Namuhla sizokufundisa ngalesi sihloko esithakazelisayo konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nokuyinhloko Izici zomnotho waseColombia. Indlela imikhiqizo yakho ephathwa ngayo ngokusekelwe kuyo kanye nomsebenzi wayo namuhla. Ungaphuthelwa!
Izici zomnotho waseColombia
Umnotho waleli lizwe unemali engenayo ephakathi nendawo. Igqama emazweni ngamazwe ngokukhula okuphawulekayo ekuthuthukile kule minyaka eyishumi edlule ekuthunyelweni kwemikhiqizo emazweni angaphandle kanye nokukhanga okukunikezayo ekutshalweni kwezimali kwamanye amazwe.
Ingowesine ngobukhulu ezomnotho eLatin America, ilandela owaseBrazil, Mexico kanye nase-Argentina. Esilinganisweni samazwe ngamazwe esinabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-50, siphakathi kwezingu-30 ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Singasho ukuthi kusukela ngeminyaka yama-50s wekhulu lama-XNUMX ngisho neminyaka eyishumi edlule, izindlela eziyinhloko zaseColombia zokuthola imali yangaphandle zazigxile kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwekhofi kwamanye amazwe.
Kodwa-ke, imikhakha eminingana yenze lesi sizwe elinye lamazwe aqashelwa kakhulu ngokukhiqizwa kwawo, njengama-emerald kanye ne-floriculture.
Iphinde igqamise izimboni zezimoto nezendwangu futhi idayisa kakhulu igolide, amasafire namadayimane, phakathi kweminye imikhiqizo.
Izwe libamba iqhaza ezinhlanganweni eziningana zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nemiphakathi efuna ukubambisana nokuhlanganiswa kwezenzo zokuthuthukisa umnotho.
Emhlabeni jikelele, iyingxenye yeNhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba (i-WTO), iNhlangano Yezokubambisana Kwezomnotho Nentuthuko (i-OECD) kanye novimba we-CIVETS wamazwe asafufusa (i-Colombia, i-Indonesia, iVietnam, i-Egypt, iTurkey neNingizimu Afrika).
Ezingeni lezwekazi, liyilungu lezinhlangano ezifana ne-Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), i-Andean Community of Nations (CAN), i-Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) kanye, muva nje, i-Pacific Alliance.
historia
Isikhathi sangaphambi kweLatin America: Ukulima kwezohwebo kwakuyimisebenzi ekhiqizayo ebaluleke kakhulu emnothweni wangaphambi kwe-Hispanic. Eminye imisebenzi eyayibalulekile emnothweni wangaphambi kwe-Hispanic e-Colombia kwakuwukuxhashazwa kwamadiphozithi amaminerali (ikakhulukazi igolide nosawoti) kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezindwangu, izitsha zobumba kanye nezinto ezenziwe ngabakhandi begolide.
Ubunikazi nomsebenzi womhlaba, njengokuxhashazwa kwezimayini, noma ngabe kuhlangene noma komphakathi, akusebenzi umqondo wempahla yomuntu siqu kulezi zimo. Emiphakathini yangaphambi kweLatin America eColombia yayingekho imali, ngakho ukukhiqizwa kwemali eningi kwakuhwetshwa ngokuhwebelana.
inkathi yamakholoni: Isikhathi somnotho wamakholoni saphawulwa ukuncika emiyalweni yedolobha elikhulu laseSpain ngenxa yesimo salo njengekoloni. Ngokungafani nenkathi yangaphambi kwe-Columbian yase-Colombia, ukushintshaniswa kwekoloni kuthole uhlamvu lwezentengiso nezezimali.
Ngenani labantu elilinganiselwa ku-938,580, i-GDP ngomuntu ngamunye ku-Viceroyalty yaseNew Granada ilinganiselwa ukuthi ibe ngama-pesos esiliva angama-27 ngonyaka ka-1800. I-peso yesiliva eyodwa ilingana namadola ase-US ayi-11.25 kusukela ngo-1985., amadola aseMelika angama-83 ngo-2019.
Eminyakeni eyishumi yokugcina yokubusa kwakhe (1800-1810), imali yoMqhele yayilingana cishe ne-10% ye-GDP ye-Viceroyalty, yafinyelela isilinganiso sama-pesos esiliva ayizigidi ezingu-2.4 ngonyaka, okungaba ngu-770,000 ( 32 ) %). kusuka kugwayi kanye nogwayi we-cognac.
Igolide elimbiwe ezifundazweni zase-Popayán nase-Antioquia laba ngu-85% wokuthunyelwa kwe-New Granada futhi nakuba ababusi baseSpain babekhuthaza ukuhwebelana kwamahhala phakathi kwama-viceroys, abazange bakwazi ukukuhlanganisa.
Umqhele wazama ukukhawulela amandla amanxusa noma izinhlangano zabathengisi e-Cádiz naseSeville ngokuhwebelana nedolobha elikhulu kanye nalawo enxusa laseCartagena ngokusatshalaliswa kwempahla phesheya ngaphakathi kwekoloni, kodwa awuzange ukhuthaze ukuvulwa noma ukubuyisana okuphelele. ukwandisa ukuncintisana.
Kodwa-ke, kwakungasiphi isikhathi ubukhosi beNew Granada bathola ukuthuthukiswa komnotho okuphawulekayo phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, elaphazanyiswa kusukela ngo-1808 ngokuwa kweSpain ngenxa yokuhlasela kanye nempi ngokumelene namabutho kaNapoleon.
Ukukhula sekuphenduke kwaba mubi ngenxa yokuphazanyiswa kwezohwebo, izimpi zenkululeko ezichitha igazi, ukwehla kobugqila kanye nokuntengantenga kohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Kusukela ekutholeni inkululeko kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX
Ukuzimela kwavumela inqubo ebizayo yokungazinzi kwezombangazwe, nakuba baqala uchungechunge lwezinguquko ezaqala ukwenza umnotho weRiphabhulikhi entsha ube ngowesimanjemanje.
EColombia, ikhulunyaka le-XNUMX laphawulwa ushintsho olunensayo olubheke kunxiwankulu bomhlaba, ngaphansi kwemibandela kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwamathuba anikezwa ukuthuthukiswa konxiwankulu emazweni anezimboni eNyakatho ye-Atlantic, ukukhula kwesidingo semikhiqizo yokuqala kanye nenhloko-dolobha. ukugeleza.
Emuva kwenkululeko, umzabalazo phakathi kwabahwebi bamahhala nabavikeli wabangela izimpi zombango eziyisishiyagalolunye. Ngalesi sikhathi, azikho izinguquko ezibalulekile ekwakhiweni kobunikazi bomhlaba ezweni, izigqila noma izindawo zokuphatha. ephikelele, okungenani kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka mayelana nobugqila.
Ukucekelwa phansi kweRiphabhulikhi kuphambene nenkathi yokuchuma kwamakholoni phakathi kuka-1750 no-1808. Ngakho, kuze kube ngu-1845 umnotho wezwe waba nenkontileka ngenxa yezimpi, ukuphazamiseka kwezindawo kanye nezikhungo, nokuwa kwe-oda lezentengiselwano laseSpain.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isikweletu sangaphandle saqala ngo-1820, lapho iPhini likaMongameli uFrancisco Antonio Zea esayina isivumelwano nabaseBrithani, eqaphela izibopho ezithathwe ngesikhathi sokuzimela, ikakhulukazi uLuis López Méndez. UZea wabe esethatha enye imali ebolekiwe ka-£2 million, ikakhulukazi yokukhokhela isikweletu esisilele.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yesimo esinzima sesabelomali, uhulumeni wathola imali ebolekiwe entsha ngo-1824 engazange ivimbele inkinga entsha yesabelomali ukuthi yenzeke eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngenxa yesabelomali sezokuvikela kanye nemali engenayo yentela ebuthakathaka. Ngemuva kokuthatha lezi zimali mboleko, iColombia icishe yalahlekelwa ukufinyelela emakethe yemali yamazwe omhlaba ikhulu lonke leli.
Ngokunjalo, amaphethini ohwebo angalingani akhona ezweni. Kwafika imikhiqizo eminingi evela phesheya kunaleyo eyayingathengiswa yiColombia kwamanye amazwe. Phakathi nalo lonke leli khulu leminyaka, izwe lalithenga kwamanye amazwe izinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo, kodwa amanani aphansi ezindwangu zikakotini azenza igatsha elibaluleke kakhulu ezweni ngaleso sikhathi.
Kulo mongo, phakathi kuka-1850 no-1880, i-United Kingdom yahlinzeka cishe ngamaphesenti angama-50 wezimpahla ezazingeniswa ezweni, kuyilapho iFrance yanikela ngama-25%. Ingxenye enkulu yaleli khulu leminyaka, leli zwe lazama ukuhlanganisa umnotho womhlaba ngokuthumela igolide, ugwayi, i-cinchona, ukotini, ne-indigo kwamanye amazwe.
Nokho, imijikelezo yokwandisa umnotho wale mikhiqizo yayimfushane futhi imali etholwa yiyo yayinganele, ngakho ayizange ifinyelele umgomo omisiwe. Ngakho-ke, igolide, okwakuwumkhiqizo oyinhloko othunyelwa kwamanye amazwe phakathi nekoloni, lahlala liwumkhiqizo obaluleke kakhulu othunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhuphuka kukagwayi njengomkhiqizo oyinhloko othunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwadlula umjikelezo owathatha kusukela ngo-1854 kuya ku-1876, lapho ukuthunyelwa kwawo kwamanye amazwe kwehliswa futhi akuphindanga walulama. Khona-ke i-indigo boom cishe ngo-1870 yahlala isikhathi esingaphansi kweminyaka eyishumi futhi i-quinine yaba umkhiqizo ohamba phambili othunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngawo-1880 kodwa yehla ngokushesha.
Phakathi nokungaqini kahle kwesikhungo, ingxabano yomlando phakathi kwabathengisi nezingcweti zezandla yaxazululwa ngeMpi Yombango ka-1854, lapho umkhumbi wahlulwa khona, ngemva kobumbano phakathi kweqembu elikhululekile kanye ne-Conservative Party.
Le mpi ikhombisa ukungezwani phakathi kwemboni yokukhiqiza esafufusa kanye nabathengisi abavela kwamanye amazwe, abathuthuka ngokuhambisana nenqubo yokwandisa imingcele yezolimo, ehlanganiswe yizigigaba ezifana nokuqoqwa kwe-Antioquia kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda.
Kuleli qophelo, uMfula iMagdalena waba isikhungo sohlelo lwezokuthutha okwangena ngalo izimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kanye nemikhiqizo yezolimo ephuma kwamanye amazwe futhi yashiya amachweba ase-Atlantic eCartagena de Indias naseBarranquilla (Sabanilla), ohlelweni oluncike 'kumzila owodwa lapho. izingxenye zikajantshi nomgwaqo zahlanganiswa.
Mayelana nemali engenayo yomuntu ngamunye, inyuke cishe ngama-20% phakathi kuka-1850 no-1880, ngenani lika-0,5% ngonyaka. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kukhuphuke kusuka ezigidini ezi-3 kuya kwezingama-20 zamapeso egolide. , kodwa wema kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulunyaka futhi umnotho waphinde wancipha.
Ngaleso sikhathi, ibhalansi yesikweletu sangaphandle yayiyizigidi ezingu-15 zegolide (cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezintathu, noma izigidi ezingu-6,000 zamapeso aseColombia). Izimalimboleko zakwamanye amazwe ngo-1898 kanye no-1899 zazihloselwe ukuxhasa ukuguqulwa kwemali yamaphepha ibe amanothi asekelwa igolide.
"Ukuhamba kwekhofi" (1900-1928)
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, ikhofi lase lizibeke njengomkhiqizo oyisisekelo womnotho waseColombia emkhakheni wokuthekelisa. Uhlu lwemikhiqizo ethunyelwa ngaphandle lwalulinganiselwe kakhulu: ikhofi lalimele cishe ama-85% okuthunyelwa ngaphandle, leli qiniso lenza buthaka umnotho wangaphandle waseColombia.
IJalimane, i-United Kingdom kanye ne-United States kwakungabathengi abakhulu bemikhiqizo ethunyelwa ngaphandle yi-Colombia, kodwa i-United States imele amaphesenti aphezulu, afinyelela ezikhathini ezithile, njengoba ngo-1917, ngaphezu kwama-80% okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
Ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha wekhofi kuye kwavumela ukukhula kwemakethe yangaphakathi kanye nokwenza ngcono inethiwekhi yokuxhumana eye yavuna ukuhlanganiswa okuthile kwezimakethe zesifunda ezihlukene.
Kodwa-ke, ubunzima bendawo buye benza uhlelo lwezokuthutha olunokuthuthukiswa okuncane kwemakethe yangaphakathi. ezweni. Qaphela ukuthi kuze kube ikhulu lama-XNUMX, izinto zokuhamba eziningi zazihamba ngamatomu, imiklamo yayidwetshwa ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi indlela, kulandelwa izintaba ezivame ukungasebenzi ebusika.
Akumele futhi sikhohlwe ukusetshenziswa njalo kwemikhumbi ethwala abantu, ephephe kakhudlwana ukuthutha abanye abantu.
Inhlekelele Yomhlaba (1929-1945)
Ukusebenza komnotho omkhulu engxenyeni yokuqala yeminyaka yawo-1950 kwavunywa amanani entengo ekhofi aphezulu, avuna ukutholakala kwezinsiza, ngenxa yalokho, ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwemikhakha efana nezimboni.
Ukuwa okwalandela kwamanani ekhofi kanye nokuntuleka kwezinsiza okwalandela zokuxhasa ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kuholele ekuqinisweni kwezinyathelo zokuvikela ezifana nalezo ezamukelwa eminyakeni edlule ngasekupheleni kwawo-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwawo-XNUMX.
Kodwa-ke, ukuhlukahluka okuphansi kwesizinda sokuthekelisa kanye nobufakazi obuningi bokuncika ngokweqile ekhofini ukuze kufinyelelwe imali yangaphandle kwagqamisa isidingo sokuqala inqubo yokukhuthaza ukuthekelisa.
Ngakho-ke, kulo mcimbi, ukuvikela okusetshenzisiwe kwahambisana nezinyathelo zokukhuthaza ukuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo okungeyona yendabuko, ikakhulukazi imikhiqizo yezimboni.
Ngenxa yalesi silinganiso, phakathi nengxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-1950, i-GDP yaphindeka kane. Kodwa-ke, mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezimali zomphakathi, phakathi neminyaka ye-80-XNUMX, kwaba khona ukushoda okulandelwa yinsalela yezomnotho, ekugcineni ekwazile ukweqa izinga lemali enqwabelene ekuqaleni kwenkathi.
Ngokufanayo, umnotho waseColombia uye wagcina amazinga abekezelelekayo okwehla kwamandla emali, okuwu-36% ophakeme kakhulu ngonyaka, ekuqaleni kwawo-1970. Ngakho-ke, umthelela onamandla wokuwohloka komnotho ngeminyaka yawo-1980 okwenzeka esifundeni akuzange kube nemiphumela eqondile ngokuphelele eColombia. , ngenxa yethonya lezinsiza zokushintshanisa ngemali yangaphandle (ikakhulukazi ngamadola) kusukela ekuhwebeni kwezidakamizwa,
Esibhekane naso lesi simo, esihambisana nokusebenza okujwayelekile okuhle kakhulu kwemboni yendawo, phakathi nale minyaka eyishumi, umnotho waseColombia uye wagcina ukukhula kwawo ngesilinganiso sama-5% ngonyaka.
Kusukela ngo-1990
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-1990, kwaqala inkathi entsha yezomnotho eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuvulwa komnotho, okwakufuna ukufaka izwe ohlelweni lokuhwebelana kwezomnotho kanye ngaphansi kohlaka lwe-Washington Consensus (1989).
Ukuwohloka komnotho emhlabeni wonke, okufakazelwa ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kanye nenkinga emazweni ase-Asia, kudale umonakalo omkhulu eLatin America futhi kuyithinte kabi iColombia. Nakuba umgomo wokunciphisa ukwehla kwamandla emali usuka kwidijithi eyodwa ukuya kwidijithi eyodwa usuzuziwe kunamazinga okuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ukulahlekelwa amandla okuthenga.
Ukwehla komkhiqizo kanye nomkhakha wezolimo, okubikwe yi-DANE ngo-1999, akukuhle neze, nokho, ezinyangeni ezintathu zokuqala zika-2000, ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwe-6% yokukhiqizwa kwezimboni kwalinganiselwa. Ngo-2014, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi e-Colombia kwakunedijithi eyodwa.
Ngakho-ke ngo-1998, ukuqedwa kweyunithi yamandla okuthenga njalo kanye nokuwa kwezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwendabuko, okubekwe ukushaya kanzima kweminotho yase-Asia ngesikhathi sezinkinga zabo, kwenza ukusebenza kwalesi sikhathi kwaba kubi kakhulu.
Futhi ngalokhu, insizakalo yezikweletu yayinomphumela ophikisanayo: inkontileka, kodwa izindleko zokukhokha zanda, okwaholela ekwandeni kombono wenkinga, njengoba uhulumeni wayengenayo izinsiza ezitholakalayo. , kwadingeka asebenzise imali ebolekiwe. yangaphandle ukubhekana nesimo.
Ngo-March 2000, i-Banco de la Nación yembula ukuthi isikweletu sangaphandle sase-Colombia sifinyelele ku-36,000,000,000 USD, lapho izigidi ezingu-24,490 zihambisana nomkhakha womphakathi.
Isikweletu esiphelele silingana no-41,3% we-GDP, ngokusho kwabahlaziyi bakazwelonke nabamazwe ngamazwe, "iyakhathaza" futhi ichaza ukwanda kobunzima bokulungiswa kwezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni zomnotho nezezimali kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka eyishumi.Kusukela ngo-1990, I-Colombia ayikunakanga ukushintshwa kwamanye amazwe futhi isivule izimakethe ezintsha.
Ezomnotho Esikhathini Sangemva Kokungqubuzana
Enye yezinzuzo zezivumelwano zokuthula phakathi kukahulumeni kaJuan Manuel Santos kanye ne-FARC kwaba ukukhula kwezokuvakasha, kubhekwa ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwezinga lezivakashi zakwamanye amazwe ezivakashela kuleli, kubhekwe ukuthi ngo-2010.
Ekuqaleni nje kwegunya likaMongameli uSantos kube nokungena kwemali yangaphandle kwezigidigidi ezingama-3,440 zamaRandi, kanti ngonyaka wezi-2017 kungenise imali eyizigidigidi ezingama-5,49, okuwukukhula ngo-68%.
Eqinisweni, umongameli okhethiwe ngo-2018, u-Iván Duque Márquez, uthe ezokuvakasha zingaba uwoyela omusha waseColombia njengoba ukuthunyelwa kwe-hydrocarbon kungama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-9, kuyilapho i-Banco de la República ibikezela ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezigidi ezingu-7,000 zezokuvakasha.
Umnotho waseColombia ezingeni lezwekazi
I-Colombia ingumnotho wesine ngobukhulu eLatin America, kodwa isekude nezindawo zokuqala mayelana nomkhiqizo wasekhaya ophelele (GDP) ngomuntu ngamunye, okwathi ngo-2015 yafinyelela ku-6.056 zamadola. I-Argentina, Chile noma iPanama inezingaphezu kokuphindwe kabili. Futhi izwe lethu lilinganiselwa ku-$2,000 ngaphansi kwesilinganiso saseLatin America naseCaribbean.
ubumpofu nokungalingani
Ngemva kwenhlekelele ka-1999, ubumpofu eColombia baba nomkhuba wokwehla. Iphesenti labantu baseColombia ngaphansi komugqa womholo wemali engenayo lehla lisuka ku-50% ngo-2002 laya ku-28% ngo-2013. Iphesenti labantu abampofu kakhulu lehla lisuka ku-18% laya ku-9% ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ubumpofu obuhlukahlukene behle busuka ku-30% bafinyelela ku-18% phakathi kuka-2010 no-2013.
Ukuguquguquka okungokomlando kwe-GDP ngomuntu ngamunye
Ngezansi sikushiyela umphumela orekhodiwe nohlaziywe wokuguquguquka komlando womnotho e-Colombia, unyaka ngamunye, kusukela eminyakeni yamashumi ayisithupha:
| I-GDP nge-capita ngayinye yase-Colombia ngamaDola | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1960s (60's) | |||
| Unyaka | I-PIB | I-GDP ngeCapita ngayinye | Abantu |
| 1960 | $4.041 million | $245 | Izakhamizi ezingama-16.480.383 |
| 1961 | $4.553 million | $268 | Izakhamizi ezingama-16.982.315 |
| 1962 | $4.969 million | $284 | Izakhamizi ezingama-17.500.171 |
| 1963 | $4.839 million | $268 | Izakhamizi ezingama-18.033.550 |
| 1964 | $5.992 million | $322 | Izakhamizi ezingama-18.581.974 |
| 1965 | $5.790 million | $302 | Izakhamizi ezingama-19.144.223 |
| 1966 | $5.453 million | $276 | Izakhamizi ezingama-19.721.462 |
| 1967 | $5.727 million | $282 | Izakhamizi ezingama-20.311.371 |
| 1968 | $5.919 million | $283 | Izakhamizi ezingama-20.905.059 |
| 1969 | $6.405 million | $298 | Izakhamizi ezingama-21.490.945 |
| 1970s (70's) | |||
| Unyaka | I-PIB | I-GDP ngeCapita ngayinye | Abantu |
| 1970 | $7.198 million | $326 | Izakhamizi ezingama-22.061.215 |
| 1971 | $7.820 million | $346 | Izakhamizi ezingama-22.611.986 |
| 1972 | $8.671 million | $375 | Izakhamizi ezingama-23.146.803 |
| 1973 | $10.316 million | $436 | 23.674-504 izakhamuzi |
| 1974 | $12.370 million | $511 | Izakhamizi ezingama-24.208.021 |
| 1975 | $13.099 million | $529 | Izakhamizi ezingama-24.756.973 |
| 1976 | $15.341 million | $606 | Izakhamizi ezingama-25.323.406 |
| 1977 | $19.471 million | $752 | Izakhamizi ezingama-25.905.127 |
| 1978 | $23.264 million | $878 | Izakhamizi ezingama-26.502.166 |
| 1979 | $27.940 million | $1.031 | Izakhamizi ezingama-27.113.512 |
| 1980s (80's) | |||
| Unyaka | I-PIB | I-GDP ngeCapita ngayinye | Abantu |
| 1980 | $46.784 million | $1.645 | Izakhamizi ezingama-28.447.000 |
| 1981 | $50.969 million | $1.753 | Izakhamizi ezingama-29.080.000 |
| 1982 | $54.583 million | $1.837 | Izakhamizi ezingama-29.718.000 |
| 1983 | $54.249 million | $1.787 | Izakhamizi ezingama-30.360.000 |
| 1984 | $53.581 million | $1.728 | Izakhamizi ezingama-31.004.000 |
| 1985 | $48.877 million | $1.587 | Izakhamizi ezingama-30.794.000 |
| 1986 | $48.944 million | $1.557 | Izakhamizi ezingama-31.433.000 |
| 1987 | $50.948 million | $1.588 | Izakhamizi ezingama-32.092.000 |
| 1988 | $54.925 million | $1.676 | Izakhamizi ezingama-32.764.000 |
| 1989 | $55.384 million | $1.656 | Izakhamizi ezingama-33.443.000 |
| 1990s (90's) | |||
| Unyaka | I-PIB | I-GDP ngeCapita ngayinye | Abantu |
| 1990 | $56.412 million | $1.653 | Izakhamizi ezingama-34.125.000 |
| 1991 | $58.308 million | $1.674 | Izakhamizi ezingama-34.834.000 |
| 1992 | $68.997 million | $1.942 | Izakhamizi ezingama-35.530.000 |
| 1993 | $78.195 million | $2.160 | Izakhamizi ezingama-36.208.000 |
| 1994 | $98.260 million | $2.666 | Izakhamizi ezingama-36.863.000 |
| 1995 | $111.237 million | $2.967 | Izakhamizi ezingama-37.490.000 |
| 1996 | $116.838 million | $3.067 | Izakhamizi ezingama-38.100.000 |
| 1997 | $128.267 million | $3.323 | Izakhamizi ezingama-38.600.000 |
| 1998 | $118.442 million | $3.021 | Izakhamizi ezingama-39.200.000 |
| 1999 | $103.761 million | $2.614 | Izakhamizi ezingama-39.700.000 |
| 2000s (2000's) | |||
| Unyaka | I-PIB | I-GDP ngeCapita ngayinye | Abantu |
| 2000 | $99.875 million | $2.479 | Izakhamizi ezingama-40.296.000 |
| 2001 | $98.201 million | $2.406 | Izakhamizi ezingama-40.814.000 |
| 2002 | $97.946 million | $2.370 | Izakhamizi ezingama-41.329.000 |
| 2003 | $94.645 million | $2.262 | Izakhamizi ezingama-41.849.000 |
| 2004 | $117.092 million | $2.764 | Izakhamizi ezingama-42.368.000 |
| 2005 | $146.547 million | $3.417 | Izakhamizi ezingama-42.889.000 |
| 2006 | $162.766 million | $3.750 | Izakhamizi ezingama-43.406.000 |
| 2007 | $207.465 million | $4.723 | Izakhamizi ezingama-43.927.000 |
| 2008 | $244.302 million | $5.496 | Izakhamizi ezingama-44.451.000 |
| 2009 | $233.893 million | $5.200 | Izakhamizi ezingama-44.979.000 |
| 2010s (10's) | |||
| Unyaka | I-PIB | I-GDP ngeCapita ngayinye | Abantu |
| 2010 | $286.954 million | $6.305 | Izakhamizi ezingama-45.510.000 |
| 2011 | $335.437 million | $7.785 | Izakhamizi ezingama-46.045.000 |
| 2012 | $369.430 million | $7.931 | Izakhamizi ezingama-46.582.000 |
| 2013 | $380.170 million | $8.068 | Izakhamizi ezingama-47.121.000 |
| 2014 | $378.323 million | $7.938 | Izakhamizi ezingama-47.662.000 |
| 2015 | $291.530 million | $6.048 | Izakhamizi ezingama-48.203.000 |
| 2016 | $282.357 million | $5.803 | Izakhamizi ezingama-48.653.000 |
| 2017 | $309.191 million | $6.273 | Izakhamizi ezingama-49.292.000 |
| 2018 | $327 million | $6.562 | 49 izakhamuzi |
| 2019 | $355.163 million | $6645 | 49 izakhamuzi |
| Umthombo we-International Monetary Fund I-FMI kanye neBhange Lomhlaba BM (2019) | |||
Umnotho ngokwemikhakha
Umnotho waseColombia ngokuyisisekelo usekelwe emakethe yezezimali nezindawo ezithengiswayo, izimboni zohwebo nezokukhiqiza ngokusho kwe-DANE.
Umkhakha oyisisekelo noma wezolimo
Okulandelayo sizochaza imikhakha eyahlukene yomnotho wezolimo:
Ukulima: ilawulwa ngaphansi kwemisebenzi yoMnyango Wezolimo kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezindawo Zasemakhaya kahulumeni waseColombia, ohlela ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo, lapho ukulima kwe-floriculture nokutshala ubhanana kuthatha indawo ebalulekile.
Ezinye izakhi ezihloliwe zikhombisa ukuthi, kuwo wonke umhlaba wezwe, u-10.3% unikezelwe amahlathi, u-7.3% unikezelwe ezolimo kanye no-2.1% kwezinye izinto.
Ngo-2013, indawo enikezelwe izitshalo zoguquko ezinkulu, ezifana nobhontshisi noma ummbila, inyuke ngo-1,0%, isuka kumahektha ayi-828.983 yaya ku-837.304 phakathi kuka-2012 no-2013. okuhlanganisa nemifino, okumele inyuke ngo-4,9% kunonyaka odlule.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi ngo-2013, indawo enikezelwe izitshalo ezihlala unomphela, njengekhofi noma umoba, yayingamahektha ayizigidi ezingu-1,4, okwakumele ukwanda kokukhiqizwa ngo-1,6% uma kuqhathaniswa kuze kube ngu-2012, kuze kufike kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-5,2.
I-Café: Omunye wemisebenzi yezomnotho evamile e-Colombia ukutshalwa kwekhofi, ukuba ngumkhiqizi wesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngo-2014.
Bekuyingxenye emaphakathi yomnotho wase-Colombia kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX futhi ikwenze yaqashelwa umhlaba wonke ngenxa yekhwalithi yokusanhlamvu.
Kodwa-ke, ukubaluleka nokukhiqizwa kwayo kushintshile eminyakeni yamuva: ngo-2011, izikhwama eziyizigidi ezingu-7,8 zakhiqizwa, okusho ukwehla ngo-12% uma kuqhathaniswa no-2010.
Kodwa kulo nyaka odlule phakathi kukaNdasa wezi-2017 kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezikhwama eziyizigidi ezingu-13,969 kwethulwa ngoFebhuwari 2018.
Izwe lithumela ngaphandle amathani angaba ngu-560,000 ngonyaka, okulingana cishe nama-85% okukhiqizwa kwalo. Ikhofi elihlaza elingenayo i-caffeine limelela u-99.64% wengqikithi yokuthunyelwa kwalo mkhiqizo. Nokho, kuneminye imikhiqizo emibili: ikhofi elingagazingiwe eline-caffeine nekhofi eligazingiwe elingena-caffeine.
I-United States, Germany kanye ne-Japan ngabathengi abakhulu bekhofi eliluhlaza ngo-64% wayo yonke impahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-Colombia, ilandelwa ngokulandelana kokubaluleka i-Canada, i-Belgium ne-Luxembourg, i-Netherlands, i-France, i-Sweden, i-Spain, i-Italy ne-United Kingdom. .
Kusukela ngo-1927, i-National Federation of Coffee Growers iye yaqinisekisa futhi yathuthukisa izitshalo ngokukhetha izimfanelo. Yaphinde yalawula ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe futhi yavikela amanani ezimakethe zangaphandle.82
Muva nje, iziphathimandla zezomnotho zaseColombia zimemezele ukuguqulwa okuphezulu kokuqagela kokuziphatha kwe-Gross Domestic Product (GDP), kucatshangelwa ukuziphatha kwezici ezinqumayo zomnotho, njengokuwa kokungasebenzi, ukuvuselelwa kwemboni. , ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa, phakathi kokunye.
Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezinyathelo ezintsha zomnotho kuye kwaqokomisa ukuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi engekho emthethweni emnothweni ekubalweni komkhiqizo wasekhaya waseColombia, ngokusho kwesiphetho somsebenzi wokuthweswa iziqu onesihloko esithi «Ukwebiwa kwemali emnothweni osemthethweni waseColombia: izindlela zomthelela. kwi-GDP yomnyango”.
Ngokusho kombhali walo mbhalo, uLieutenant Wesibili uLuddy Marcela Roa Rojas, oyisikhulu seQembu Eliphenya Ngokuthathwa Kwempahla kanye Nokwebiwa Kwemali ku-Directorate of Criminal Investigations and Interpol.
Isiphetho sasisekelwe ezibalweni ezithathwe ku-DANE kanye Namaphoyisa Kazwelonke, ikakhulukazi maqondana nezimpahla ezethulwe ukuze kuthathwe impahla, ezithathwe ezinhlanganweni zobugebengu, noma ukushaqwa kwemali ngohlobo lwemali lukazwelonke.
Lokhu kubonakale njengezinkomba zokutshalwa kwezimali izinhlangano zobugebengu ezikwenzayo ngokushushumbiswa kwemali nokuthi zingcolisa kanjani umnotho weminyango.
"Umnikelo weValle del Cauca, Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Amazonas kanye neSan Andrés, imikhakha evame ukuphawulwa ngodlame, wawusobala," kusho uRoa, oveza ukuthi ama-Amazonas noSan Andrés benza umnikelo omncane ku-GDP kazwelonke, kodwa qhathanisa ne-In. izibalo zokukhwabanisa imali, leli phesenti liphezulu.
Ucwaningo oluhlinzekwe yi-National University Press Agency lubonisa ukuthi i-Antioquia iyisifunda esinengxenye ebalulekile ye-GDP, futhi ingumnotho oguquguqukayo obonakala ngokuba khona kwezinkampani zezidakamizwa nezinhlangano zobugebengu.
Ngokuphathelene nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa, incwadi ethi The New Dimensions of Drug Trafficking in Colombia yembula indlela ukuhweba okungekho emthethweni kanye namaqembu ahlukene azinikele ekushushumbiseni izidakamizwa okuye kwanikela ngayo ekwakhiweni kwesizwe esinomkhakha ongathuthukile.
Umkhakha omuhle osemuva. kanye nengqalasizinda empofu, ngoba izinsiza ezingenayo azenzekanga emnothweni wesimanje kodwa ezindaweni zasemakhaya nezingahlelekile.
Ukukhulisa izinkomo: ukuxhashazwa nokuzalaniswa kwemfuyo kwenziwa emapulazini amancane nasemapulazini amakhulu. Okumnyama nokumhlophe, i-Casanareño, i-Costeño con horns, i-Romosinuano, i-Chino Santandereano kanye ne-Hartón del Valle yizinhlobo ezikhiqiza kakhulu zase-Colombia.
Ngo-2013, izinkomo zathatha ama-80% omhlaba okhiqizayo e-Colombia. Umkhakha wemfuyo ungomunye ophawuleka kakhulu ezifundeni ezifana nesifunda saseCaribbean, lapho iminyango eyisikhombisa inomsebenzi wayo oyinhloko wemfuyo.
Futhi e-Antioquia, lapho kutholakala khona imfuyo enkulu kunazo zonke ezweni, umnyango wawunezinkomo ezingu-11% eColombia ngalowo nyaka 76, futhi ngokusho kwempahla yezinkomo, ngo-2012 i-Antioquia yayinezinkomo ezingaba ngu-2,268,000.
Futhi ngo-2013, umhlambi wezinkomo waseColombia wafinyelela izinkomo eziyizigidi ezingu-20,1, kanti eziyizigidi ezingu-2,5 (12,5%) kwakuyizinkomo zobisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubisi olukhiqizwa ezweni lonke beluyizigidi eziyi-13,1 zamalitha.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukwanda kokungeniswa kwenyama evela emkhakheni wezingulube, amanani aphezulu okufakwayo kanye nokwehla komnotho wezwe kubangele inkinga yokulima izingulube ku-2015.
Umkhakha wesibili
Umkhakha: Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iColombia iye yaqinisa ukuxhashazwa kwezimayini ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha kanye nokufika kwabatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe ezweni. Izimboni zendwangu, ezezimoto, zamakhemikhali kanye nezephethroli zigqama kakhulu emkhakheni wezimboni.
Ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela waseColombia okunemiphongolo ecishe ibe yisigidi ngosuku ngo-2012 kuyenza ibe umkhiqizi wesine ngobukhulu eLatin America kanye nesithupha ezwenikazi.
Mayelana nezimbiwa phansi, kufanelekile ukugqamisa ukuxhashazwa kwamalahle, inani lawo lafinyelela amathani ayizigidi ezingama-85 ngo-2011, kanye nokukhiqizwa nokuthekelisa kwegolide nesimaragidu. Ukukhiqizwa kwegesi yemvelo kulinganiselwa ku-2011 ku-9 billion cubic metres.
Umkhakha wesithathu
Uhwebo lwangaphandle: Ukuqagela kokukhiqiza kuwumqondo osetshenziswa nguJosé Antonio Ocampo ukuchaza ukuhlehla kwemboni yokuthekelisa yaseColombia uma kuqhathaniswa neminye imikhakha ekhiqizayo efanayo kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, okuthi, ngokusho kwakhe, iphazamise ikhono lokunikeza umkhiqizo wekhwalithi efanayo imakethe yomhlaba.
Kulesi sici, uyanezela ukuthi uma kubhekwa isimo sokushintsha kwamanani entengo yamazwe ngamazwe nokungahambisani nezimo zemakethe, lokhu kuholele ekutheni labo ababhekele uhlelo lokuthekelisa kwamanye amazwe bavele balahle ukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo othile babheke amanye amaphuzu okudayiswa ngawo.
Ukungena kweColombia emnothweni womhlaba kuthande kuphela lezo zindawo ezikwazile ukusizakala kwezinye ezihlinzekwa yimakethe, ezithuthukiswe kusukela kukoloni. Konke lokhu kwaba nomthelela ekwandeni okubaluleke kakhulu kwenani labantu, amandla esifunda ngokubamba iqhaza kwezombusazwe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda esafufusa, cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi ihambisana nomthambo wayo owumkhuhlane obaluleke kakhulu, iMagdalena.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iColombia isayine futhi yaqala ukusebenza izivumelwano ezimbalwa zohwebo lwamahhala ngaphakathi kohlaka lwenqubomgomo yokuvula umnotho; Phakathi kwazo, kuhle ukubalula Isivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngokukhululekile ne-United States, Isivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngokukhululekile neCanada, Mexico, European Union, Japan, Pacific Alliance, phakathi kwezinye.
Ezokuthutha: ikulesi sizwe sakhiwe: umoya, umhlaba nolwandle. Umkhakha we-quaternary: I-stock exchange yaseColombia enkulu yi-Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC), igama elinikezwe ngemva kokuhlanganiswa phakathi kwe-Bogotá, Medellín kanye ne-Occidente stock exchange.
Moneda
Iyunithi yezimali yaseColombia yi-peso yaseColombia. Uphawu lwayo luyi-COP, kodwa alwaziwa ngokusemthethweni futhi lufushanisiwe ngokuthi COL $. (Ngokungafani nedola, uphawu lwepeso yaseColombia luyi-$ enemigqa emibili ngaphezu kohlamvu, hhayi owodwa.) Imali ikhishwa futhi ilawulwa yi-Banco de la República de Colombia, okuyinhlangano eyasungulwa ephethe ukukhishwa, ukuphatha nokulawula umnyakazo wezimali waseColombia, kanye nokukhishwa kwethenda esemthethweni ezweni, i-peso.
I-peso ibe yimali yaseColombia kusukela ngo-1810, lapho okwangempela kwashintshwa ngenani lokushintshaniswa kwe-peso engu-1 = 8 reales. Njengamanje, izinhlamvu zemali zamapesos ezingamashumi amahlanu, ikhulu, amakhulu amabili, amakhulu amahlanu nenkulungwane eyodwa, kuyilapho amabhange eyinkulungwane, izinkulungwane ezimbili, izinkulungwane eziyisihlanu, izinkulungwane eziyishumi, izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili, izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu nekhulu lekhulu.
Eminye imininingwane Ezomnotho
IColombia ibekwe endaweni yesine ngobukhulu kwezomnotho eLatin America, ilandela iBrazil, iMexico ne-Argentina, kanti ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe iphakathi kwezingama-31 ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Iyingxenye ye-CIVETS (i-Colombia, i-Indonesia, iVietnam, i-Egypt, iTurkey kanye neNingizimu Afrika), eyakhiwe amazwe asafufusa aneminotho enekhono eliphezulu lokuthuthuka.
Ngo-2012, i-Colombia-United States Free Trade Agreement yaqala ukusebenza. Lesi sivumelwano sihlanganisa izivumelwano eziyishumi esezivele zisebenza kanye nezinye eziyisithupha ezisaxoxisana.
Umnotho wayo ngokuyisisekelo usekelwe ekukhiqizweni kwezimpahla eziyinhloko ezithunyelwa ngaphandle nasekusetshenzisweni kwangaphakathi, omunye wemisebenzi yezomnotho ebaluleke kakhulu ukutshalwa kwekhofi, omunye wabathumeli bomhlaba obaluleke kakhulu kulo mkhiqizo.
Ibe yingxenye emaphakathi yomnotho waseColombia kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX futhi iye yazuza ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yekhwalithi yokusanhlamvu; Nokho, ukubaluleka nokukhiqizwa kwayo kwehle kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva.
Ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezwenikazi, iColombia ingumkhiqizi wesine ngobukhulu eLatin America futhi ingeyesithupha ezwenikazi lonke.
Ezolimo
Ikhofi yisilimo esiyinhloko. Ngemuva kweBrazil, iColombia ingumkhiqizi wesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni kanye nomkhiqizi wokuqala wekhofi elimnandi. Itshalwa kakhulu emithambekeni yezintaba phakathi kwama-914 kanye ne-1.828 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle, ikakhulukazi eminyangweni yaseCaldas, Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Norte de Santander, Tolima kanye ne-Santander.
Ezinye izilimo ezibalulekile yilezi: ukhokho, umoba, irayisi, ukhova noma ukhova, ugwayi, ukotini, umdumbula, isundu sase-Afrika, izimbali ezishisayo nezishisayo. Ezinye izitshalo ezincane zihlanganisa okusanhlamvu, imifino nezinhlobonhlobo zezithelo. Izitshalo ezikhiqiza i-pita, i-henequen, ne-hemp nazo ziyakhula, ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza izintambo nezikhwama.
Ukudoba namahlathi
Ngenxa yesimo sayo sendawo kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi, iColombia inomnotho omkhulu we-ichthyological (i-ichthyology igatsha elizinikele ocwaningweni lwezinhlanzi).
Emanzini asogwini nasemifuleni nasemachibini amaningi aseColombia kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi, phakathi kwazo: i-trout, i-tarpon, i-sailfish ne-tuna.
Mayelana namahlathi, ukutshalwa nokugcinwa kwezintaba, singasho ukuthi amahlathi atholakala ikakhulukazi e-Amazon yaseColombia, ogwini lwePacific, endaweni yaseCatatumbo (emngceleni weVenezuela) nasezindaweni ezithile zamahlathi ezigodini eziphakeme nasezindaweni eziphakeme. maphakathi nemifula iMagdalena neCauca. Iningi lezinkuni ezikhishwe eColombia zitholakala ngokungemthetho.
Ukumayini
Amafutha negolide yimikhiqizo yamaminerali eyinhloko yalesi sizwe. Amanani amakhulu amanye amaminerali ambiwa, okuhlanganisa isiliva, isimaragidu, iplatinum, ithusi, i-nickel, amalahle negesi yemvelo.
Imboni kawoyela ingaphansi kokulawulwa yinkampani kazwelonke kanye nezivumelwano ezimbalwa zokuthola imali yakwamanye amazwe. Ukuxhashazwa kukawoyela ongahluziwe kugxile esigodini soMfula iMagdalena, cishe amakhilomitha angama-645 ukusuka oLwandle lweCaribbean, kanye nasesifundeni esiphakathi kweCordillera Oriental neVenezuela.
EColombia kunezindawo zokuhluza eziningana, phakathi kwazo eseBarrancabermeja evelele. EGulf of Morrosquillo (Coveñas) naseCartagena kunezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu.
Ukumbiwa kwegolide bekukhona kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi futhi kwenziwa ikakhulukazi emnyangweni wase-Antioquia futhi, kancane kancane, eminyangweni yaseCauca, Caldas, Nariño, Tolima, (Quípama) kanye neChocó.
Ezweni lethu, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwezimayini kubangelwa kakhulu amandla okumbiwa kwamalahle. Ukukhiqizwa kwamalahle kukhule kusuka kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-21.5 kuya kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-85.8 phakathi kuka-1990 no-2011, kanti ukukhiqizwa kwezinye izimayini kukhuphuke ngamathani ayizigidi ezi-3.8 ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Yiziphi imikhakha emele umnotho waseColombia
Ngokuyisisekelo, umnotho waleli zwe usekelwe ekukhiqizweni kwezimpahla eziyinhloko ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kanye nemikhiqizo ezosetshenziswa emakethe yasekhaya, umsebenzi wendabuko kakhulu wokutshala ikhofi.
Inqubo kabani eyenziwa ezifundeni eziningana zezwe, eqokomisa iSifunda Sekhofi esakhiwe yiminyango yaseCaldas, eRisaralda, eValle del Cauca naseTolima.
Ngalo mqondo, ikhwalithi yokusanhlamvu, enenqubo yokuvuna nokukhetha ngokucophelela, ibonwa ngamazwe ngamazwe, kuyilapho ingumkhiqizi wekhofi wesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni.
Futhi, emkhakheni wezolimo, ukutshalwa kwezimbali, imihlobiso yasezindaweni ezishisayo, ubhanana, irayisi, ubhanana, ukotini, umdumbula, ubhontshisi, ummbila, umoba nezinye izitshalo ezincane ezifana nokusanhlamvu, imifino kanye nohlu olubanzi kubaluleke kakhulu. wezithelo
Ngokuqondene nomkhakha wemfuyo, ogxile emapulazini amancane namakhulu eminyangweni yase-Antioquia, Córdoba, Casanare, Meta kanye ne-Santander, ingenye ephawuleka kakhulu eCaribbean, okubandakanya ukuzalaniswa kwezinhlobo zomdabu, ezimhlophe, ezimnyama. , Casanareño kanye nogu. enezimpondo, i-Romosnuano, i-Chinese Santandereano ne-Hartón del Valle.
Eminye imisebenzi yomnotho waseColombia
Umnotho wamasiko aseColombia nawo usekelwa umkhakha wezimboni, ohlanganisa indawo yezimayini ngokumbiwa ikakhulukazi kwamafutha, igolide, amalahle nezinye izimbiwa ezifana nesiliva, isimaragidu, ithusi, nickel negesi yemvelo.
Futhi gqamisa izimboni zendwangu, ezezimoto, zamakhemikhali nezephethroli futhi wengeze eminye imikhakha, efana nezasolwandle, ezokuthutha zasemhlabeni noma zezindiza, kanye nezezimali.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe kwakha umlenze okhubazekile womnotho waseColombia, ngenxa yokuthi ngokwezinga elikhulu kunobunzima bokunikeza imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu eqhudelana nemakethe yomhlaba, ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye osomnotho bayaqinisekisa ukuthi ithunyelwa ngaphandle.
Amakhono kawoyela namathalenta abantu, nakuba engenisa imikhiqizo yaseShayina ukuze asetshenziswe endaweni, anezela ekubuyiselweni kwezimali yizinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezisungulwe kuleli, nokho, izimali ezithunyelwa abakwamanye amazwe ngandlela thize ziyayinxephezela. lokhu kuvuza
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, iColombia njengamanje inezivumelwano zohwebo lwamahhala ezihlanganisa ukuvulwa kwezimakethe zezimpahla nezinsizakalo neMexico, iMercosur, amazwe aseNorthern Triangle eMelika Ephakathi, e-United States, eCanada, e-European Union naseJapan, phakathi kwamanye. ibe yinsika yokuqiniswa komnotho waseColombia.
Kungani ukuthunyelwa kwe-Colombian kwamanye amazwe kungakhuli?
Ngonyaka odlule awuzange uphele kahle ekuhwebeni kwamanye amazwe. Njengoba kubikiwe uMnyango Wezokuphatha Kazwelonke Wezibalo (Dane), kusukela ngoNovemba 2019, izwe lase liqongelele ukushoda kwezohwebo kwezigidi ezingama-US $ 10.283. Umkhuba ukhathazekile, ngoba ngesikhathi esifanayo se-2018 ukulahlekelwa kufinyelele kuphela i-US $ 6.460 billion.
Uma sihlolisisa izinombolo ngokuningiliziwe, ukunyuka kukaphethiloli okuvela kwamanye amazwe ngo-61.9% kubonakala ngoNovemba.
Lesi sibalo sichazwa ukwanda kwesidingo sikaphethiloli njengoba izinga lokukhula limele izimoto eziningi, ukugcwala kwezindiza kanye nomsebenzi owengeziwe wezimayini. Uma idatha kaphethiloli inganakwa, ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kuziphatha ngendlela elindelekile. Ngamanye amazwi, izwe lingenisa lokho elikudinga ngempela.
Nokho, ukuziphatha kokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi ukuthunyelwa kwamandla okungewona owezimayini, kusaphakamisa imibuzo, njengoba kubonakala kungaphenduli. NgoNovemba nyakenye, ukuthengiswa kwezwe kwamanye amazwe kwehle ngo-13,6%.
Kukhona nokuchema okuphawulwe ngamafutha, ngoba phakathi nezinyanga eziyishumi nanye, ehle ngo-11,4%. Nokho, ezolimo azizange zithuthuke, umkhakha wezokukhiqiza wehle ngo-0.1% kanti okunye ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kukhuphuke ngo-19.3%, kodwa ngempela lezo ezibamba iqhaza elincane ku-aggregate isiyonke.
Umbuzo ubalulekile, ngoba ukungalingani kwangaphandle kungase kubonise ingozi ebaluleke kakhulu emnothweni waseColombia namuhla: ukuthi izwe alinayo imali eliyidingayo. Okwamanje, uxhaso lwezimali lwangaphandle kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe kugcwalise leli gebe.
Ngamanye amazwi, kufanele kwenziwe okuthile ukuze kuthuthukiswe isimo seColombia kwezohwebo emhlabeni. Ngokusho kwePhini likaNgqongqoshe Wezohwebo Lwangaphandle, uLaura Valdivieso, phakathi kwezinye izici, ukwehla okusobala kwamazinga okuhweba kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni, okubangelwa impi yezohwebo, kube nomthelela.
Izibalo zibonisa leli qiniso. Ezinyangeni zokuqala eziyi-10 zika-2018, ukuthengwa kwempahla evela eYurophu naseChina kukhuphuke cishe ngo-12%. Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo sika-2019, ukuthengwa kwezwe laseShayina kwehle ngo-5,1% kanye nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwaseYurophu ngo-0,7%.
Okungezwe kulokhu ukwehla kwamanani ezinto ezithengiswayo emhlabeni jikelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngo-2018, lehle lafika ku-14.9% kwathi ngo-2019 lehla laya ku-9.2%. Leli qiniso lokugcina lithinte kakhulu izwe, njengoba ukunikezwa kwe-Colombia kokuthekelisa kugxile emikhiqizweni yokuqala. Uhulumeni uveze izinto ezintathu eziseqhulwini ukuze kubhekwane nale nkinga yokushoda kwemali yangaphandle: ukusetshenziswa kangcono kwezivumelwano zohwebo lwamahhala ezikhona (ama-FTA), ukwenza lula ukuhwebelana kanye nokugqugquzela ukutshalwa kwezimali ngqo kwamanye amazwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni uzokwethula uhlelo oluthi "Colombia Exports More" maphakathi no-February, ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe, hhayi nje ngokusekelwe kulezi zimiso zezombangazwe, kodwa futhi nokuqondiswa kwesifunda ukuze kwandiswe ukuhlinzekwa okuthekelisa kweminyango.
I-Colombia idinga ukuthumela ngaphandle imikhiqizo eminingi yamandla engeyona eyezimayini. Futhi kuyacaca ukuthi izwe nalo linethuba elikhulu ngasohlangothini lwezinsizakalo, njengezokuvakasha. Lo mkhakha ukhombisa ukukhula okukhulu ngaphezu kwesilinganiso somhlaba. Eqinisweni, umkhakha wezokuvakasha kulindeleke ukuthi ungenise imali elinganiselwa ku-$6 billion.
Izwe lathenga uphethiloli owengeziwe ngoNovemba futhi ladalula ubungozi bokulahlekelwa ukuzondla kwalo ngokwalo. Uma lokho kwenzeka, iColombia kuzofanele isebenzise amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 ngonyaka kulokhu. I-Banco de la República isanda kuveza ukuthi iziphathimandla zezomnotho zibikezele ukushoda kwe-akhawunti kwamanje okungaphezu kuka-4,5%.
Uma amazwe eshoda unomphela ngaphezu kuka-5%, ukulungiswa kwezomnotho kukhulu kakhulu futhi kufaka phakathi amathuba okuba khona kokwehla komnotho. Ngamanye amazwi, izwe lizobe lisonqenqemeni lwesimo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngalolu daba.
Njengoba uguquko oluhamba kancane kubhasikidi wamandla omhlaba lusondela, ukuphumelela kulokhu kuyindaba “yokunakekela” kwethu sonke.
Buyisa uthando lwalokho okukhiqizwa ezweni
Uma isimo samanje sisishiya nanoma yini, yisiqiniseko sokuthi sisengozini kakhulu kunalokho esikucabangayo nesingathanda ukwamukela. Usengozini njengomuntu futhi osengozini njengomphakathi. Amabhilidi amaningi anyamalele noma asusiwe.
Amasiko, amalungelo, izindaba zeminyaka neminyaka, izikhungo, ngokuvamile, zonke izinto ezisungulwe ngabantu ziphenduke zaba yisikhashana njenganoma yiziphi izimpilo zethu. Sathola isifundo esinzima kodwa esijulile.
Umcabango oyinhloko walesi sihloko ukuthi umhlaba, yebo, uyashintsha. Hhayi ngalesi sikhathi kuphela, asazi ukuthi izothatha isikhathi esingakanani. Kunezimpawu zokuthi kuzoba nezinguquko zesakhiwo okumele sigxile kuzona kakhulu. Okuwukuphela kwento engeke yenzeke kithi ukuthi sifika ezweni elisha futhi asikazilungiselelanga ukubhekana nalo.
Asazi ukuthi zingaki izinto eziphinde zalungiselelwa lo mhlaba omusha, kodwa kukhona ezimbalwa esizaziyo. Sizoba nenani eliphakeme kakhulu labantu abangasebenzi emlandweni, sizobuyela emazingeni obumpofu ebesicabanga ukuthi sesiwanqobile.
Amabhizinisi azophuma ebhizinisini, izifundazwe zizoba namazinga aphezulu ezikweleti kunangaphambili ebezicatshangwa ukuthi zamukelekile, abaningi bazohlola i-megatrend ebicatshangelwa ngaphambilini yokwanda kohambo.
Sizoba nedijithali kakhulu nsuku zonke, sizokwazi ukusebenza kancane mathupha, sizonakekela kakhulu noma iyiphi inguqulo yomkhuhlane, izinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo zizoba nokubaluleke kakhulu, sizozibheka njengabasengozini kakhulu ezimweni esizenzayo. angazi ngani.
Umbono nokuhlolwa kwezingcuphe, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezezimali, kuzophinde kuhlolwe kabusha ngokuphelele. Isibonelo, ingabe ikhona ingozi yokuthi ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kuzoshintsha amaphethini akho nokuthi indlela eya ekuhwebeni okugcwele kwembulunga yonke izophazanyiswa? Ngakho kubonakala.
Umbono, kuma-utopians amaningi, wokuthi iplanethi iyiyunithi enkulu ekhiqizayo, okufanele ikhonze sonke isibalo sabantu ngokusetshenziswa okungcono kakhulu kwezinsiza ezikhona, ubonakala sengathi ngeke kwenzeke esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, kwabaningi, sekunyamalele enguqulweni esasiyazi.
Okungenhla, ngenxa yezizathu eziningi; Akubonakali kungenakwenzeka ukucabanga ngamaketango amanani omhlaba, lapho kubonakala kunobudlelwane bezentengiselwano, ngakolunye uhlangothi, nobudlelwane bezombangazwe bamazwe ngamazwe, ngakolunye.
Inhloso yeShayina yokukhipha i-United States ne-Europe esikhundleni sobuholi asebesibambe iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu icacile. Ukusabela kowakamuva ngokufuna ukuvikela isikhundla sakhe isikhashana nakho kucacile. Yisiphi-ke isisusa lapho imibuso yaseNtshonalanga izoba nayo ukuze iqhubeke nokuqinisa imbangi yayo enkulu?
Lokhu kuhlangana okusha phakathi kwezithakazelo zezombusazwe, ezomnotho, nezohwebo nakanjani kuzoholela ekuncipheni okuncane ezinqubweni eziningi nemikhiqizo evela emazweni, izimboni, kanye nezinsiza abazisungule emazweni afana neShayina.
Kwezinye izimo, izinqubo zokuthutha sezivele zaziwa, kwezinye, okuncane esizokubona kuwukuhlukahluka okunciphisa ukuncika futhi, ngakho-ke, ingozi yokuba sezweni eliqhudelana kakhulu nokubusa komhlaba wonke. Kulesi simo, iColombia cishe inethuba layo elikhulu iminyaka eminingana. Leli yithuba lokuzibeka esikhundleni sokuthatha isinyathelo esilandelayo.
Yiba yingxenye yochungechunge lwenani olusha, okungenzeka manje osekuyisifunda. Kungani singaba enye indlela enhle yalokhu? Kunezizathu eziningana zokucabanga ngezinzuzo zethu. Indawo, ithalente, abasebenzi abanamakhono, izikhungo eziqinile, intando yeningi, kanye nokuhlobana ngokwezwe namandla aseNtshonalanga. Impela kuzoba isici okufanele sicatshangelwe kulokhu kumiswa kabusha kwamaketango amanani amasha.
Nokho, lokhu okungenhla ngeke kwanele. Lo mbono usuvele unabaningi, eMexico, ePeru, eChile, e-Argentina nakwamanye amazwe asho okufanayo. Ukuncintisana kokutshalwa kwezimali kwamazwe ngamazwe, emazweni ahlaselwe amazinga amakhulu okuntuleka kwemisebenzi, kuzobulala.
Ukuncintisana okukhulu kuvela ekutshalweni kwezimali. Ingabe singaba indawo engcono kakhulu yokuthuthela kwenye indawo yokutshalwa kwezimali? Kuzodingeka umbono wamasu amakhulu ukufeza lokhu, isinqumo esikhulu sikazwelonke. Kuzodingeka siguqule ezinye izinto, sakhe ezinye futhi sixazulule izithiyo nezithiyo namuhla ezingasenzi sibe izwe eliheha kakhulu ukutshalwa kwezimali.
I-ajenda iyaziwa, esingakwazi ukunikeza izinkulumo mpikiswano ezinzima. Kunzima kakhulu ngathi ukwenza ingxoxo ejulile nehlelekile mayelana nezindaba zezimali, abasebenzi, impesheni, intela, imfundo, ubulungisa noma ukuncintisana.
Singakwazi yini ukuba nalezi zingxoxo futhi sizame ukwakha i-ajenda yesu yokuthuthukisa esivumela ukuthi sibe abawinile kulokhu kumiswa kabusha okuqhubekayo?
Okunye ukuthi, uma singafuni ukunikeza yonke inkulumo-mpikiswano, ukuthi sigxile ekudaleni izimo ezifanele ukuze okungenani sinikeze izimo ezisivumela ukuthi sikwazi ukuncintisana ekutshalweni kwezimali okusha.
Dala isimo esikhangayo esanele sokutshalwa kwezimali okusha, ukuze sikwazi ukukhetha indawo oya kuyo. Okungenani inikeza okunikezwa ngamanye amazwe. Isibonelo, ngokusebenzisa izindawo zezomnotho ezikhethekile noma ngemithetho ekhethekile yokutshalwa kwezimali okusha okudala amathuba emisebenzi nentuthuko esiyidinga kakhulu.
Enye inzuzo yokuhlelwa kabusha kohwebo ibonakala inamandla kakhulu enhlosweni yayo yokunciphisa ukuncika kwamanye amazwe, futhi ifuna ukukhetha imikhiqizo enengxenye enkulu yabasebenzi basekhaya, emhlabeni lapho ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu.
Kulindeleke ukuthi amazwe afune ukugqugquzela ukudalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi endaweni yawo, kuyimpoqo ukwenza lokho. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuzama ukuthekelisa, kodwa ngeke sikwazi ukuzisebenzisa izimakethe zethu zasekhaya ukuze sakhe amathuba emisebenzi amaningi.
Iminyaka eminingana, izifundazwe eziningi ku-American Union bezilokhu zikhuthaza imikhankaso efana ne-Buy Local, okuhlanganisa neyasekhaya, ehlose ukuxhasa izinkampani ezidala amathuba emisebenzi emnothweni ongomakhelwane. Kusemthethweni ukwenza kanjalo futhi kunengqondo.
Kuya ngokuya kuvame ukubona abathengi bazi ukuthi lokho abakuthengayo kuwumphumela wezinqubo ezizinzile, imikhiqizo ehambisana nomthetho noma imikhiqizo edala amathuba emisebenzi endaweni abakuyo.
Kusukela ku-Andi, sethule i-decalogue yokusekelwa kwenkampani kazwelonke, okungukuthi, zonke izinkampani ezidala amathuba emisebenzi e-Colombia, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imvelaphi yokutshala izimali zabo. Kubalulekile ukuthi kwanda izinkampani nemisebenzi endaweni yethu, siyayidinga.
Lokhu akuphathelene nokuvikela. Ngamanye amazwi, akukhona ukubeka imigoqo noma izintela emikhiqizweni engenisiwe. Kumayelana nokukhiqiza isu elivumela ukwanda kwamathuba nemisebenzi ezweni.
Khuthaza abathengi, izinkampani kanye nombuso waseColombia ukuthi basebenzise amandla okuzikhethela ukuze ngezenzo zabo bathenge futhi bakhiqize imisebenzi kanye nenhlalakahle. Kodwa, kunoma yikuphi, asikwazi ukuvumela noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuncintisana okungafanele kubakhiqizi bakwamanye amazwe.
Izenzo zebhizinisi ezingalungile zibonakala njengendelelo enkulu emazweni amaningi, ngoba zilimaza imisebenzi, imindeni, amabhizinisi kanye nohulumeni. I-Decalogue ihlose futhi ukusihlanganisa ekuvikeleni nasekuhlengeni izinkampani namabhizinisi ahlukahlukene.
Imibuzo i-coronavirus isishiya ngekusasa leColombia
Ngalolu bhubhane, ngokombono wezomnotho, lumise yonke imigomo yohlelo, okungenani engxenyeni enkulu yabantu bomhlaba. Ngokokuqala ngqá, ubhubhane lwamazwe ngamazwe lushiye okungenani ama-50% abantu emhlabeni bengakwazi ukuthola imali. Lokhu sekuholele ekutheni iziphathimandla eziningi, ohulumeni kanye nongoti baphelelwe yizimpikiswano noma izixazululo ezilula.
Izingqinamba ezijwayelekile zivela ngokungalingani kwezezimali, kwesabelomali noma kwangaphandle. Ngamanye amazwi, ngamazwe angawuphethe kahle umnotho wawo. Kodwa kulokhu, iningi lezakhamuzi kwadingeka lihlale ekhaya, izinkampani kwadingeka zivale imishini yazo kanye nemishini yokukhiqiza ngokujwayelekile ingene kumodi yokulala.
Ngakho-ke ohulumeni badinga ukufaka isikwele kumbuthano: singaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi izinto ezikhiqizayo ziphuma zingenamyocu uma abantu behlala bevalelwe? Ngezindlela eziningi, i-coronavirus ifunde izifundo ezicacile. Izinxushunxushu zakamuva ziholele ezikhungweni ezintsha, izinqumo eziyingozi noma ukulungiswa okusebenze ngokuhlelekile ukubeka umnotho kwamanye amazinga.
Ngokwesibonelo, endabeni yaseColombia, inhlekelele ka-1999 yaqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuba nemithombo yokuqinisekisa ukonga komphakathi. Ngenxa yalokho, izwe lanquma ukuqinisa Isikhwama Sokuqinisekisa Izikhungo Zezezimali (i-Fogafin), namuhla inhlangano eqinile enezinsiza ezibaluleke kakhulu zomshwalense wediphozithi.
Njengamanje inezinqolobane ezicishe zibe izigidi ezingama- $20 ezisekela noma iyiphi inkinga ohlelweni lwezezimali. Kule nkinga efanayo kuvela uhlelo lwamanje lwezinga lokushintshaniswa kwamahhala, olubonise izinzuzo zalo ngo-2008 no-2014, iminyaka yokushaqeka kwangaphandle okunobudlova.
Imithetho yokulungiswa kwezimali ezifundeni, umthetho wezezimali ngokwawo kanye nohlaka olusha lwezindlu zasebukhosini kuvela ezimeni lapho izinkinga ziphoqe ukuthi sicabange ngezixazululo ezintsha, ezisebenzayo nezingokoqobo.
Kodwa manje konke kuhlukile. Ngokusobala, alikho izwe emhlabeni elalinohlaka lwesikhungo olukwazi ukubhekana nokuma kungazelelwe ekukhiqizeni.
Ezimweni zamanje, ezinye izici ziba zibalulekile. Isibonelo, ithuba lokuqinisekisa imali engenayo engxenyeni enkulu yabantu ngaphandle kwemibandela. Ngamanye amazwi, nika abantu (ngaphandle kwama-euphemisms) imali. Ngisho naleyo, ngaphambi kwalolu bhubhane, ayizange ibonakale isengozini.
Ulibangise emalini encane engenayo yomhlaba wonke?
Ngokusobala, izwe linenethiwekhi eqinile yokuvikela umphakathi eye yasiza ukuvikela imali engenayo yezigidi zabantu abazuza ezinhlelweni ezifana neFamilias en Acción, Jovenes en Acción, kanye neMeya yaseColombia.
Uhulumeni wenze isinqumo sokukhokhela imindeni engu-3 million kulezi zibonelelo ngohlelo lweSolidarity Income.
URoberto Angulo, uchwepheshe ezindabeni zenqubomgomo yomphakathi futhi njengamanje oyikhansela lesifunda lezindaba zomphakathi, uchaze ukuthi, ngenxa yokuphuthuma ukuletha imali engxenyeni yabantu kuze kube manje ibingekho ohlelweni lwezinhlelo zikahulumeni zezenhlalakahle, uthi. :
“Amapulatifomu avuliwe aqedela okudingekayo ukuze kuxhunywe ama-deciles aphansi abantu. Umgoqo wezobuchwepheshe weqiwe,” usho kanje. Ngakho, echaza, "sizobe sikulungele ukuba nemali encane eqinisekisiwe yezwe."
Lokhu kungaba yisinyathelo esiya phambili kuphela emazweni aseNordic. Umqondo wemali engenayo eyisisekelo yomhlaba wonke waqala ukukhula kakhulu kusukela ngawo-1970. Futhi eminyakeni yamuva, abalobi abanjengoSteven Pinker noRutger Bergman baye bawuvikela.
Lesi sakamuva siyayivikela encwadini evusa inkanuko ebizwa ngokuthi i-Utopia for realists. Ngamafuphi, imayelana nokunikeza wonke umuntu imali ngaphandle kokukhetha. Ngomgomo olula: kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokusabalalisa kabusha imali engenayo. Ngokuvumelanisa kolwazi, isidingo sokuthuthukisa ukubuyiselwa kwe-VAT, isifiso sokudala imali yobumbano kanye nokuqiniswa kwezinhlelo nguMnyango Wezokuthuthukiswa Komphakathi, le ndlela ivulekile.
Imvelo okufanele iguqulwe
Nakuba izwe lizibona izinzuzo zokudluliselwa okuqondile kubantu futhi livuma inqubekelaphambili eya esakhiweni “somhlaba wonke esiyisisekelo semali engenayo yabantu baseColombia”, ingxoxo elandelayo igxile ohlelweni lwemali engenayo ukuze kuxhaswe le nqubekelaphambili.
UNgqongqoshe wezeziMali u-Alberto Carrasquilla uphakamise lolu daba ngesikhathi kunengxoxo yomthetho mayelana nezinguquko zakamuva zentela. Uma lesi sikhungo sihlanganiswa, singathuthela esakhiweni sentela esinentela evamile engeziwe. Lokhu kuzokwenza ukuthi kuliwe nokukhwabanisa nokuqinisa izimali zomphakathi. Le mpikiswano kumele ihlale ivulekile.
U-Keynes uqinisile
Umhlaba uhlala ubuyela ezimisweni zosomnotho abakhulu bekhulu lama-XNUMX: uJohn Maynard Keynes. Le ndoda eyiNgisi, eyaba nomthelela omkhulu ekusungulweni kwezinqubomgomo zezomnotho emhlabeni wonke ngemva kwempi, yayikhathazeke ngokuqonda ukuthi kungani isimiso somnotho esisekelwe enkululekweni ngesikhathi esithile sabangela ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi okuphezulu.
Akumele sikhohlwe umphumela wokungaqiniseki esikhathini esizayo nokuthi kuthinta kanjani izinqumo zabantu zokutshala izimali. U-Dudley Dillard, emsebenzini wakhe womcabango we-Keynesian, ubonisa ukuthi kungani umuntu kufanele acabange ngosomnotho waseNgilandi nsuku zonke nokuthi umcabango wezomnotho wakudala usenkingeni enkulu kanjani emhlabeni obuswa ukungaqiniseki.
“Ezweni lapho ikusasa lezomnotho lingaqinisekile kakhulu nalapho imali iyindlela ebalulekile yokuqongelela ingcebo, izinga elijwayelekile lokuqashwa lincike ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwezinzuzo ezilindelekile zokutshalwa kwezimali ezimpahleni ezinkulu kanye nenani lenzalo okufanele ikhokhwe. ukunxenxa abacebile ukuthi badlulisele ubunikazi bemali yabo. (…)
Lapho ukuqiniseka ngekusasa kuntuleka futhi izilinganiso zeholo zifiphele, inani elidingekayo ukuze abanikazi bengcebo bahlukane nemali yabo lizodlula inani elilindelekile lembuyiselo. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokuqashwa kuzokwehla kufinyelele ezingeni eliphansi.
Ukucindezeleka yisikhathi lapho imali ekhokhwayo emalini engenzi lutho idlula inani elilindelekile lembuyiselo ekukhuliseni izimpahla ezintsha cishe zazo zonke izinhlobo.
Lokhu kungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu iziphathimandla ezizobhekana nazo, njengoba ukuphela kwalolu bhubhane akulindelekile ukuthi kuholele ekuvuseleleni umnotho ngokushesha, kusazobonakala ukuthi zinjani.
khipha noma cha
Ingxoxo yamanje yezomnotho phakathi kwayo inombono wokuyishicilela noma ungayishicileli. Ngamanye amazwi, "hlanganisa" ukushoda komphakathi okuvela kulo bhubhane. Lolu daba luphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi ngabe ukuletha imali eningi emakethe kungaholela ekwenyukeni kwamandla emali.
Konke kuncike ekutheni uhulumeni ukwabelani izinsiza zodaba futhi, okwesibili, ukuthi abantu basebenzisa malini leyo mali abayithola kuhulumeni.
Abaphathi abakhulu bazokwaba noma yiziphi izinsiza zokukhipha imali ukuze bakhokhe izindleko ezihlobene nalolu bhubhane: ezempilo, umsebenzi kanye nokudla. Kuze kube manje akekho oseke waxoxisana ngalolu daba eColombia, kodwa izazi zomnotho eziningi kuthiwa zihambisana nalokhu.
Omunye umbuzo obalulekile ngothi hlobo luni lokusimama komnotho ozobhekana nalo. Lapha, udaba olubucayi umqondo wekusasa lama-ejenti wezomnotho.
Uma iziphathimandla zingakhombisi ukuthi zinazo zonke izindlela zokubhekana naleli gciwane nanoma yisiphi esinye isifo, umnotho uzolimala kakhulu. Ukwakha ukuthembela kuzinqubomgomo zezempilo zomphakathi kungase kuqalise ukutholwa kuka-“V” kokunqoba.
Yini ongatshala kuyo?
Lo bhubhane uveze esinye isici: amandla amazwe okubhekana nobhubhane azokwenza umehluko kulezi zikhathi ezintsha. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwezempilo nokucwaninga kuzobaluleka ukunciphisa umthelela kulezi zimo.
Ngakho-ke, izwe libhekene nenselele enkulu. Izinsiza zomkhakha wezempilo ziningi, kodwa kuyacaca ukuthi kusadingeka inqubekelaphambili ekwenzeni izwe libe isikhungo socwaningo. Akuyona inhloso ekude.
Isibonelo salokhu yileso sezifundo zomtholampilo: idokhumenti ka-2016 evela ku-Pugatch Consulate yelabhorethri yase-Amgen ibonisa ukuthi i-Colombia ingaheha ukutshalwa kwezimali okungafika ku-500 million dollar ukwenza izifundo zomtholampilo emithini emisha noma imikhiqizo. ozinikele kwezempilo. Nakanjani likhona ithuba.
Ubhubhane lwabonisa usongo lokuqala olukhulu lweplanethi emlandweni. Kube nomthelela omkhulu. Kodwa lokho akufanele kube isithiyo ekuboneni izifundo ezingafundwa. Uma ungenzi kanjalo, amaphutha azophinde avele ngokuzayo.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko seColombian Economy sithakazelisayo, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye: