. Kuzo zonke izimo, iciko lizikhulula ngokuzithandela ekuguquguqukeni kwezemfundo lifuna esakhe isitayela esimkhombayo.

indida yothando

Lesi bekungesinye sezici eziphenywe kakhulu neziphenywe kakhulu zezothando kulezi zikhathi zothando, ikakhulukazi ezincwadini. Kuwuhlobo lokuma kwengqondo olubheke ezinhlotsheni zendlela okubonwa ngayo okungokoqobo, okuxoxa ngamabomu ekugcineni kokuqonda kokwahlulela. I-irony ngaleyo ndlela ivula amathuba amaningi emsebenzini wobuciko.

Ukugwema ukucaca nencazelo

Abaculi bezothando banentshisekelo ezimeni ezithinta imizwa, ikakhulukazi lezo eziveza ukuphoxeka okuthile. Uma umdwebo uyisingathekiso sezwe lomuntu siqu, ngokuzi ukuthi udidekile, umdwebi unesithakazelo ekudlulisweni komkhathi ongokwengqondo, futhi ngenxa yalokhu usebenzisa ukuntula ukucaca nokuchazwa. Kwenzeka okufanayo ngezincwadi nomculo wenhlangano yothando.

Ithonya lobuciko be-baroque, ikakhulukazi ku-romanticism yesiFulentshi

Endabeni yaseFrance, i-Romanticism yaphinde yaphendukela kubaphathi be-Baroque, labo ukuKhanya ababebalahlile njengabadidekile, abawubukhazikhazi futhi abahlotshisiwe. I-Baroque yaphinda yafundwa kusukela ekuthinteni kwezothando, nakuba iqondiswe ezihlokweni zenoveli ezikhuthazayo zesimanje; izigcawu ezinkulu ze-motley ziphinde zavela, zibonakala zinesiphithiphithi futhi zijabule.

IZIMPAWU ZEROMANTICism

Iziphetho ezicacile zibusa phezu kokuqedwa noma ukunemba okusemthethweni

Nakuba i-neoclassicism yenza umzamo wangempela wokufihla izinqubo ezenza umbukeli akhohlwe umdwebi njengomxhumanisi phakathi kwakhe nombono, ama-romantics akhumbula ubukhona bakhe ngokushiya inqubo ibonakala, okungukuthi, ukuvumela ngokuqaphela ukungapheleli, i-asymmetry , ukungalungi noma ifomu elingaqediwe. , kungaba ukudweba, umculo noma izincwadi.

Amandla

Imisebenzi yothando iyahoxa ekubeni munye wemisebenzi ye-neoclassical futhi ikhethe imisebenzi esetshenzisiwe futhi igcwele ukumelana.

themes of romanticism

Izindikimba ezisetshenziswa ku-romanticism zingagxila ekubonakalisweni kwezihloko ezahlukene (izincwadi, imidwebo nomculo), futhi phakathi kwezinto ezivame kakhulu nezidumile, singathola okulandelayo:

imizwa nemizwa

Izindikimba ezimelelayo ezivame kakhulu emdwebeni wothando zisuka ekukhulumeni kwezwe lamaciko. Izindikimba ezifana nalezi ezihlobene nale mizwelo ye-melancholy, isizungu, ukungahlaliseki, ukungabi nalusizo, uthando, ukuwohloka komqondo, isifiso, ukwethuka noma ukwethuka kwakuyizona ezivame kakhulu, empeleni, kungashiwo ukuthi lezi zihloko beziguquguquka kuzo zonke izingqikithi ezithuthukiswe kwezothando. , incazelo yazo:

Uthando

Njengendikimba eyinhloko yezingoma zakhe, umbhali wothando akaboni uthando njengomzuzu ojabulisayo, kodwa njengomzuzwana wokuhlupheka. Uthando njengento engenakwenzeka evame ukuphela ngeshwa, uthando olukwazi ukuhambisa umfundi ngokusebenzisa ukuzwela kwalo okwedlulele.

Ukufa

Ukufa ngokwakho bekungenye yezinto ezikhathaza kakhulu abaculi bothando, futhi kwasondelwa kuzo ngezindlela eziningi. Bekukhona futhi nokuthanda okuthile ngendikimba yokuzibulala ngesikhathi sezothando, nayo eyakhuthazwa ithonya lenoveli kaGoethe ethi, Usizi Lwentsha Werther.

Umlando

Amaciko othando ananyathiselwe kumagugu epolitiki enkululeko kanye nobuzwe ayevame ukukhombisa amatimu asuka kumlando abhalisele lawa magugu. Le nto yayinokunamathela okuthile ku-American romanticism, ihluke ngokuphelele ku-stimulus yesikhathi esidlule samaGreki nesiLatini.

EYurophu kanye naseMelika, ubuciko bothando bumelela iziqephu zomlando ezivela eNkathini Ephakathi nezinye izinkathi, kanye nasezikhathini zanamuhla, okuyinto ngandlela thile imfuneko yemvelaphi yesizwe kanye nenkululeko. INguquko YaseFrance ngale ndlela, yayingenye yezindikimba ezithandwayo engxoxweni yobuciko baseFrance.

I-Romanticism iphinde imele isibalo seqhawe, kodwa uma kuqhathaniswa nokubonakaliswa kwe-neoclassical okumenza abe ngumuntu othobekile futhi ozithibayo ogcwele izimfanelo ezinhle zokuziphatha, uthando lothando luyamhlukanisa njengodlulele, ogcwele intshiseko kanye nenhlekelele.

Ukubukeka komhlaba

I-Romanticism ibuyela endaweni ngezindlela ezimbili: okokuqala, ukuvala igebe phakathi komuntu nemvelo eliwumphumela wezinguquko zezenhlalo nezomnotho; okwesibili njengesingathekiso sezwe langaphakathi lesihloko. Lokhu futhi kuwukwedelela i-neoclassical rationalism, okuthe kuzo zonke izimo zayo yakhetha amaqiniso angaphakathi kanye nentukuthelo ukuze idonsele ukunaka kombukeli emlayezweni.

Umkhathi wombhalo wenganekwane kanye nenganekwane

Ama-romantics aqala ukufuna okuqukethwe okusha ezincwadini zesikhathi sonke, aziba izinkomba ze-Greco-Latin. Ikakhulukazi baya kuleyo ncwadi ehlinzeka ngezinto ezinhle, izibonelo ezinhle, izilo, ezinye izinganekwane, phakathi kokunye.

isiko pop

Ukwengeza, kwaba nesithakazelo esikhulayo ekumeleleni isiko elidumile, okwakukholelwa ukuthi liyinqolobane yokuhlonza ubuzwe; umbono wesiko elidumile ubungeke ube bucolic. Kungase futhi kuxhunywe endaweni yonke yemilingo-yenkolo kanye nokuthethelelwa okuthile "kwesiphithiphithi" esakhathaza abakhanyiselwe kakhulu.

I-Nostalgia yokholo nengokomoya

I-Neoclassical ne-Romantics yayikholelwa ukuthi zonke izikhathi ezidlule zazingcono, kodwa zombili ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ama-neoclassicists aphikisana nendima yesiko, ababeyisola ngokushiseka ngokweqile, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu bakholelwa ukuthi babona imodeli enengqondo esikhathini esidlule samaGreki nesiLatini.

Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-romantics aphikisana nokweqisa kwe-rationalism ekhanyayo futhi alangazelela izikhathi zenkathi ephakathi kanye "nezakudala". Bakhala ngokushabalala kwengokomoya kanye nomuzwa womlingo ekuphileni; ngesikhathi esifanayo, babekwazisa okwedlule okuthandwayo njengomthombo oyinhloko wobuzwe. Lokhu kubukeka kwe-nostalgic nakho kwakufana nokwamukela ukufa okuncane ukuthi uthando lwezithombe lukhala ngokuphindaphindiwe emidwebeni yalo.

umMelika womdabu

Enye yezindikimba ezinkulu zozalo lwakudala njenge-melancholy izwe labomdabu baseMelika, abalihumusha njengophawu lobunye phakathi kwabantu nemvelo. Impela, bekuyimibono egqugquzelwe ngumqondo kaJean-Jacques Rousseau mayelana nesigebengu esihle.

izindaba ezingavamile

Kwakuyi-Romantics lapho isithakazelo kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "amasiko angavamile" saqala ukusabalala, ngomqondo oyingqayizivele wombala nokwakheka. Eminye yemisinga esabalele kakhulu i-Orientalism, engabonakali kuphela ekutadisheni izindlela zobuhle kodwa nasezifundweni ezimelelwe.

Izinhlamvu Zothando

Bekunezibalo eziningi ezibambe iqhaza ekuthandeni uthando, lapho bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane babambe iqhaza ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa. Ngezansi sikubonisa amagama abanye babo ngokohlobo lwenkulumo yobuciko abathuthuke kuyo kanye neminye yemisebenzi yabo emele kakhulu, lena:

Abalobi

Imibhalo yayimelele kakhulu kwezothando, ngezincwadi ezingenakubalwa ezichazwe ngababhali abalandelayo:

  • UMary Shelley nomsebenzi wakhe odumile wokubhala uFrankenstein (1829)
  • U-Edgar Allan Poe nencwadi yakhe ethi The Tell-Tale Heart (1843)
  • UVictor Hugo nomsebenzi wakhe wokubhala othi Les Miserables (1962)
  • UJohann Wolfgang von Goethe kanye nentuthuko ekubhaleni kwakhe I-Sorrows of Young Werther (1774)
  • U-Alexandre Dumas ngomsebenzi wakhe owaziwayo othi The Count of Monte Cristo (1844)
  • UJosé de Espronceda kanye nenoveli yakhe ethi The Student of Salamanca (1840)
  • ULord Byron nomsebenzi wakhe ovelele othi The Pilgrimages of Childe Harold.

abadwebi

Abaculi abaqashelwa kakhulu abasebenzisa emisebenzini yabo izici ze-romanticism nakho konke okuhilelekile kukho, yilezi ezilandelayo:

  • UFrancisco Goya nomsebenzi wakhe Amaphupho Esizathu Ukukhiqiza Izilo (1799)
  • UWilliam Turner nomdwebo wakhe othi Rain, Steam and Speed ​​​​(1844).
  • ULeonardo Alenza ngokubonakaliswa kwakhe kobuciko ku-Romantics noma Ukuzibulala (1837)
  • U-Théodore Gericault romanticism emsebenzini wakhe othi The Raft of the Medusa (1819)
  • U-Eugene Delacroix kanye nenkulumo yakhe yobuciko ku-Liberty Leading the People (1830)
  • UCaspar David Friedrich ngencazelo yomdwebo wakhe othi The Wanderer Above the Sea of ​​Clouds (1818)

Abaqambi

Baningi abaculi nabaqambi ababambe iqhaza kule nhlangano ebizwa nge-romanticism, phakathi kwabo kukhona:

  • U-Ludwig van Beethoven ne-Symphony No. 9 yakhe (1824)
  • UFranz Schubert kanye nengoma yakhe ethi Ellens dritter Gesang noma Ave Maria (1825)
  • URobert Schumann ekuthuthukiseni kwakhe incwadi ethi Dichterliebe (Love and Life of a Poet) (1840).

Uma uthole lesi sihloko ezithakazelisayo mayelana Izici of Romanticism, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye:


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  1. Ubhekele idatha: I-Actualidad Blog
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  4. Ukuxhumana kwemininingwane: Imininingwane ngeke idluliselwe kubantu besithathu ngaphandle kwesibopho esisemthethweni.
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