Kulesi sihloko sikulethela ulwazi oluningi mayelana ne- Izimpawu zeBuddhism, ifilosofi yempilo eyasabalala emhlabeni wonke ukufundisa ukubaluleka kokuzindla, ngaphezu kokukufundisa ukuphila ngendlela elukhuni ngolwazi lwamaqiniso amane ahloniphekile uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngenkolo yobuBuddha Landela ukufunda lesi sihloko. futhi ufunde okwengeziwe!
Izimpawu zeBuddhism
UbuBuddha buyinkolo engakholelwa kuNkulunkulu, kodwa futhi buchazwa njengefilosofi yokuphila, njengoba kuyindlela yokuqeqesha ngokomoya kanye nesistimu yengqondo. Yasungulwa enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNdiya phakathi kwekhulu lesi-500 nelesi-XNUMX BC, yabe isisakazeka kulo lonke elase-Asia yaze yatholakala kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba. Ngokwezibalo ezikhona, iyinkolo yesine ebaluleke kakhulu enabefundisi abangaba izigidi ezingu-XNUMX emhlabeni wonke.
Owaqala ukwenza ubuBuddha kwakunguBuddha Siddhartha Gautama. Ukuthi wayengumnumzane, okungukuthi, umuntu owanquma ukuphila yedwa futhi enzima. Waba ngumuntu ohlakaniphe kakhulu futhi wasungula ubuBuddha futhi wabufundisa ezwenikazi laseNdiya iminyaka engamashumi amane nambili. Izimfundiso uBuddha ayezisho zazisekelwe embonweni wokuhlupheka nokuphela kokuhlupheka (nirvana).
USiddhartha Gautama Buddha wazalelwa emndenini osezingeni eliphezulu eRiphabhulikhi yaseSakia ongasekho namuhla. UBuddha walahla zonke izinjabulo zokuphila kwezwe, ukuze aphile isikhathi eside ekuncengeni, ekuzindleni nasekuzincisheni, ephila ngale ndlela wakwazi ukuzwa ukuvuswa ngokomoya. Yingakho eyaziwa ngokuthi uBuddha okusho ukuthi "Ovusiwe".
Phakathi naso sonke leso sikhathi uBuddha wazinikela ekuhambeni kulo lonke ithafa lezigebengu futhi ngale ndlela efundisa bonke abesifazane nabesilisa ngokuphila okungokomoya, ngakho wakha umphakathi owawuhlanganisa ama-laymen nama-monastics. Ngenkolo yobuBuddha, uBuddha wabafundisa indlela ephakathi kokwanelisa inkanuko nokuzincisha ukudla okwakuqhutshwa inhlangano yamaSramana futhi yaba yinto evamile kulo lonke elaseNdiya.
Ngefilosofi yamaBuddha, umuntu unenjongo yokunqoba ukuhlupheka okwaziwa ngokuthi dukkha, bese wazi umjikelezo wokufa nokuzalwa kabusha samsara, lokhu kufanele kwenziwe ngokuthola i-nirvana noma ngendlela yobuBuddha. Yingakho namuhla kunezikole eziningi zamaBuddha ezifundisa okuhlukile izici zobuBuddha.
Kodwa umgomo wayo oyinhloko kufanele kube indlela eya enkululekweni, enikeza ukubaluleka okukhulu emibhalweni ehlukahlukene ekhona izici zobuBuddha, ngaphezu kwemikhuba nezimfundiso ezihlukahlukene ezikhona ekuvukeni ngokomoya.
Phakathi kwemikhuba eyinhloko eyenziwa kufilosofi yamaBuddha yileyo yokuphephela kuBuddha, iDharma kanye ne-Sangha, kanye nokuzindla nokuhlakulela amakhono afana nokuphelela noma amakhono umuntu anawo. Kodwa ukuze kufinyelelwe ekuvukeni okungokomoya kunamagatsha amabili amakhulu obuBuddha aziwa ngokuthi Theravada sisho ukuthini isikole sabadala futhi Mahayana Isho ukuthini indlela enkulu?
Njengamanje, igatsha le-Theravada Buddhism lisakazwa kulo lonke elaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ikakhulukazi emazweni aseLaos, eMyanmar, eCambodia naseThailand. Leli gatsha linomgomo walo oyinhloko ukukhululwa komoya ngokulandela imikhuba yamaqiniso amane ahloniphekile futhi ngale ndlela ifinyelele i-nirvana.
Ngenkathi elinye igatsha laseMahayana liqhutshwa eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia ikakhulukazi emazweni aseShayina, eJapane, eKorea, eVietnam nakwezinye izindawo. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi le ngxenye yeBuddhism igxile ekukhanyiselweni komsebenzi futhi lokhu kungafezwa ngesikhathi sokuphila okukodwa. Yingakho i-Mahayana ifinyelela ku-53% wabasebenzi ngokuphathelene namanye amagatsha eBuddhism.
Elinye igatsha leBuddhism laziwa ngokuthi yiTibetan Buddhism eyenziwa esifundeni sase-Himalaya, eMongolia naseKalmykia nakwezinye izindawo. Kungelinye igatsha lobuBuddha elilandelwa u-6% wezindela zamaBuddha futhi lingesinye sezikole ezenziwa kakhulu nezaziwa kakhulu eNtshonalanga.
UbuBuddha namuhla
Uma kukhulunywa ngezici zobuBuddha, enye yezinjongo eziyinhloko ukuzindla okugxilile, ngoba kufanele kuzindle njengenqubo yansuku zonke, kodwa iningi labantu limatasatasa kangangokuthi alisitholi isikhathi sokuzinikezela kulokhu. Yingakho ifilosofi yamaBuddha igxile ekuthuthukiseni imikhuba yokuzindla.
Ngale ndlela sinolwazi lokuthi ifilosofi yamaBuddha iye yathonya ingxenye enkulu yabantu bomhlaba kusukela ngesikhathi sikaBuddha "The Awakened" owayeneminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu ngaphambi kwenkolo yobuKristu, wanikeza izisekelo ukuze kucaciswe ukuphila. , nakuba kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX, lapho lefilosofi nezici eziyinhloko zobuBuddha kwaqala ukwaziwa ngokuseduze.
Nakuba abantu abaningi bekholelwa ukuthi inkolo iwukukholelwa kuNkulunkulu ngobumpumputhe, esinye sezici zobuBuddha ukuthi ngeke ikhulume nganoma yimuphi unkulunkulu. Yingakho abantu abaningi emhlabeni wonke bezibuza lokhu okulandelayo: Ingabe ubuBuddha buyinkolo? Ukuze impendulo enikezwayo ukuthi ubuBuddha buzokwenza ifilosofi yokuphila, ukuba nombono othile womhlaba njengombono, ukuphila ngokuziphatha okuhle kanye neziqondiso okufanele zilandelwe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye abacwaningi bale filosofi yempilo baye baqinisekisa ukuthi esinye sezici zeBuddhism ukuthi ingamukelwa njenge-psychotherapy njengoba iyindlela yokukwazi ukuziqonda futhi sikwazi ukubhekana nezimo ezihlukahlukene. izinselelo nezingqinamba eziqhamukayo zizosethula empilweni. Kukho konke lokhu, iBuddhism iyifilosofi ehlanganisa lokhu okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla futhi ngasikhathi sinye nokunye okuningi.
Ifilosofi yeBuddhism ikhuthaza uchwepheshe ukuba acabangele kabusha yonke imibono eyakhiwe kuyo yonke impilo yakhe mayelana neBuddhism njengoba igxile emaqinisweni angaphezu kwanengqondo, ngaleyo ndlela embule umbono wangempela weqiniso ophilayo futhi owedlula zonke izigaba ezijwayelekile. womcabango.
Njengoba esinye sezici zeBuddhism ukuqeqeshwa ngokomoya futhi ngale ndlela ukufinyelela ukuqonda okuqondile nokomuntu siqu kwempilo yangaphandle. Ukuze silandele indlela yeBuddhism, uchwepheshe kufanele aqale ngekhono lakhe, ngale ndlela sizoba nekhono lokuphaphama, ukujabula, ukuhlakanipha nokukhululeka kunathi.
Kungakho enye yezimpawu zobuBuddha iwukuba nekhono lokungena engqikithini eqondile yeqiniso eliphilayo futhi ukwazi ukwazi izinto njengoba zenzeka, yingakho uchwepheshe weBuddhism esebenzisa izimfundiso namasu. kuzoba nomgomo wayo omkhulu amandla okuba nokuqonda okuphelele kwamandla ethu.
Kusukela emlandweni wayo, ifilosofi yamaBuddha yaqala ukusabalala kuwo wonke amazwe ezwekazi lase-Asia, ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwesiko lamaNdiya aleso sifunda kanye nezimfundiso ezintsha uBuddha ayezifundisa, okwakubangela imiphumela ejulile ekuzilolongeni. labantu..
Ukuhlangana kwesiko lamaNdiya nezimfundiso zikaBuddha kwanikeza izwekazi lase-Asia ukuvuselelwa kwamasiko kubantu abahlukene ababeqhuba ubuBuddha. Kwakunezimo eziningi ezifana nezenzeke esifundeni saseTibet ezaba yifa emasikweni abo.
Njengoba ifilosofi yobuBuddha isakazeka kulo lonke izwekazi lase-Asia, kwaba nezinguquko, ezivumelanisa namasiko athile esifunda ngasinye sezwekazi, futhi kwenziwa ngale ndlela ukuze kuvezwe izimiso zayo ngokuqondile.
UbuBuddha njengamanje buhlukaniswa emazweni aseSri Lanka, eThailand, eBurma, eVietnam, eCambodia, eLaos, eNepal, eTibet, eChina, eMongolia, eRussia naseJapan. Kuphinde kushiwo ngocwaningo oluthile kanye nokuthola kwamuva kokuvubukula ukuthi amazwe amaningi aseMpumalanga Ephakathi nawo ayenenkathi yobuBuddha.
Kungakho iqoqo lamasiko ahlukahlukene, izikole kanye nezikole ezingaphansi zingabonwa, yingakho kudingekile ukwazi ukuthi iyini ubuBuddha beqiniso nokuthi bagxile kuphi njengoba izikole eziningi zamaBuddha zinento efanayo engumsuka wokhokho babo, futhi Kungale ndlela zonke zikhula njengamagatsha esiqwini sobuBuddha bokuqala baseNdiya obufundiswa uBuddha Siddhartha Gautama. Nakuba izici ezihlukahlukene zobuBuddha zihlala ziqokonyiswa.
Yingakho uBuddha aqala ubuBuddha, futhi wonke umsebenzi ofisa ukufunda ulwazi lweBuddhism kufanele asondele ezimfundisweni zikaBuddha "The Awakened One" eduze ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukwenza lokhu, uchwepheshe kufanele azi futhi afunde imibhalo yokuqala lapho kubhalwa khona zonke izingxoxo zakhe namaphuzu abalulekile ukuqonda impilo.
Njengamanje, abefundisi bobuBuddha bayizindlalifa zezimfundiso zikaBuddha, baphinde bahambisane namasiko obuBuddha futhi bangahlalisana futhi bahlonipheke ngokwenza izici zobuBuddha baseJapan, kanye nobuBuddha baseTibet iVajrayana noma iTheravada yaseThai. Yingakho izindela zamaBuddha kumele zazi izisekelo zokuqala zefilosofi yobuBuddha futhi zazi izimpande zayo ukuze zibe nolwazi lokuthi yonke into yavelaphi.
Nakuba kwaba nezinkinga ezithile ngemva kokufa kukaBuddha Siddhartha Gautama. Nokho, ifilosofi yamaBuddha yanyamalala eNdiya eminyakeni eyinkulungwane edlule, kodwa yabuye yazalwa futhi izimfundiso zikaBuddha zasakazeka kulo lonke elaseNingizimu yeSri Lanka nakulo lonke elaseNingizimu-mpumalanga yezwekazi lase-Asia. Lapho igatsha lobuBuddha elaziwa ngokuthi iTheravada lakhulela khona futhi lisaqhubeka lichuma.
UbuBuddha baphinde basabalala enyakatho yezwekazi lase-Asia, izimfundiso zikaBuddha zafinyelela eTibet, eChina, eMongolia naseJapan. Futhi igatsha lesibili lobuBuddha elaziwa ngokuthi iMahayana liyasetshenziswa kodwa ifilosofi yamaBuddha njengamanje ihlukumezeke kakhulu ngemiphumela yokuthenga kanye nobukhomanisi. Kodwa ifilosofi yamaBuddha isifinyelele emazweni amaningi emhlabeni iguqule abantu abaningi izindela zamaBuddha.
Izinkolelo zobuBuddha
Nakuba kukhona ukubonakaliswa nezinkolelo eziningi mayelana nefilosofi yamaBuddha, zonke izikole ezinikeza ulwazi lwezimfundiso zamaBuddha zinezimiso eziningi zefilosofi ezifanayo komunye nomunye futhi lokhu kungenye yezici zeBuddhism. Yingakho zonke izici zezimfundiso zefilosofi zihlobene eduze nokuqukethwe okufanele kwenziwe nsuku zonke ukuze kuzuze ukuqonda, indela yamaBuddha kufanele ibe nombono ophelele wakho konke okumelwe ikwazi ukuze ifinyelele indlela yenkululeko engokomoya.
Ngalesi sizathu, zonke izifundo ezenziwa ezimfundisweni zefilosofi yamaBuddha ziqondiswe ukuze uchwepheshe wamaBuddha aqondiswe noma akhombe dharma, Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-cosmic noma i-universal order kumele ilandelwe, kodwa noma ubani okufanele akubone uzokwenza umsebenzi ofanayo ngomkhuba oqhubekayo wokuzindla okuqondisiwe.
Yingakho umsebenzi kufanele agxile ekwenzeni ukuzindla njalo, kodwa amaBuddha amaningi afunde inombolo enkulu yemibhalo etholakalayo futhi abaningi baye baqinisekisa ukuthi umnyombo wefilosofi uwukuthi. Amaqiniso Amane Ahloniphekile weBuddhism futhi i Indlela Enhle Ephindwe Kayisishiyagalombili, ezaziwa emhlabeni wonke njengoba zingakhulumi nganoma yimuphi uNkulunkulu noma ukukhulekela onkulunkulu okwenziwayo kuyizimiso zokuziphatha zokuzindla neziqondiso ezisekelwe emaqinisweni.
Ngokwenza lokhu, ubuBuddha buthathwa njengenkolo okungadingeki ukuthi ibe yisisekelo kunkulunkulu, yingakho yaziwa njengenkolo engakholelwa kuNkulunkulu. Kodwa uma ekwamukela ukuba khona kwezinto ezingokoqobo ezingokomoya njengokuzalwa kabusha komuntu nekarma nokuthi kukhona izidalwa zomoya, njengemimoya noma onkulunkulu abathile, kodwa akakhulekeli noma yimuphi, noma onkulunkulu ababonwa abantu njengemvelo ehlala njalo. .
Ngefilosofi yamaBuddha, onkulunkulu bangabantu abakhanyiselwe abazuza ukukhanyiselwa ngezenzo zabo zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha, kanye nangomkhuba oqhubekayo wokuzindla okugxilile, njengoBuddha “The Awakened” kanye nokwelashwa okunikezwa uBuddha. Kunomehluko omkhulu emcabangweni onikezwa emazweni aseNtshonalanga.
Amaqiniso Amane Ahloniphekile
Ngemva kokuba uBuddha Siddhārtha Gautama efinyelele ukuphaphama okungokomoya, wanikeza inkulumo yokuqala eyaziwa ngokuthi i-sutra, wayinika abanye ababezindla, lokhu kwaziwa njengokuthi "Isilungiselelo sokuhamba kwesondo le-dharma" (Dhammacakkappavattana). Enkulumweni yakhe yokuqala, uBuddha Siddhārtha Gautama wabeka isisekelo sokuqonda iqiniso lokuhlupheka kanye nendlela yokukumisa.
Amaqiniso amane ahloniphekile uSiddhārtha Gautama awenzile, angesinye sezici eziyinhloko zobuBuddha futhi afakazelwa ngazo ukuthi ubuBuddha buyifilosofi yokuphila, la maqiniso amane ahloniphekile aqanjwe ngaye. duḥkha; i-angst ekhona. Futhi yilezi ezilandelayo:
kuyinto Duhkha: ukuhlupheka, ukunganeliseki noma ukunganeliseki kukhona
Kufilosofi yamaBuddha, i-Dukkha inomqondo obaluleke kakhulu futhi ingahunyushwa njengokungakwazi komuntu ukwanelisa nokuba nokuhlupheka okukhulu. Njengoba ukuphila kungaphelele, ukunganeliseki nokuhlupheka kungokoqobo futhi kusemhlabeni wonke.
Ngaleli phuzu iqala imikhuba yokuzindla kwamaBuddha, okungenye yezimpawu eziyinhloko zobuBuddha, yingakho leli qiniso liphethe izimfundiso ngezimpawu ezintathu zobukhona futhi njengoba kuchazwe ngezansi njengoba sibona isimo somhlaba ngabo bonke. izenzakalo zayo, okuyizi:
- “Ukuzalwa kuyahlupheka”
- “Ukuguga kuyahlupheka”
- "Impilo ibuhlungu"
- "Ukufa kuyahlupheka"
- "Ukuzihlanganisa nabangathandeki kuwukuhlupheka"
- “Ukuhlukaniswa nabafiselekayo kuwukuhlupheka”
- "Ukungatholi okufunayo kuwukuhlupheka"
Ngalezi zici eziyisikhombisa zobuBuddha, kungavezwa ukuthi abantu balangazelela futhi babambelele ezintweni ezingaphelele nezimo ekuphileni, ezaziwa ngokuthi izilinganiso eziyisikhombisa zokubambelela kokuhlupheka. Yingakho odokotela beba sesimeni esibizwa ngokuthi samara, eyaziwa kusukela emasikweni efilosofi India; UbuHindu, ubuBuddha, ubuJainism, iBön, iSikhism njengomjikelezo wokuzalwa, lapho kukhona ukuzalwa, ukufa kanye nokuzalwa komuntu.
Ngale ndlela, abantu bafuna ukuzuza injabulo ngokufuna izinto ezibonakalayo nezimo ezingezona unomphela futhi yingakho injabulo yeqiniso ingafinyelelwa.
Imvelaphi ye-duhkha yi-tṛṣṇā (ngesiSanskrit: isifiso, ukufuna, ukulangazelela, ukoma)
Kuleli qophelo kuyaqashelwa ukuthi ukuhlupheka kubangelwa izifiso ezizodala izifiso kubantu, ngaphezu kwalokho kubangelwa injabulo yenyama kanye nezinzwa, inhloso iwukubheka noma yisiphi isimo noma isimo esimnandi futhi sisinika ukwaneliseka esikhathini samanje nakamuva.
Yingakho kunezinhlobo ezintathu zokulangazelela eBuddhism ezaziwa ngokuthi ukulangazelela injabulo yezinzwa, (kama-tanha). Eyokuqala yaziwa ngokuthi Ukulangazelela injabulo yomqondo (bhava-tanha). Eyesibili yaziwa ngokuthi ukulangazelela ukuqhubeka emjikelezweni wokuphila nokufa. Okwesithathu (vibhava-tanha) ukulangazelela ukungawuzwa umhlaba kanye nemizwa yobuhlungu.
Kungakho umuntu ekholelwa ukuthi isenzo esithile, impumelelo, into, umuntu noma imvelo iyomholela ekutheni enelise izidingo zakhe kulokho esikubiza ngokuthi "Mina" kodwa lokhu akuyona into engaphezu kokwenziwa kwengqondo okungapheli. Yingakho ukufisa nokubambelela kuvame ukukhiqiza i-karma futhi thina sizibophele thina ngokwethu USamsara okuwumjikelezo wokufa nokuzalwa kabusha.
ukuphela kwe I-Duhkha, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-nirvana
Ukuze ufinyelele i-nirvana (Ukukhululwa ekuhluphekeni) kuyadingeka ukucisha noma ukushiya ukulangazelela kanye nokungabikho kwentshiseko futhi ungagcini ngaphezulu. Lona umqondo ocacile we-nirvana, lesi sici seBuddhism sithi ukuhlupheka kungaqedwa, ngoba i-nirvana iwukucisha i-samsara ezimpilweni zethu, njengoba nje singakwazi ukucisha umlilo wekhandlela ngokushaya futhi sinikeze ukuphela. ukuvuselelwa.
Kukhona indlela eya ekuyekisweni eyaziwa ngokuthi iNoble Eightfold Path.
Esinye sezici zeBuddhism yile ndlela noma indlela uchwepheshe azama ngayo ukuvimbela ukweqisa kokusesha okumangalisayo kokwaneliseka ngakolunye uhlangothi kanye nokuhlukumezeka ngakolunye. Lokhu kuzoba indlela yokuhlakanipha, indlela yokuziphatha okuhle kanye nokuqeqeshwa noma ukukhuliswa kwenhliziyo nengqondo.
Le ndlela izokwenziwa ngokuzindla kanye nokuqaphela ukuba sesikhathini samanje nangokuqhubekayo. Kodwa ukuze ukwazi ukufeza lo mgomo, udokotela udinga ukuzilolonga ngokuqhubekayo futhi aqede ukungazi, ukulangazelela futhi lokhu kuholela ku-duhkha, lokhu kuzomholela endleleni yokuhlakanipha, izimiso zokuziphatha nokuzindla futhi lokho kuzoba yindlela yakhe ehloniphekile.
Umjikelezo wokuzalwa, ukuphila, ukufa nokuzalwa kabusha (Samsara)
Esinye sezici zeBuddhism yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Samsara, okubhekisela embonweni wokuzalwa kabusha kanye nombuthano wokuphila, ngoba lokhu kusho eBuddhism njengento engagculisi futhi ebuhlungu ephila ephazanyiswa isifiso kanye ne-avidya okusho ukungazi futhi kusukela kule miphumela. i-karma.
Ukuze uchwepheshe akwazi ukuzikhulula kulo mjikelezo, kufanele agxile ku-nirvana, okuyisisekelo kanye nokuthethelelwa okubaluleke kakhulu nomlando kufilosofi yamaBuddha. KuBuddhism, ukuzalwa kabusha akubonakali njengento efiselekayo futhi akusho ukuzimisela noma indawo okufanele ifinyelelwe.
Indlela yefilosofi yamaBuddha isebenza ukuze abantu bazikhulule kulelo qoqo lezimbangela nemiphumela. Uma nje lo mjikelezo ungaba khona, sizophila ukuphila okugcwele i-duhkha (ukuphila akuphelele), njengoba umuntu kufanele ezwe lokho okufanele aphile futhi abe nomthwalo wemfanelo kukho konke akwenzayo ekuphileni.
ENdiya kwakunenkolelo enkulu yokuphindukuzalwa futhi kwakuyingxenye yomongo wefilosofi yamaBuddha, yingakho umqondo uwukuthi ukuzalwa kabusha akufanele kuhilele noma yimuphi umphefumulo, njengoba kunemfundiso ye-anattā (Sanskrit: anātman, not-self). ), ephikisana nemibono yomuntu siqu unomphela noma ukuthi kunomphefumulo ongaguquki, njengoba kushiwo enkolweni yobuHindu.
Lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi ukuzalwa kabusha kwamaBuddha kuyinqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-karma, eyenza ukwazi kwezidalwa kubonakale, kodwa ngeke kube nomoya noma umphefumulo waphakade. Yingakho emasikweni efilosofi yamaBuddha kuqinisekiswa ukuthi i-vijñāna (ukuqonda komuntu) kufanele iguquke futhi iguquke futhi iyisisekelo lapho ukuzalwa kabusha kwenzeka khona.
Ngale ndlela, igama elithi ukuphindukuzalwa lisetshenziswa kakhulu kufilosofi yamaBuddha kunokuphindukuzalwa, njengoba izenzo zingezomzimba, kodwa umcabango unemiphumela eyoba khona ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungaba empilweni yamanje noma ekuphileni okulandelayo, ngoba kukhona ukugeleza kokuqaphela okuxhuma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuxhuma nokwazi kwangaphambili komuntu.
Uma kukhona ukuqhubeka phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, kwaziwa ngokuthi i-casual current, ezozibonakalisa njengenkambiso empilweni ngezimo ezithile. Njengoba ukuzalwa kabusha kufinyelelwa komunye wemibuso emihlanu ngokwegatsha lobuBuddha elibizwa ngokuthi iTheravada, noma kweyisithupha ngokwefilosofi nesiko kwezinye izikole ezifundisa ifilosofi yobuBuddha, lezi zingaba: imibuso yasezulwini, abantu bonkulunkulu, abantu, izilwane, izipoki ezilambile nezindawo zesihogo.
I-Karma kuBuddhism
Isici esibaluleke kakhulu seBuddhism i-karma, ngesiSanskrit ehumusha njengokuthatha isenzo noma umsebenzi. Lokhu kuzothuthukisa i-Samsara, okuzoba izenzo ezinhle (i-Pāli: kusala) futhi ngokubuyisela kabusha izenzo ezimbi ze-Pāli: akusala), futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi imbewu isala ekuqapheleni kwabantu abaya ukuvuthwa kulokhu kuphila noma ukuzalwa kabusha okwalandela.
Kungakho kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-karma iyinkolelo ebaluleke kakhulu yefilosofi yamaBuddha, ngoba ezinkolweni ezikhona eNdiya azikunaki ukufa noma ukuthi yini engabangela umuntu ngenxa ye-karma.
Njenganoma yisiphi isenzo samabomu kufilosofi yamaBuddha, i-karma izodala imiphumela ehlukahlukene lapho kuzokwenzeka izinto ezithile ezithambekele ekuvuthweni empilweni. Kungakho i-karma ithathwa njengemfundiso enkolweni yobuBuddha, njenganoma yisiphi isenzo esivela enkulumweni, emzimbeni nasemcabangweni owenziwa ngenhloso.
Kodwa umnyakazo owenziwe ngokuzithandela noma obenziwe ungahlosile, njengama-reflexes, awukhululwa. Lokhu kunyakaza kwaziwa ngokuthi ukunyakaza kwe-karmic neutral.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi emasikweni amaBuddha izici zokuphila ezithintekayo emthethweni we-karma zizofakwa esikhathini esidlule kanye nokuzalwa kwamanje komuntu ekuzalweni kabusha. Nakuba ku-Cula-kamma vibhanga Sutta Buddha, kuyaqondakala ukuthi lokhu ngeke kube khona ngenhlanhla kodwa nge-karma. Lokhu kuzosebenza njengoba imithetho yefiziksi isebenza emhlabeni wethu ngaphandle kokungenelela kwangaphandle.
Ngale ndlela, endaweni ngayinye yokuphila lapho kuhlanganiswe khona abantu nonkulunkulu, i-karma enhle ne-karma embi izohlukaniswa ngokuthi abantu bazokwenza kanjani kusuka ezinhliziyweni zabo, yingakho ku-Kukkuravatika Sutta, uBuddha omkhulu uzohlukanisa. ngendlela elandelayo:
- Kumnyama ngomphumela omnyama.
- Igqamile ngomphumela ogqamile.
- Imnyama futhi iyacwebezela ngomphumela omnyama nocwebezelayo.
- Kungabi mnyama noma kukhanye ngomphumela ongenawo umnyama noma okhanyayo.
Emfundisweni ye-karma yefilosofi yobuBuddha, akusho ukuthi kukhona isiphetho noma ukunqunyelwa kusengaphambili, ngoba akukho okuzenzakalelayo kufilosofi yamaBuddha, futhi akufanele umuntu abe yimpumputhe ngentando futhi alandele izitayela futhi akunakwenzeka ukulindela ukuthi yini kuzokwenzeka.. Ezenzweni zeBuddhism kuvunyelwe ukubheka futhi uqaphele ukuthi yini engenzeka kuwe futhi uzibophezele kulokhu kuthambekela.
Kubantu abaningi kuyadingeka ukuba bazi ukuthi i-karma ayisona isijeziso, iwumthetho ongeyena umuntu futhi akukho ukungenelela kwaphezulu, yingakho kunezinhlobo ze-karma ezingaguquki ukuthi ngisho noBuddha ngokwakhe angazithinti uma eseqedile. uyazalwa futhi unomzimba
Isekelwe kufilosofi yamaBuddha
Ukuvela okunemibandela kungenye imfanelo yobuBuddha, ebaluleke kakhulu njengoba izoba inkolelo-mbono yeBuddhism, ezama ukuchaza ubunjalo nobudlelwano bomuntu, kusukela ekuzalweni kuye ekubeni khona, ngenxa yalesi sizathu ifilosofi yobuBuddha izoqinisekisa ukuthi. akukho lutho oluzimele, kuphela isimo se-nirvana.
Ngale ndlela zonke izimo zengqondo nezomzimba ezizoba khona zizovela kwezinye izifunda esezivele zikhona futhi yonke into izovela esimweni esivele sinesimo, yingakho ithiyori ye-conditioned evukayo izoba ukwakheka okuchazwe kabanzi ngenqubo yokuba khona futhi abantu abaningi bazobambeka ekungazini kwabo kulandela umjikelezo wokuhlupheka.
Ngakho-ke, le nqubo izoba njalo futhi kufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi izohlanganisa sonke isikhathi sezimpilo zangaphambili kanye naleso saphila manje. Izovela ngesikhathi ngasinye ngakho-ke kufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi izoba yindawo edaliwe futhi ibhujiswe ngesikhathi ngasinye.
Kunenkolelo yamaBuddha eyaziwa ngokuthi iPratītya-samutpāda, okuzoba ubuhlobo bokuncika kanye nesisekelo se-ontology, njengoba kungekho Nkulunkulu odala yonke into, futhi awukho umqondo wamaVedic wendalo yonke efana no (Brahman) , futhi asikho esinye isimiso esidlulele enkolweni yobuBuddha.
Yingakho kufilosofi yamaBuddha kukhona ukuvela okuhloswe ezimweni ezidalwe futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kunezimo ezincike kakhulu ezizoholela ekuzalweni kabusha. Yingakho ubuBuddha njengefilosofi yokuphila buzofuna ukuchaza yonke imijikelezo yokuphindukuzalwa ngemfundiso eyaziwa ngokuthi izixhumanisi eziyishumi nambili ezisungula ukuthi ukungazi kukhona.
Uma nje ukungazi kungaqedwa kubasebenzi befilosofi yeBuddhism, inqubo izophindwa izikhathi ezingapheli, yingakho ngokuqeda ukungazi lolu ketanga luzophulwa, oluzokwaziwa ngokuthi i-nirvana ukuqedwa kweketango.
Ukuvuka kwe-Nirvana
UBuddha "Owavuswa" okunguyena owaqinisekisa ukuthi umbuthano lapho ukuxhomekeka nokuzalwa kabusha kuqala kungamiswa. Ngakho-ke, inhloso evamile yefilosofi yamaBuddha ukuvuswa kweSamsara ukuze udokotela ayeke noma ayeke ukusetshenziswa kwemizwelo engemihle (kleshas), ukuhlupheka (dukkha) futhi akwazi ukwazi ubunjalo bangempela bokuba khona kwakhe.
Konke okushiwo ngenhla kuzokwazi ukwenziwa kufinyelelwe kwi-nirvana, lena kube yindlela eyinhloko okufanele izindela zamaBuddha ziyilandele kule filosofi kusukela ngesikhathi sikaBuddha, okusho ukuthi ovusiwe.
Umqondo noma igama elithi nirvana lisho ukuthi "zinyamalale noma ziphume, Emibhalweni yesandla yokuqala yenkolo yobuBuddha, kuphawulwa ngesimo sokulinganisela nokuzithiba okufanele indela yamaBuddha ibe nayo, okuyomholela ekumiseni noma ayeke imijikelezo yokuhlupheka. Kubuye kushiwo emibhalweni eminingi ukuthi i-nirvana ihlotshaniswa nokuhlakanipha okuzokwazi ukungazi (self-not)anatha) kanye nobulula (sunyata).
Lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi isimo se-nirvana kuyifilosofi yamaBuddha, futhi okuchazwa emibhalweni yesandla ehlukahlukene kusukela ngesikhathi sikaBuddha, futhi okufana kakhulu nalokho okusetshenziswa kwezinye izinkolo, ukuthi i-nirvana izoba isimo esiphelele. ukukhululwa kumuntu osebenzayo, kuyilapho abanye beyifanisa nesimo sokukhanyiselwa, injabulo ephelele, intokozo ephakeme, inkululeko engesabi, nokuhlala unomphela okungaqondakali nokungachazeki.
Ngokufanayo, i-nirvana iye yachazwa ngokuthi ingane engakazalwa, engazalwanga, engadalwanga, engahlanganisiwe. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi kuwukuqothulwa noma ukuhlukaniswa komuntu osebenza eBuddhist noma okufana ne-nihilism, okuyimfundiso yefilosofi lapho konke kuzoncishiswa kube yize.
Yingakho ifilosofi yobuBuddha izobheka i-nirvana njengomgomo ongokomoya ophakeme okufanele ufinyelelwe indela yamaBuddha, isici sobuBuddha bakudala okufanele wonke umuntu asifise njengomgomo wokugcina wefilosofi yamaBuddha.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, emisebenzini yansuku zonke neyendabuko yokuzindla egxilisa izindela zamaBuddha, ukufuna nokuqongelela okuhle ngokwenza izenzo ezinhle, njengeminikelo kwezinye izindela kanye nemikhuba ehlukene abayenzayo futhi lokhu kuzobavuza ukuze bangaba nokuzalwa kabusha okungcono.
Yini eyaziwa ngokuthi i-NO-YO kanye nokungabi nalutho
Kuzoba imfundiso yefilosofi yobuBuddha, ezohlotshaniswa negama elibizwa ngokuthi (anatta) okuhumusha njengokungabi nalutho noma ukungabikho komphefumulo. Lokhu-ke kuhlobene nalokho okungekho kumuntu ongunaphakade, umphefumulo noma ingqikithi engaguquki noma ehlala njalo. Ezinye izazi zefilosofi zenkolo yobuBuddha, ezinjengoVasubandhu noBuddhaghosa, ezinesikhundla kulemfundiso yombono umuntu anawo wamacebo ezingxenye ezinhlanu.
Lezi zazi zefilosofi zizozama ukukhombisa ukuthi lezi zingxenye ezinhlanu zobuntu ngeke zibe unomphela noma ziphelele, njengoba kufakazelwa ezinkulumweni zamaBuddha ezifana ne-Anattalakkhana Sutta.
Njengoba umqondo wokungabi nalutho noma ukungabi nalutho uzoba umqondo omelela izincazelo eziningi kuwo wonke amafilosofi ahlukene ubuBuddha obunawo. Njengoba ezinsukwini zokuqala zeBuddhism izilinganiso ezinhlanu kuthiwa azinalutho (kittaka), okungenalutho (tuchanka), coreless (asāraka). Ngendlela efanayo, egatsheni le-Theravada Buddhism, kuyaqinisekiswa ukuthi ama-aggregate amahlanu angenalutho ebuntwini bawo.
Kukhona futhi omunye umqondo osetshenziswa kabanzi owaziwa egatsheni leMahayana Buddhism, ikakhulukazi osetshenziswa esikoleni saseMadhyamaka Buddhist eNagarjuna, eyaziwa ngokuthi (sunyata), okuwumbono osekelwa kuzo zonke izenzakalo (i-dharma) ukuthi ngeke babe nemvelo yabo siqu futhi ngale ndlela ayikho ingqikithi ejulile, ngakho abanalutho ukuzimela.
Amagugu Amathathu eBuddhism
Ezimfundisweni zefilosofi yamaBuddha kuye kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi amagugu amathathu eBuddhism abaluleke kakhulu lapho indela yamaBuddha inikezela ekuthembekeni kukaBuddha, Dharma kanye noShangha. Okungukuthi ngamagama asentshonalanga anencazelo yobuhle, iqiniso kanye nobuhle ngokulandelana. Okumele ukuthi kundela yamaBuddha kusho imvelo yakhe okuzodingeka izibonakalise ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwayo, lezi okungamagugu amathathu obuBuddha.
Lapho indela yamaBuddha izinikela ekuzinikeleni kwalawa matshe ayigugu amathathu eBuddhism, ingenye yezici ezivelele kakhulu, njengoba izithiyo eziphakamayo ngenxa yokuzazisa kwethu zizohlakazwa futhi zihlanzwe.
Kungakho ukuzinikela emagugu amathathu eBuddhism kuzosikhumbuza ukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi kufanele sizinikele ekuthobekeni ngaphambi kwabo bonke ubukhulu obusizungezile futhi obusiphethe, njengoba iladi lokuphila lintula "Mina" futhi izigaba zokuphila ziyashoda. lesi sakhi kanye nesinamathiselo kuyakhiqizwa futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukwenqatshwa nokulungiselela izigaba ezihlukene zobuntu obudala i-ego yethu.
Ngenkathi i-ego ilungiswa, ifinyelela endaweni lapho igcina izithola isesikhala sangaphakathi. Ubuyena bushiya eceleni lelo ladi lokuphila bese buhlala ezindaweni ezehlukene njengangaphakathi, ngaphandle, into, isimo nokungabi nalutho futhi yonke into ilahlekelwa incazelo.
Ngakho-ke, indela yobuBuddha esebenzayo, lapho izinikela ematsheni ayigugu amathathu, iyomnika ulwazi lokukwazi ukuqonda izimfundiso zobuBuddha ngokuhlangenwe nakho nokucabanga futhi ngale ndlela izoqinisekisa ukuthi izimfundiso zikaSiddhārtha Gautama noma uBuddha zizoba iqiniso. Phakathi kwamagugu amathathu esinawo:
Buddha: Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zobuBuddha ezikhona namuhla, bazokhulekela uBuddha, okusho ukuthi "ophapheme” Phakathi kwazo esinemibono ehlukene, isibonelo sinegatsha lobuBuddha baseTheravada eliqinisekisa ukuthi uBuddha ungumuntu osevele wavuka ngokuzindla nangezenzo zakhe, ofinyelela ekuphaphameni ngomzamo wakhe kanye nokuqonda kwakhe.
Nakuba abahlinzeki beBuddhism kufanele baqede imijikelezo yabo yokuzalwa kabusha kanye nazo zonke izimo zengqondo ezingeke zibe nempilo futhi ezizoholela ezenzweni ezimbi.
NgokukaBuddha, naye wayengaphansi kokulinganiselwa komzimba womuntu ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, njengoba kuye kwabhalwa emibhalweni ehlukene yeBuddhism, lapho kuthiwa uBuddha wayehlushwa izinhlungu eziningi zeqolo futhi kwakunzima kakhulu. ukuqonda kusukela kuBuddha kwakujule kakhulu njengolwandle olukhulu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakunamandla amakhulu engqondo.
Egatsheni leBuddhism laseTheravada, uSiddhārtha Gautama Buddha ubonwa njengoBuddha wenkathi yamanje. Nakuba engekho kulo mhlaba, kodwa usishiyele izimfundiso eziningi ezifana neDharma (Ukufundisa), iVinaya (Isiyalo) kanye neSangha (Umphakathi).
Kodwa egatsheni leBuddhism laseMahayana, elinezinga elandisiwe lokufundisa kanye nesayensi yendawo yonke namaBuddha amaningi nezinye izidalwa eziye zaba abangcwele (i-aryas), futhi abahlala emazweni ahlukahlukene. Nokho, imibhalo yegatsha leMahayana Buddhism ihlonipha oBuddha abahlukene abanjengoSakyamuni, njengo-Amitabha noVairochana futhi ngasikhathi sinye kwezinye izidalwa ezidlulele noma eziphakeme (supramundane)lokuttara).
Ngalokhu, kuyaqinisekiswa futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kugcizelele ukuthi amaBuddha angathintana futhi angazuzisa izidalwa zaleli zwe ngezimfundiso zabo, njengoba kukhona uBuddha ofana nenkosi engokomoya kanye nomvikeli wazo zonke izidalwa zalokhu. izwe analo.ukuphila iminyaka engenakubalwa.
Kungakho ukufa nokuphila kukaSakyamuni Buddha emhlabeni kuqondwa njengokubonakala nje noma ukubonakaliswa okwavezwa ngobuhlakani yilesi sidalwa esikhanyiselwe ekuphileni kwasemhlabeni, esitholakala kubantu ukuba sibafundise ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo.
I-Dharma: Ngobunye ubucwebe kanye nesici seBuddhism esihlobene nezimfundiso zikaBuddha njengoba sihlanganisa imibono eminingi echazwe emibhalweni yasendulo yobuBuddha.
Lezi izimfundiso zeqiniso ezizokhombisa ubunjalo beqiniso lethu, akufanele kube inkolelo okumelwe sibambelele kuyo, kodwa kunalokho imfundiso engokoqobo egxile esenzweni. Izindela eziningi zamaBuddha ziye zawuqhathanisa nesihlenga esisetshenziselwa ukuwela hhayi ukubambelela.
Ngendlela efanayo, lo mthetho wendawo yonke ubhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi izimfundiso zizosambulela uhlelo lwe-cosmic okusekelwe kulo yonke into. Kodwa kuyoba isimiso saphakade esisetshenziswa kubo bonke abantu nasemhlabeni okhona. Yingakho kukholakala ukuthi kuzoba yiqiniso eliwujuqu futhi yiqiniso okusekelwe kulo indawo yonke.
Ngakho-ke kuyindlela izinto eziyiyo ngempela futhi izindela zamaBuddha ziqinisekile ukuthi wonke amaBuddha kuwo wonke umhlaba, okwamanje, esikhathini esidlule nasesikhathini esizayo, bayakuqonda futhi yingakho benesifiso nesibopho sokufundisa. i-dharma.
Sangha: Iyigugu lesithathu lobuBuddha, futhi kulapho izindela ezingamaBuddha ziphephela khona, njengoba libhekisela emphakathini wezindela nezindela zefilosofi yamaBuddha ezizozinikezela esimisweni samaBuddha esifundiswa uGautama Buddha. Le mfundiso eyaklanywa ngendlela yeSangha njengomphakathi okahle wokuphila kahle. Kanye nokuba nezimo ezifanele zokukhula ngokomoya.
I-Sangha yakhiwe yibo bonke abafundi abakhethe ukulandela lendlela yokuphila ekahle okuwukuthi kaBuddha, okuyoba ukuphila kokulahla zonke izinto ezibonakalayo nempahla encane efana nejazi nesitsha sakhe sokuphuzwa. .
Leli gugu lesithathu lezindela zobuBuddha kufanele zihambisane nempilo kaBuddha okhonza futhi eyisibonelo esingokomoya kwabanye abafundi nasemhlabeni kanye nezizukulwane ezizayo. Yingakho kunomthetho owaziwa ngokuthi (i-Vinaya), ophoqa ama-Sangha ukuthi aphile ngokuncika kuwo wonke umphakathi wangaphandle.
Izindela kufanele zincenge ukuze ziphile impilo ye-sangha futhi zibe nobuhlobo nempilo yabafundi. Ngaphandle kwakho konke lokhu, kunenye incazelo yeSangha ethi bonke labo abakwazile ukufinyelela noma yisiphi isigaba sokuvuka (Nirvana), kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangama-monastic noma cha, bayoba namandla okukhulekela ama-arya aziwa ngokuthi. abangcwele benkolo yobuBuddha futhi bayizidalwa zomoya eziphakeme. Baye bakwazi ukuzuza izithelo zokulandela indlela yobuBuddha.
Ukuze ukwazi ukuba ama-aryas (osanta noma izidalwa zomoya zobuBuddha) kuwumgomo okhona kuzo zonke izinhlobo zobuBuddha laphaya. Futhi le āryasaṅgha ihlanganisa izidalwa ezingcwele ezifana nama-bodhisattvas, ama-arhats nama-sotapannas (“abangena emfuleni”).
Egatsheni laseTheravada lobuBuddha kanye nobuBuddha bokuqala umfundi waba umfundi arhats okusho ukuthi umuntu ofanelekile, nokuthi angazuza ngezindlela zakhe ukuvuka okwaziwa ngokuthi bodhi , noma uBuddha ngokwakhe elandela izimfundiso zikaBuddha. Ngale ndlela wakwazi ukuqeda ukuzalwa kabusha kwakhe nakho konke ukungcola okungokwengqondo. Khonamanjalo kukhona abantu ababizwa bodhisattva ozoba yisidalwa esimiselwe ukuvusela ubuBuddha.
Ezikoleni zamaBuddha, njengasegatsheni lobuBuddha elaziwa ngokuthi iTheravada, ukuze acabangele indela engumBuddha njenge<em>bodhisattva, kumelwe enze isifungo phambi kukaBuddha ophilayo futhi ngendlela efanayo kumelwe athole ukuqinisekiswa kobuBuddha bakhe besikhathi esizayo. KuBuddhism baseTheravada uBuddha wesikhathi esizayo uzokwaziwa ngokuthi iMetteya futhi uyahlonishwa futhi ahlonishwe njenge-bodhisattva.
Nakuba i-Mahayana Buddhism, okungelinye igatsha lefilosofi yamaBuddha, ngokuvamile ibheka ukuzuza kwe-arhat njengento ephansi, kakade ibonakala njengeqiniso elenzeka kuphela ngenxa yenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ngaleyo ndlela iqala indlela eya ekubeni i-bodhisattva. njengephezulu futhi eyigugu kakhulu.
Nokho kuMahayana Buddhism noma iyiphi indela engumBuddha efisa ukuba i-bodhicitta (isifiso sokuba umBuddha esibangelwa umuzwa wobubele kubo bonke abantu abaphilayo). Ngakho-ke, i-bodhisattvas izobhekwa njengomuntu ongcwele osevele efinyelele izinga eliphezulu elingokomoya futhi ubonakala njengomuntu onamandla amakhulu onamandla okunikeza usizo kubantu abangenakubalwa ngokusebenzisa amandla akhe athuthukile.
Ezinye izici zeMahayana Buddhism
Egatsheni laseMahayana, inezici zobuBuddha ezihluke kakhulu kubuBuddha baseTheravada nezinye izikole ezifundisa izimfundiso zefilosofi yamaBuddha, njengoba zifundisa izimfundiso ezihlukile nezinokuqukethwe okuningi kuma-sutras nangokwefilosofi. izindaba zezinkathi ezedlule.
Enye yalezi zincwadi zefilosofi ukuchazwa kwe-sunyata kanye nemvelaphi ezimele lapho isikole saseMadhyamaka sitholakala khona. Esinye isici esithonya ubuBuddha baseMahayana umbono wefilosofi isikole sase-Yogacara sobuBuddha esinawo, esiwubize ngokuthi imfundiso lapho kukhona imibono kuphela noma imibono yengqondo, yona eyaziwa nangokuthi imfundiso yokuqaphela.
Umcwaningi nomcabango we-Yogacara Buddhism ogama lakhe linguMark Siderits, ukuthi emqondweni sinezithombe eziqaphelayo noma izinto esizibonayo engqondweni, ezibonakala njengezinto zangaphandle kodwa eqinisweni ayikho into enjalo ngaphandle kwengqondo.
Njengoba siqaphela izithombe zengqondo noma okuvelayo okuvela njengezinto zangaphandle, kodwa empeleni lezi zinto azikho ngaphandle kwengqondo. Kodwa kunezincazelo eziningi zale mibono futhi ezinye izazi-mlando nososayensi bakubona lokhu njengohlobo lwemibono noma uhlobo lwe-phenomenology.
Esinye isici sobuBuddha esiphawulwe egatsheni lobuBuddha laseMahayana kuzoba isimo sikaBuddha noma njengoba yaziwa i-matrix yeTathagata, lapho ubunjalo bukaBuddha buchazwa njengomqondo ongatholakala emibhalweni yesandla. ezivela enkulungwaneni yokuqala yeminyaka yenkathi yethu. Okufanayo kwenzeka nge-sutras okuyizidalwa ezinemizwa ezinomongo futhi ziyimvelo yangaphakathi.
Ngale ndlela, konke okuhlobene nezimfundiso zobuBuddha kwaqala ukubhalwa ekupheleni kwekhulu lesibili nasekuqaleni kwelesithathu, le mibhalo izobeka ukuthi imvelo kaBuddha iwukufundisa bonke labo bantu abesabayo lapho besaba. lalela izimfundiso. of anatta.
Izindlela zenkululeko
Ngokwesiko lamaBuddha, kusetshenziswe izindlela namamodeli amaningi ukuze osebenzayo abe nokuthuthuka ngokomoya ezikoleni ezahlukene zamaBuddha, kodwa ahlala ehlanganyela isici esiyisisekelo sobuBuddha njengesifinyezo esisho izimiso zokuziphatha, kukhona nokuzindla nokuhlakanipha. lezi zici ezintathu zobuBuddha zaziwa ngokuthi ukuqeqeshwa okuthathu okungesinye sezici zeBuddhism.
Esinye isici sobuBuddha esidonsela ukunaka umkhuba obizwa ngokuthi umzila ophakathi futhi wawuyingxenye yentshumayelo yokuqala eyanikezwa uBuddha, lapho ethula khona indlela ehloniphekile ephindwe kasishiyagalombili njengendlela ephakathi phakathi kwe-austerity kanye ne-hedonism, okuyimfundiso yokuziphatha. usungula isiphetho esiphezulu sokuphila kungukwaneliseka.
Okubizwa ngokuthi imibhalo yokuqala yamaBuddha
Ziwuhlobo lokwethulwa kwendlela (i-marga) eholela enkululekweni ebhalwe emibhalweni yokuqala yobuBuddha ebizwa ngokuthi inkulumo eqondiswayo noma ukufundisa kancane kancane uBuddha enza khona isethulo sesinyathelo nesinyathelo sokuqeqeshwa kwakhe.
Kule mibhalo yokuqala, atholakala ngokulandelana okuhlukahlukene okuhlukile endleleni ehleliwe. Enye yezethulo ezikhona futhi ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi enye esetshenziswa kakhulu izikole ezahlukahlukene zobuBuddha iNoble Eightfold Path eyaziwa kakhulu noma eyaziwa ngokuthi uMgudu Ophindwe Kayisishiyagalombili Wabahlonishwa ingesinye sezici zeBuddhism.
Lo mbhalo ungatholakala ezingxoxweni ezahlukene kodwa edume kakhulu yilena eyaziwa ngokuthi iDhammacakkappavattana Sutta okusho ukuthi "Inkulumo Emayelana Nokuphenduka Kwesondo Le-Dharma".
Kodwa kukhona ezinye ezaziwa ngokuthi iTevijja Sutta kanye neCula-Hatthipadopama-sutta ezingahunyushwa ngokuthi amasu aholela odokotela endleleni kancane kancane yokuba indela yamaBuddha. Kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izindlela eziningi zifana kakhulu njengoba kufanele usebenzise ukuzindla nokuziphatha ngaso sonke isikhathi, wenze ngendlela enhle.
Ngokomunye umcwaningi ogama lakhe linguRupert Gethin, ubhekisela endleleni yobuBuddha njengokuvuka kodokotela ngokwenza ifomula emfushane kakhulu ewukushiya izithiyo ezinhlanu futhi uhlale uqhuba izikhungo ezine zokucabangela futhi uthuthukise izici eziyisikhombisa ngokulandelana. ukufinyelela ekuphaphameni lokhu kuyisici seBuddhism.
Indlela Ehloniphekile Ephindwe Kayisishiyagalombili
Le ndlela yethulwa njengesici seBuddhism, ethuthukiswa ngezimfanelo eziyisishiyagalombili noma izici ezixhumene kodwa lapho zithuthukiswa ngesikhathi esifanayo zizoholela ochwepheshe beBuddhism kumuntu ongcono amvumela ukuthi ayeke i-duhkha.
Indlela Ephindwe Kasishiyagalombili yenziwe ngokubona okulungile, ukucabanga okulungile, inkulumo efanele, isenzo esifanele, ukuziphilisa okulungile, umzamo oqondile, ukucabangela kanye nokugxilisa ingqondo ekugcineni kodwa okungenani okulungile. futhi lokhu kuyisici sobuBuddha.
Ukubuka okulungile: iwukuba nenkolelo yokuthi kukhona ukuphila kwesikhathi esizayo nokuthi akukho okuyophela ngokufa njengoba uBuddha afundisa wonke umuntu indlela ephumelelayo yokufinyelela e-nirvana. Lena inkolelo egxile ezimisweni zobuBuddha ezifana nekarma, ukuzalwa kabusha kanye namaqiniso amane ahloniphekile.
Umcabango olungile: kuwukuba nenhloso yokuyeka imicabango evusa inkanuko futhi ehlale efuna ukuthula, ukwenza kanye nokucabanga okulungile ngaphandle kwesifiso esibi kanye nonya kuyisici esivelele sobuBuddha.
khuluma kahle: ukusebenzisa amagama ngesikhathi esifanele kuwuphawu lobuBuddha, kodwa ngaphandle kokuqamba amanga, ukungasho amazwi angalimaza abanye abantu futhi ungasho lokho abanye abakucabangayo ngalowo muntu futhi uhlale ukhuluma lokho okuyokuholela ensindisweni.
Isenzo esilungile: akumele ubulale noma ulimaze noma yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo, akumele uthathe into engalungile, akukho zenzo zocansi empilweni yezindela futhi kumaBuddha angabantu abavamile akufanele wenze izenzo zocansi ezingafanele, njengokwenza isenzo socansi nomuntu ushadile noma unowesifazane ongashadile ovikelwe abazali bakho futhi kuyisici esibalulekile seBuddhism.
Izimpilo Ezilungile: Kuyiphuzu elibalulekile ezindela ngoba kusho ukuba nezinto ezibalulekile ukuze uhlale uphila futhi uzincenge. Kuzindela ezingamaBuddha ezivamile, kufanele zigweme ukwenza umsebenzi ongahambisani nefilosofi yokuphila yamaBuddha futhi akumele zibe indlela yokuhlupheka kwezinye izidalwa:
“Amasutta athi: “ukuhweba ngezikhali, ukuhwebelana ngezidalwa eziphilayo, ukuhweba ngenyama, ukuhweba ngezidakamizwa, ukuhweba ngobuthi”
Umzamo olungile: ingqondo kufanele ivikelwe emicabangweni evusa inkanuko, futhi izithiyo ezingokomoya kufanele zigwenywe njengoba izindela zamaBuddha kufanele zivimbele izimo zempilo ezimbi, ngoba ziphazamisa umkhuba wokuzindla.
Ukucabangela Okulungile: indela yamaBhuda akumele nakancane isongwe emicabangweni yayo futhi kumele ihlale ikuqaphela ekwenzayo. Lokhu kuzothuthukisa ukucabangela komzimba, imizwa, nengqondo. Ukwengeza kulokhu kufanele uqaphele izithiyo ezinhlanu, amaqiniso amane ahloniphekile kanye nezakhi eziyisikhombisa zokuvuka ngokomoya.
Ukugxilisa ingqondo okulungile: zonke izindela kufanele zilandele lesi sinyathelo kuze kube sencwadini njengoba kufanele zijwayeze ukuzindla okugxile kwansuku zonke okuchazwa kuma-jhanas amane njengoba kuyisici sobuBuddha.
Indlela yeTheravada
Ingenye yamagatsha eBuddhism futhi iyisici seBuddhism, enamasiko ahlukahlukene futhi anezincazelo ezihlukahlukene zokufinyelela i-nirvana noma lokho okubizwa ngokuthi indlela yokuvuka. Nokho, uBuddha wanikeza izimfundiso ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganiswe ngaphakathi kohlaka lwamaqiniso amane ahloniphekile kanye noMgudu Ophindwe Kasishiyagalombili okwachazwa kulesi sihloko ngezici zobuBuddha.
Ezinye izindela zamaBuddha ezilandela igatsha leBuddhism laseTheravada zilandela ukwethulwa kwendlela elandelwa uVisuddhimagga kaBuddhaghosa.Le ndlela yaziwa ngokuthi izihlambululo eziyisikhombisa ezihambisana nolwazi lokuqonda, kodwa isetshenziswa kakhulu izindela ezizinikele ukufunda ukufuna indlela engcono kakhulu yamaBuddha yenkululeko.
Indlela ye-bodhisattva e-Mahayana
Le ndlela isekelwe ekubeni yiBodhisattva, okusho ukuthi ngumuntu osendleleni eya ebuBuddha. Emibhalweni yesandla yokuqala ye-Mahāyāna Buddhism, indlela eyasetshenziswa ukuze ibe i-Bodhisattva idinga i-bodhicitta yokuqala evusayo kanye nokwenza njalo kwama-pāramitās. ngaphandle kokuba esinye sezici zeBuddhism.
Lokhu kwenziwa phakathi kwekhulu lokuqala nelesi-XNUMX AD, lesi siko seMahayana Buddhism sanikeza imfundiso yamaBhumi ayishumi, okwakungamazinga ayishumi noma izigaba zokufinyelela ekuvukeni okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kabusha okuningi.
Izindela ezifundile eziqhuba ubuBuddha baseMahayana zazichaza indlela eqondile yezindela nabantu abavamile, le ndlela izofaka isifungo sokuthi kufanele bafundise ulwazi lwabo lobuBuddha kwabanye abantu ukuze babasize bazikhulule eDuhkha (ukuphela ukuhlupheka), ukuze ufinyelele ubuBuddha ekuzalweni kabusha okulandelayo.
Kule ndlela eyadalelwa ukuba yi-Bodhisattva, kwafakwa i-paramita, okuwukungapheleli, ubuhle obudlulele. Nakuba kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi e-Mahayana Buddhism imibhalo ayihambisani kakhulu nengxoxo enikezwa mayelana nama-paramitas, njengoba imibhalo ethile ibala uchungechunge lwama-paramita okumelwe izindela zenze.
Amapharamitha afundwa kakhulu asohlwini futhi ayisithupha futhi afundwa kakhulu izindela zamaBuddha okuyi-Dāna (Isisa), i-Śīla (Izimiso Zokuziphatha), i-Kṣānti (ukubekezela), i-Vīrya (amandla), i-Dhyāna (Ukuzindla), i-Prajñā (Ukuhlakanipha). E-Mahayana Sutra Buddhism ihlanganisa i-paramita eyishumi, kanye nokungapheleli okwengeziwe okune "okuyindlela yekhono, isifungo, amandla nolwazi". Ngale ndlela, i-paramita okuxoxwa ngayo kakhulu futhi leyo ebaluleke kakhulu itholakala emibhalweni ye-Mahayana Buddhism futhi yileyo yokuphelela kokucindezela.
I-Eastern Buddhism: IBuddhism eyazalelwa eMpumalanga Asia, futhi ithonywa amasiko amaBuddha aseNdiya, kanye nobuBuddha baseMahayana njengaleyo etholakala ku-Da zhidu lun. Ngendlela efanayo, kunezethulo eziningi zalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-soteriology ehlanganisa izindlela eziningi kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi izimoto (yana), njengoba kunamasiko ahlukahlukene okufinyelela endleleni engokomoya, kodwa ayikho evelele, ngaphandle kokuba isici seBuddhism.
Isibonelo esibaluleke kakhulu se-Eastern Buddhism i-Zen Buddhism, lapho imikhuba emine kanye neminyango emibili ingatholakala, ukuze sibe i-Bodhidharma, singathola futhi Izikhundla Ezinhlanu» ngu-Dongshan Liangjie.
I-Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: kungesinye isici seBuddhism esizoholela osebenza ngezigwegwe endleleni yenkululeko, ngokwesilinganiso esichazwe ohlotsheni lwemibhalo eyaziwa ngokuthi iLam-rim, okusho izigaba zendlela. Ezikoleni zaseTibet zobuBuddha bonke bazoba nesethulo sabo seLam-rim. Lobu Buddha obubhaliwe busukela emuva emibhalweni yesandla eyabhalwa umpetha waseNdiya u-Atiśa, owaziwa ngokuthi "Isibani Sendlela Eya Ekukhanyeni" (Bodhipathapradīpa, ikhulu lama-XNUMX).
Izindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zamaBuddha
Imikhuba yamaBuddha ngamasu nezici zobuBuddha izindela zamaBuddha kanye nabafundi abahlale bezenza ukuze bafinyelele indlela yokuvuka ngokomoya phakathi kwabo singakwazi ukukhomba ukuthi izindela zizobe zisesimweni sokuvuka ngokomoya futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi intando yokuzuza uzwelo, ukuhlakanipha, izindlela zekhono, nezinye izici eziningi zomqondo okhanyiselwe kaBuddha, futhi sibuyekeza nendlela kancane kancane eya ekukhanyiselweni. (LamaRim).
Ukulalela i-Dharma: Ukuze umuntu aqale indlela ebheke ekuvukeni okungokomoya, kufanele azi ukuthi uBuddha ufundise ini, futhi kuyisici sobuBuddha esitholakala emibhalweni ethi Samaññaphala Sutta kanye neCula-Hatthipadopama Sutta, lesi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala, ngemva kwalokhu Okufanele uthole. ukwethenjwa okukhulu nokholo kuBuddha.
Othisha abangamaBuddha abanolwazi olunzulu egatsheni laseMahayana kanye negatsha laseTheravada bayavuma ukuthi iDharma kufanele ilalelwe futhi izinkulumo zamaBuddha zeminyaka edlule kufanele zifundwe ngendlela eqondile futhi baye baze baqinisekisa lokhu okulandelayo: "uma umuntu efuna ukufunda nokusebenzisa iBuddha Dharma." Ngendlela efanayo ku-Indo-Tibetan Buddhism imibhalo yezigaba zendlela (Lam Rim) isetshenziswa futhi kuyisiteji esibaluleke kakhulu ukuzwa konke mayelana nolwazi lwamaBuddha.
Isiphephelo: Kungomunye umkhuba obaluleke kakhulu wamaBuddha futhi ezikoleni lapho kufundiswa khona ulwazi lwamaBuddha, "Iziphephelo Ezintathu" kufanele zithathwe njengesifundo sokuqala, ezaziwa nangokuthi amatshe ayigugu amathathu asechazwe kakade kulesi sihloko ngezici zobuBuddha. .
KuBuddhism baseTibet, kunezelwa isiphephelo sesine, okuyi-lama eyaziwa kakhulu.Izindela zamaBuddha zikholelwa ukuthi iziphephelo ezintathu zingabavikeli bawo wonke umphakathi wezindela namakholwa, futhi, njengendlela yokuhlonipha, ziyamkhulekela.Kukhona inkolo yasendulo. ifomula esho okulandelayo:
"Ngiya kuBuddha ukuze ngiphephe, ngiya eDhamma ukuze ngiphephele, ngiya eSangha ukuze ngiphephe"
Umcwaningi okuthiwa uHarvey ufikile ezosho le ngoma futhi uthe akuyona indawo yokucasha kodwa ukuthi ngokuyisho njalo, izohlanza futhi iphakamise amandla enhliziyo.
Ezikoleni zamaBhuda kunomcimbi oqhutshwa yindela noma uthisha onikeza isiphephelo kumagugu amathathu, lokhu kwenziwa njengokubonakaliswa komphakathi futhi kuwukuzibophezela kodwa akubi into engacabangeki ukuze zuza ukuvuswa ngokomoya.
Izindela eziningi kanye nabasebenzi beBuddhism bangakwazi ukukhoselisa amagugu amathathu ngokwabo ngesiyalo nangobuqotho futhi kungase kwanele kwamanye amaBuddha.
Ukuzinikela: EbuBuddha, ukuzinikela kuhlanganisa ukwethembana nokholo, okumelwe kube imfanelo okumelwe ilinganiswe nokuhlakanipha futhi ibe umngane wendela, njengoba kuwuphawu lobuBuddha okumelwe lwenziwe ngokuqhubekayo kuwukuzindla. Kungakho ukuzinikela kumele kube yingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yemikhuba yobuBuddha ukuze kufinyelelwe ekuvukeni ngokomoya.
Imikhuba yokukhulekela ingase futhi ihlanganise umthandazo ongokwesiko, ukuguqa, iminikelo, uhambo lokuya endaweni engcwele, nokucula. Ekuzinikeleni kwamaBuddha, kuyohlale kugxile entweni ethile noma esithombeni esithathwa njengesingcwele noma esithonya ngokomoya isigodlo sezindela samaBuddha. Ezinye izibonelo yilezi: imidwebo noma izifanekiso zamaBuddha nama-bodhisattvas, ama-stupa, nezihlahla ze-bodhi.
Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi amaqembu aculayo ahlala ekhona ezindlini zezindela zamaBuddha ukubonga uBuddha. Njengoba lokhu kuqale eNdiya, njengoba ngenxa yokucula kusiza ukubamba ngekhanda izimfundiso uBuddha ayezidlulisela ngesikhathi sakhe.
Kukhona futhi amarosari anegama le-mala, futhi asetshenziselwa ukukwazi ukusho ingoma ephindaphindwayo, ngendlela efanayo ingoma esetshenziselwa ukufeza ukuzindla kweqembu kanye nokwenza amazwi avamile futhi lokhu kuzoholela. ekuzoleni nasekuthuleni kwesigodlo sezindela samaBuddha.
Izimiso Zokuziphatha zamaBuddha: Yaziwa ngokuthi i-sila, iyisici esibaluleke kakhulu seBuddhism njengoba isekelwe esimisweni sokungalokothi senze umonakalo, futhi indlela ephakathi izoba yinketho engcono kakhulu njengoba ithathwa ngokulinganisela futhi akufanele umuntu abambelele kunoma yini. noma.
Ezimfundisweni zefilosofi yobuBuddha, izimiso zokuziphatha kufanele zinqunywe isenzo umuntu asithathayo, njengoba izenzo zingaba nomphumela olimazayo noma olimazayo kuye noma komunye umuntu, yingakho izimiso zokuziphatha zobuBuddha zihlanganisa ukukhuluma nokwenza okufanele.
Emibhalweni yobuBuddha kuneziqondiso ezinhlanu okufanele zonke indela nodokotela abangamaBuddha bazilandele kancane ukuze babe nokuziphatha kobuBuddha, njengoba isimiso sokuziphatha nemithetho yezindela kungenye yamaphuzu abaluleke kakhulu endela kanye nefilosofi yamaBuddha. Le mithetho emihlanu iyasebenza kubo bobabili abazinikele besilisa nabesifazane, futhi yilena:
- Ungabulali muntu.
- Ungathathi okungesikho okwami.
- Ungahlanganyeli ekuziphatheni okulimazayo kocansi.
- Ungakhulumi amanga.
- Ungasebenzisi utshwala noma izidakamizwa eziholela ekunganakeni.
Ngaphezu kwalezi ziqondiso ezinhlanu, zonke izindela nezindela zamaBuddha kumelwe zihambisane neminye imithetho engaba ngu-200 ebhalwe ngokuningiliziwe kuyi- Vinaya pitaka, okuwumbhalo olungile wokuphila ukuphila kwezindela futhi, wona, ochazwe kuyiShanga.
Kuphinde kuthiwe izindela aziqhathanise kanti kule nsambatheka zingalimazi abanye abantu. Kumele babe nozwelo olukhulu kanye nenkolelo eqinile yokuthi kukhona ukuphindisela kwe-karmic okwenza isisekelo sale mithetho yamaBuddha.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi le mithetho emihlanu eshiwo ngenhla kufanele ilandelwe yizindela ezihlala esigodlweni sezindela kanye nezindela ezingamakholwa futhi ezinemizi yazo. Kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi imiyalo ayiyona imiyalo futhi iziphambeko ezenziwa emithethweni azilethi unswinyo lwezenkolo.
Kodwa uma kuletha imiphumela ye-karmic ekuzalweni kabusha, isibonelo siwukuthi umuntu obulala omunye umuntu ekuzalweni kabusha angakwenza endaweni yesihogo. Futhi uma isisulu singenye indela yamaBuddha, izohlala isikhathi eside futhi ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu.
Yingakho le mithetho yathuthukiswa ngenhloso yokukwazi ukuthuthukisa ingqondo futhi ibe nomlingiswa ukuze ikwazi ukuqhubekela phambili endleleni yabo ekuvukeni ngokomoya komuntu ngamunye. Impilo eyenziwa esigodlweni ayinayo imiyalelo eyengeziwe, landela kuphela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi iViyana (Isiyalo) kanye nekhodi yemithetho yezindela ekhona.
Ngokungafani nezindela ezivamile, lezi ziphambeko ezenziwe izindela zizoba nezigwegwe. Okunamandla ukuxoshwa ngokuphelele ku-sangha, uma enze noma yikuphi ukubulala noma ukuhlanganyela ubulili, ukweba, noma izimangalo ezingamanga zolwazi lenye indela yamaBuddha.
Uma indela yamaBuddha iye yahileleka ebugebengwini obuthile obuncane, ingaxoshwa isikhathi esithile futhi ivunyelwe ukungena futhi. Izijeziso zingahluka ngokuya ngesikole, isigodlo sezindela kanye nobuzalwane lapho indela esonayo iyingxenye yazo.
Labo abasanda kuqala ukuphila kwezindela kanye nezindela ezivamile emiphakathini eminingi kudingeka bagcine imithetho eyisishiyagalombili kuya kweyishumi ngezikhathi ezithile. Emine yale mithetho iyafana nanoma iyiphi indela engumBuddha noma ozinikele wefilosofi yobuBuddha okumelwe ihambisane nayo, okungafanele ukubulala, ukungebi, ukuqamba amanga nokungadakwa. Futhi ezinye ezine okufanele zigcwaliseke encwadini yilezi:
- Akukho ukwenza ucansi;
- Gwema ukudla ngesikhathi esingafanele (ngemuva kwasemini);
- Gwema ubucwebe, iziqholo, imihlobiso, ukuzijabulisa;
- Gwema ukulala embhedeni ophakeme.
Le mithetho eyisishiyagalombili kufanele igcwaliseke ukuze kugwenywe izinkinga ekuzalweni kabusha okulandelayo, yonke le mithetho ikhunjulwa ngosuku lwemithetho, kuwusuku lomlando olwasungulwa ngezikhathi zikaBuddha Siddhārtha Gautama. Emhlabeni lolu suku luqhathaniswa nombono wamaJudeo-Christian weSabatha.
Ukusula: Kungomunye umkhuba obalulekile futhi oyisici weBuddhism owafundiswa kusukela ngesikhathi sikaBuddha uSiddhārtha Gautama, lokhu kusho ukuthi kuwukuvinjelwa kwezinzwa futhi kuwumkhuba ofundiswa ngaphambi kokuzindla okusemthethweni, njengoba ukwazi indela isekela ekulahlekeni. ukuthuthukisa ukuzindla kwakho.
Njengoba ukwazi lo mkhuba indela yenza buthaka izifiso zezinzwa ezingaba isithiyo. NgokukaBhikkhu Anālayo, kulapho izifiso zivinjelwe lapho indela yamaBuddha “vikela iminyango yezinzwa ukuvimbela okuvelayo kwezinzwa ekuholeleni esifisweni nasekudabukeni»
Ukuze yenze lo mkhuba wokunaka izinzwa, indela engumBuddha kumelwe ivimbele amathonya ayingozi ukuba angene engqondweni yakhe. Izindela eziningi zamaBuddha ziye zathi umkhuba oqhubekayo wokulahlwa ungafinyelela umuzwa wokuthula nenjabulo enkulu yangaphakathi futhi wenze isisekelo esibalulekile sokuqonda kangcono nokugxilisa ingqondo kwendela yamaBuddha.
Lobu buhle bobuBuddha bubhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi izindela zamaBuddha kumelwe ziyeke izifiso nezenzo ezibhekwa njengezingenampilo ukuze zenze indlela yazo engokomoya, njengezifiso zenyama nezinto zezwe.
Izindela zamaBuddha zihlakulela ukulahla ngezindlela ezahlukene, isibonelo esisodwa ukwenza umnikelo, esinye isibonelo ukulahla ukuphila kwezindela futhi uzinikele empilweni yezindela futhi okokugcina, ukuqhuba ukungashadi okwesikhashana noma empilweni yendela. Kungenye yezindlela zokulahla ezikhona.
Ezinye izindela ezingamaBuddha, ukuze zihlakulele ukuphika, zisebenzisa indlela eyafundiswa uBuddha uSiddhārtha Gautama, ehlanganisa ukucabanga ngezingozi nokuzijabulisa okungokomzimba, okuyingxenye yenkulumo ayinikeza abangane bakhe. Lo mkhuba ufundiswa ngemuva kokuthi umfundi esewazi umkhuba wokunikela kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha zamaBuddha.
Omunye umkhuba okufanele waziwe ohambisana nokulahla yilowo uBuddha awufundisa obizwa ngokuthi "ukulinganisela lapho udla kuMandela kusho ukuthi ngeke badle lutho emini. Kumamonki avamile alandela lo mthetho ngezikhathi ezikhethekile zokugujwa kwezenkolo.
Ukucabangela nokuqonda okucacile: Ukuqeqeshwa indela yamaBuddha enakho okuzomvumela ukuthi akhumbule ngokoqobo futhi agcine ukwaziswa okubalulekile enkumbulweni yakhe futhi kuwuphawu lobuBuddha njengoba kufilosofi yamaBuddha kubalulekile ukusebenzisa inkumbulo.
Isazi sefilosofi esingumBuddha esaziwa ngokuthi u-Asanga saze sachaza ukucabangela nokuqonda okucacile ngokuthi “Kusho ukuthi ingqondo ayikhohlwa into enolwazi. Umsebenzi wawo awukona ukuphazamiseka» ngendlela efanayo umcwaningi uRupert Gethin, sati futhi «ukuqaphela ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuqaphela ukubaluleka okuhlobene kwesenzakalo ngasinye".
Ukuzindla kweBuddha: esinye sezici zeBuddhism esigqama kakhulu kwifilosofi yamaBuddha, yize kunenani elikhulu lamasu okuzindla futhi wonke azoncika esikoleni, isigodlo sezindela kanye nobuzalwane indela yamaBuddha engowabo.
Nakuba konke ukuzindla kwamaBuddha kugxile ezintweni ezimbili ezibizwa ngokuthi i-samatha (ukuzola kwengqondo, ukuzola) kanye ne-vipassana (ulwazi oluqondile, intuition). Ekuzindleni kwamaBuddha kune-nucleus emaphakathi futhi iwukubheka okuzolile kodwa okunakisisayo kwezinqubo nezigigaba uchwepheshe wamaBuddha angase ahlangabezane nazo.
Emibhalweni yesandla yokuqala yamaBuddha ibhekisele ikakhulukazi ekuzuzeni ukuhlanganiswa kwengqondo, kuthiwa futhi kufanele ibe sesimweni sokuthula lapho ukwazi kugxilile futhi kubumbene ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka u-Asanga ekuchaza ngokuthi «ukugxila kwengqondo entweni ephenyiwe. Umsebenzi wayo ukuba yisisekelo solwazi (jñāna) ».
Ekuzindleni kwamaBuddha kufundiswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezinjengokuphefumula, umzimba wenyama, imizwa ejabulisayo kanye nemizwa engathandeki yomqondo ngokwawo. Indlela yokuzindla esetshenziswa eNdiya ichazwe kuyi-Rigveda nasemibhalweni ehlukahlukene yobuBuddha ekwazile ukusinda namuhla.
Nakuba abaningi beye baqinisekisa ukuthi le ndlela yokusebenza isasetshenziswa nanamuhla, kodwa noma kunjalo lukhona ulwazi oluvela emibhalweni yesandla yangaleso sikhathi lapho uBuddha ayefundisa ukuzindla njengendlela yokwenza kanye nethiyori ukuze akwazi ukuzikhulula futhi lokhu kwanikeza indlela yokuzindla. zamajhāna amane kanye nokuqaphela.
Izingxoxo eziye zabanjwa mayelana nokuzindla kwamaBuddha ukuthi awukho umqondo osemthethweni, nokuthi akukho muntu wangaphakathi ekuzindleni, ngaphezu kwalokhu ukuthi ukuzindla ngokweqile kobuJainism njengokuzindla kwamaHindu okufuna ukufinyelela ku-Self eternal. kanye nendawo yonke.
AmaJhanas amane: Nakuba kunezinhlobo eziningi zokuzindla, kunesici seBuddhism izindela eziningi ezisisebenzisayo ukuze zikwazi ukuzindla ngendlela engcono kakhulu futhi yaziwa ngokuthi ama-«rupa-jhānas» amane (izizindlo ezine emkhakheni wefomu), wona. ziyisethi yezigaba ezifika ekugxilweni kwendela ukuze ikwazi ukungena esimweni sokunaka okuphelele, ukuthula nokucacelwa.
Uma uthole le ndatshana mayelana nezimpawu zeBuddhism ibalulekile, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: