I-Biodiversity iyinkulumo esetshenziselwa ukubhekisela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, empeleni okuyindawo yokuhlala lapho kuboniswe khona ukuthi kunesigaba esisodwa noma ezimbalwa zezidalwa eziphilayo futhi kulesi sihloko sizobhekana nazo. izici zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Iyini I-Biodiversity?
Leli gama lihlobene nezakhi eziningi nezinto eziguquguqukayo izidalwa eziphilayo ezinazo. Umqondo wezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ungaqondwa emazingeni amaningana, kungaba kusukela ezingeni le-taxonomic, functional, phylogenetic, genetic or trophic futhi zonke ziyingxenye yezimpawu zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Indawo ehlala uhlobo olulodwa olusanda kuzalwa, kodwa kuze kufike ekubukeni kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngezibonelo ezinezakhi zofuzo ezihlakazeke ezindaweni ezincane kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezincane, kuthiwa i-ecosystem ene-biodiversity enamandla aphansi.
Umbono wezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo usho ukuthi indawo iqukethe izinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane, kanye nokuhlukahluka kwazo kwebhayoloji, endaweni. Ngokuphambene, indawo yokuhlala enezinhlobo eziningana, ezinye zazo okungenzeka zasendulo, ezinye inqubo yazo yobungcweti iqinisekisiwe muva nje, enezakhi zofuzo ezihlukene futhi ezinokusabalalisa okubanzi, kungaba isifunda Esinokwehlukahlukana okuphezulu.
Nokho, ukubhekisela kokuhlukahluka kwemvelo okuphansi noma okuphezulu kungamagama ahlobene. Ngalesi sizathu, kunezinkomba ezimbalwa namapharamitha lapho ukuhlukahluka kwendawo kungalinganiswa khona, njengenkomba ye-Shannon noma ye-Simpson, phakathi kokunye. Uma sizisekela kuzo, sizobona ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwezidalwa eziphilayo akuyona into efanayo emhlabeni.
Okuyingxenye yezimpawu zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ukuthi inkomba enkulu yokuhlukahluka ingatholakala njengoba sisondela ezindaweni ezishisayo. I izici zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zingafundwa kusetshenziswa imikhakha emibili ehambisanayo, i-ecology kanye ne-evolutionary biology. Abasekeli bemvelo bagxila ikakhulukazi ezintweni ezithonya ukuhlukahluka kwendawo futhi ezisebenza ngezikhathi ezifushane.
Nakuba izazi zesayensi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zigxila esikalini sesikhathi esiphezulu futhi zigxile ezenzakalweni ezikhiqize ukushabalala, isizukulwane sokuzivumelanisa nezimo, kanye ne-speciation, phakathi kokunye.
Okuye kwaboniswa ukuthi kule minyaka engu-50 edlule, ukuba khona kwabantu, ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, nezici ezihlukahlukene ziye zakwazi ukushintsha ukusatshalaliswa nokuhlukahluka kwenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ulwazi kanye nomthamo wezimpawu zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziyizici ezibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwemibono ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga ezibonwayo.
Incazelo Yezinhlobonhlobo Zezinto Eziphilayo
Umcwaningi wokuqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi biodiversity ezincwadini zemvelo kwakungu-E. O Wilson, ngo-1988. Nokho, umbono wokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo ubulokhu uthuthukiswa kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX, futhi usaqhubeka usetshenziswa kabanzi namuhla. I-Biodiversity ibhekisela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Idlulela kuwo wonke amazinga okuhlelwa kwezinto, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ihlukaniswe ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo noma wokusebenza kwemvelo.
Okusho ukuthi, ukuhlukahluka akukwazi ukuqondwa kuphela ngokwenani lezinhlobo zezilwane. Ukwehluka okubonwa kwamanye amazinga e-taxonomic nawemvelo nakho kunomthelela, njengoba sizochaza ezigabeni ezizayo zalokhu okuthunyelwe.
Izici zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zibe yisihloko socwaningo kusukela ngesikhathi sika-Aristotle. Ilukuluku lokufunda ngemvelaphi yokuphila kanye nesidingo sokunquma umyalo kwenze izazi zefilosofi ukuba zifunde izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuphila futhi zenze izimiso zokuhlukanisa ngokungafanele. Ngale ndlela bazalwa kusayensi ye-systematics kanye ne-taxonomy, ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa kokuhlukahluka.
Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Ngokuqondene ne Izinhlobo Zezinhlobonhlobo Zezinto Eziphilayo, kunezici eziningi zezinto eziphilayo futhi sizobhekisela kuzo zonke izingxenye ezihlukene, ukuze sikwazi Yiziphi izici zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo?
ukuhlukahluka kofuzo
Ukuhlukahluka kwebhayoloji kungafundwa ezilinganisweni ezihlukene, kuqalwe ngezakhi zofuzo. Into ephilayo yakhiwe izinkulungwane zezakhi zofuzo ezihlanganiswe ku-DNA yayo, ehlanganiswe ngaphakathi kwamangqamuzana.
Izindlela ezihlukene okungatholakala ngazo isakhi sofuzo, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-alleles, kanye nokuhlukahluka kwama-chromosome phakathi kwabantu kwakha ukuhlukahluka kofuzo. Isibalo esincane sabantu, esinofuzo olulinganayo phakathi kwamalungu aso, sihluke ngandlela thile.
Ukwehluka kofuzo okungatholakala phakathi kwabantu bohlobo olufanayo kungaba umphumela wenani lezinqubo ezifana nokuhlanganisa kabusha, ukuhlukaniswa kwezakhi zofuzo, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ama-gradients, izingcindezi zendawo ezikhethiwe, phakathi kwezinye izenzakalo.
Ukwehluka kuba yisisekelo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nokuzalwa kokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Inani labantu eliguquguqukayo lingase libe umphumela woshintsho ezimweni zemvelo, kodwa ushintsho oluncane lungase lube ngenxa yokuncipha kwenani labantu, noma kwezinye izimo ezimbi kakhulu kubangele ukushabalala kwendawo kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Ngokufanayo, ukwazi ukuba nolwazi ngezinga lokuguqulwa kofuzo kwenani labantu kubalulekile uma izinhlelo zokongiwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane eziphumelelayo zizosetshenziswa, njengoba le pharamitha ithinta ukuqina nokuphikelela kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
ukuhlukahluka komuntu ngamunye
Kuleli zinga lokuhleleka kwento, singathola ukuhlukahluka ngokuya nge-anatomy, physiology, nokuziphatha entweni ngayinye ephilayo.
Ukuhlukahluka kwabantu
Ku-biology, inani labantu lichazwa njengeqoqo labantu abayingxenye yezinhlobo ezifanayo ezihlala ngesikhathi nendawo, futhi ezingase zikhiqize kabusha.
Uma sikhuluma ngezinga labantu, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo zabantu abakha inani labantu, kubeka uhlamvu lwaso lwesihlabathi ukuze kube khona izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo futhi, futhi, kwakha isisekelo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuguquguqukayo okwenzekayo. Isibonelo esithile salokhu inani labantu ngokwalo, lapho bonke abantu bebonisa ukuhlukahluka kwe-phenotypic okungabonakala.
Izinhlobo ezingazange zibe nokuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo futhi ezinezibalo ezifanayo zithambekele kakhulu ekuqothulweni, kokubili ngenxa yezimbangela ezivela endaweni ezungezile, kanye nalezo eziye zabangelwa umsebenzi wabantu.
Ukuhlukahluka ezingeni lezinhlobo zezilwane
Uma sikhuphukela ezingeni lenhlangano yendaba, kungenzeka ukuhlaziya izici zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokwezinhlobo zezilwane. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziyinto evamile yocwaningo olwenziwa yizazi zemvelo kanye nezazi zezokongiwa kwemvelo kuleli zinga.
Ukuhlukahluka ngaphezu kwezinga lezinhlobo zezilwane
Izici zezinto eziphilayo zingaqhubeka nokuhlaziywa ngaphezu kwezinga lezinhlobo zezilwane. Lokhu kungukucabangela amanye amazinga okuhlukaniswa kwe-taxonomic njengegenera, imindeni, ama-oda, nokunye. Nokho, lokhu kuvame kakhulu ezifundweni ezixhumene ne-paleontology.
Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi ukhuphuke ngesilinganiso, ukuze uthole incazelo yezinto eziphilayo, kuze kube yilapho singakwazi ukufeza ukuqhathanisa okwenziwa yi-biogeography, okungeyona into engaphezu kokuqashelwa kwengcebo yomehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezifundeni ezinkulu zendawo.
Ikalwa kanjani izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo?
Endabeni yezazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, okubalulekile ukuba nemingcele eyenza kube lula ukulinganiswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ukuze kucatshangelwe lo msebenzi uqediwe, kunezindlela ezehlukene, zingalinganiswa nangombono wethiyori noma wokusebenza.
Izilinganiso zokulinganisa ezisebenzayo ziqukethe izakhi zofuzo, izinhlobo zezilwane, nokuhlukahluka kwe-ecosystem, kusukela kokuphansi kakhulu kuye phezulu. Iphuzu lokubuka lethiyori lisekelwe ezinhlobonhlobo ze-alpha, i-beta ne-gamma. Ngendlela efanayo, umphakathi ungahlolwa, ngokuchazwa kwezici zawo ezibonakalayo.
Kujwayelekile ukusebenzisa izinkomba zezibalo okungakalwa ngazo ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Lokhu kuthatha izinyathelo ezimbili ezibalulekile, okuyisamba senani lezinhlobo zesampula kanye nenani elilinganiselwe lazo. Okulandelayo, sizochaza izilinganiso kanye nezinkomba ezisetshenziswa kakhulu izazi zemvelo.
Ukuhlukahluka kwe-Alpha, i-beta ne-gamma
Ukuhlukahluka kwe-Alpha, i-beta kanye ne-gamma izikali ezintathu zokuhlukahluka eziqashelwa yi-IUCN, emele i-International Union for Conservation of Nature. Leli phuzu lokubuka lahlongozwa isazi semvelo yezitshalo u-Robert Harding Whittaker ngeminyaka yawo-1960 futhi lisasebenza nanamuhla.
Ukuhlukahluka kwe-alpha yigama elisetshenziselwa ukukhomba izinhlobo zezilwane ezingeni lendawo, okungukuthi, ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuhlala noma umphakathi wemvelo. I-Beta umehluko ekubunjweni kwezinhlobo phakathi kwemiphakathi. Ekugcineni, i-gamma inombolo yezinhlobo zezilwane ezingeni lesifunda.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuhlukaniswa kudala ukuphazamiseka uma kuza ekuchazeni indawo yendawo kanye nendlela isifunda okufanele sihlukaniswe ngayo ngokufanelekile, ngale kwemikhawulo yezombangazwe engenakubaluleka ngokwebhayoloji. Ukuphakanyiswa kwale mikhawulo kuthonywa umbuzo wocwaningo kanye neqembu elihililekile, ngenxa yokuthi imibuzo yangaphambilini ingakwazi ukuba nempendulo esobala.
Ocwaningweni oluningi lwezemvelo olubhekene nezici zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukubaluleka kubekwa ezinhlobonhlobo ze-alpha. Okulandelayo sizochaza ezinye izibonelo zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
ukuhlukahluka kwe-alpha
Ukuhlukahluka kwe-alpha kuvame ukuvezwa ekunotheni kwezinhlobo nezidingo zezinhlobo ezilinganayo. Ngesikhathi sokusampula okwenziwayo, indawo noma indawo ekhethwa usosayensi imele wonke umphakathi. Ngalesi sizathu, ukwenza uhlu lwenombolo negama lezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala kuyo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokukwazi ukukala izici zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zendawo.
Inombolo yezinhlobo ezitholakala emphakathini noma endaweni ukunotha kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Uma le datha yaziwa, ezinye izici kufanele zicutshungulwe, njengesibonelo, ukuhluka kwe-taxonomic, ukuhlukahluka kwe-taxonomic, ukubaluleka kwemvelo, nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, phakathi kwezinye.
Imvamisa, ukunotha kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo jikelele, ziyakhula njengoba indawo esiyifundayo ikhula noma lapho sisuka kubude obukhulu siya endaweni encane kanye ne-latitude siya enkabazwe.
Kumele kubhekwe ukuthi akuzona zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezisiza ngendlela efanayo ukuze kube khona ukuhlukahluka endaweni. Ngokombono we-ecology, izilinganiso ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo zimelelwa inani lamazinga e-trophic kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zemijikelezo yokuphila enikela ngendlela ehlukene.
Ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane endaweni kunamandla okwandisa izinga lokuhlukahluka komphakathi wemvelo, kuyilapho okunye akunjalo.
ukuhlukahluka kwe-beta
Ukuhlukahluka kwe-Beta isilinganiso sokuhlukahluka okutholakala phakathi kwemiphakathi. Kuyisilinganiso sobubanzi nezinga lokushintsha kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezinqamula i-gradient noma ukusuka endaweni eyodwa ukuya kwenye. Omunye wemisebenzi yalolu hlobo lokulinganisa ukufunda ukuqhathanisa ukuhlukahluka emthambekeni wentaba. Ukuhlukahluka kwe-Beta nakho kucabangela ushintsho lwesikhashana ekubunjweni kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
ukuhlukahluka kwe-gamma
I-Gamma diversity yilokhu umsebenzi wayo uwukubala ukuhlukahluka ezingeni eliphezulu lendawo. Yilona elibhekene nokuchaza ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezilwane endaweni ebanzi. Imvamisa kuvele kube lokho kokuhlukahluka kwe-alpha kanye nezinga lokuhlukaniswa kwe-beta phakathi kwabo.
Ngale ndlela, ukuhlukahluka kwe-gamma kuvela izinga okutholakala ngalo izinhlobo ezengeziwe zezinhlobo zezilwane kanye nokushintshwa kwazo kwendawo kufundwa.
Izinkomba zokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezilwane
Ku-ecology, i-diversity indices isetshenziswa kakhulu, ukuze kulinganiswe kusetshenziswa okuguquguqukayo kwezibalo.
Inkomba yokuhlukahluka icatshangwa njengesifinyezo sezibalo esisetshenziselwa ukukala ingqikithi yenani lezinhlobo zezilwane zendawo ezihlala ezindaweni ezehlukene. Inkomba ingamelwa njenge-dominance noma njenge-equity futhi sizokhuluma ngezisetshenziswa kakhulu.
I-Shannon Diversity Index
Inkomba ye-Shannon, noma inkomba ye-Shannon-Weaver, ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukala izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Imelwe ngu-H', futhi amanani enkomba ahluka phakathi kwezinombolo eziphozithivu kuphela. Kuma-ecosystem amaningi ama-indices anenani eliphakathi kuka-2 kuya ku-4.
Amanani angaphansi kuka-2 athathwa njengokuhlukahluka okuncane, njengoba kwenzeka i-desert ecosystem. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanani angaphezu kuka-3 abonisa ukuba khona kwezinga eliphezulu lokuhlukahluka, njengoba kwenzeka ehlathini noma Isimo sezulu esishisayo noma udonga.
Ukuze kubalwe inani lale nkomba, kucatshangelwa inani lezinhlobo zezilwane, okuyilokho esikubiza ngokuthi ukuceba, kanye nenombolo yazo ehlobene, esiyibiza ngobuningi. Inani eliphakeme lenkomba ngokuvamile lisondele ku-5 futhi inani elincane lingu-0, okuyindawo lapho kukhona khona izinhlobo zezilwane kuphela, okusho ukuthi akukho ukuhlukahluka. I-ecosystem enenkomba ye-Shannon engu-0 ingase ibe i-monoculture.
I-Simpson Diversity Index
Inkomba ka-Simpson yileyo emelwe uhlamvu D, futhi ilinganisela amathuba okuthi abantu ababili abakhethwe nomaphi kusampula bangabezinhlobo ezifanayo, noma besinye isigaba se-taxonomic.
Ngendlela efanayo, inkomba yokuhlukahluka kuka-Simpson ivezwa njengo-1 - D. Bese amanani aphakathi kuka-0 no-1 futhi, ngokuphambene nenkomba yangaphambilini, iveza amathuba okuthi abantu ababili abakhethwe ngokungahleliwe babe ingxenye yezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane.
Enye indlela yokusho ngokusebenzisa inkomba ephindaphindayo emelelwa njengo-1/D. Ngale ndlela, inani loku-1 libonisa ukuba khona komphakathi onohlobo olulodwa kuphela. Uma inani likhuphuka, kuyinkomba yokuthi kunokuhlukahluka okukhulu.
Nakuba izinkomba ze-Shannon kanye ne-Simpson kuyizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezincwadini zemvelo, zikhona ezinye ezifana ne-Margalef, McIntosh, ne-Pielou index, phakathi kwezinye.
Kungani kufanele silinganise izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo?
Izilinganiso zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zibalulekile uma uhlose ukuba nedatha ngokuguquguquka kwezinhlobonhlobo, ngokuya ngezinguquko endaweni ezungezile ezilimaza i-ecosystem, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubangelwa ngokwemvelo noma isenzo sabantu. .
Isizathu sokulinganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo siwukuqinisekisa imiphumela yokuvela kwezinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni, okwaqala eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.5 edlule futhi phakathi naso sonke leso sikhathi, izidalwa eziphilayo ziye zabangela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuphila ezibonwa emhlabeni namuhla.
Ngakho-ke, izinqubo ezahlukene zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zibe nesibopho saleli nani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo, ngenxa yenkululeko yokuncintisana, ukuhlukana kwemvelo kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokubambisana.
