Uma sikhuluma ngeqembu lezilwane zohlobo lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo, sibhekisela ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane zalolu hlobo. Kulesi sihloko sizochaza ngayinye yezimpawu zezilwane ezihuquzelayo futhi sizophinde sikhulume kancane mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwalolu hlobo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ngikumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda isihloko esilandelayo.
Izimpawu Zezilwane Ezihuquzelayo
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo, njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, ziyiqembu lezilwane ezinezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu. Phakathi kwalokhu kwehlukahlukana okukhulu singathola izibankwa, izinyoka, izimfudu ngisho nezingwenya. Lolu hlobo lwesilwane lungatholakala kokubili emhlabathini nasemanzini, okungaba usawoti, ulwandle, noma fresh; njengemifula, amachibi, phakathi kokunye. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zingatholakala ezihlala emahlathini ashisayo, ezindaweni ezinotshani, ogwadule ngisho nasezindaweni ezibanda kakhulu ezingatholakala emhlabeni.
Izici ezizochaza lolu hlobo lwezilwane yizona eziziholile futhi ziye zavumela ngisho nokuba nokuhlala ezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zemvelo. Okulandelayo, sizochaza izici ezivelele kunazo zonke izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinazo futhi ezizenza zibe izidalwa ezingavamile:
Ukuzala
Lokhu kuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinhlobo eziyingxenye yaleli qembu lezilwane zibonakala ngokuba ne-oviparous. Ngalokhu siqonde ukuthi zizalela amaqanda, kodwa kukhona okuhlukile lapho zi-ovoviviparous, okusho ukuthi ezinye izinyoka zizala amaphuphu azo aphelele. Mayelana nokukhulelwa, kuyohlale kungaphakathi. Amaqanda azobonakala ngokuba negobolondo eliqinile noma elifana nesikhumba. Ngokuqondene nesitho sokuzala sabesifazane, okungukuthi, ama-ovari abo, azotholakala "entanta" emgodini wesisu. Lezi futhi zinesakhiwo esibizwa ngokuthi i-Müllerian duct ezokhipha igobolondo lamaqanda.
Isikhumba
Esinye sezici ezigqama kakhulu kulolu hlobo lwezilwane ukuthi kulezi azikho izindlala zamafinyila esikhumbeni sazo ezisivikelayo, zizoba namazenga e-epidermal kuphela. Lezi zikali zingatholakala esikhumbeni sakho ngezindlela ezahlukene; njengokuphambana, ukweqa kanye nezinye izinhlobo zesakhiwo. Lezi zikali zizokuvumela ukuthi ushiye indawo ehambayo phakathi kwazo, le ndawo yaziwa ngokuthi ama-hinges, lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuba wenze ukunyakaza.
Ngaphansi kwalezi zikali ze-epidermal ezithakazelisayo, sizothola izikali zamathambo ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-osteoderms, azoba nomsebenzi ovumela isikhumba sabo ukuba sibe namandla kakhulu. Lapho lolu hlobo lwesilwane lukhipha isikhumba salo, ngeke lwenziwe lube yizicucu ezincane kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, luyoba yingxenye eyodwa, "uhlobo lwehembe". Lokhu kuzothinta kuphela ingxenye ye-epidermal yesikhumba sakho.
Uhlelo lokuphefumula
Uma sihlaziya izici zalezi zilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini sizobona ukuthi ukuphefumula kwazo kuzokwenzeka ngesikhumba sazo futhi amaphaphu azohlukana kancane. Ngalokhu siqonde ukuthi ngeke babe nama-bypass amaningi okushintshanisa igesi. Uma sikhuluma ngezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kuhlukana kuzokwanda, yikho okuzobangela ukuthi zikhiphe umsindo othile lapho ziphefumula. Lokhu kwakamuva kwenzeka kakhulu kuzo zonke izibankwa ngisho nasezingwenya. Esinye isici esizogqama ezilwaneni ezihuquzelayo ukuthi amaphaphu azo azonqanyulwa uhlobo oluthile lomsele othatha igama elithi mesobronchus, elizoba ne-bifurcations lapho kuzoshintshwa khona igesi.
Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi
Ngokuqondene nenhliziyo yazo, ngomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo noma izinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo ziyoba ne-ventricle eyodwa kuphela. Isikhathi esiningi lezi zinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ziqala ukuhlukana, kodwa kuphela ezinhlotsheni zengwenya zaleli qembu lezilwane lapho i-ventricle ihlukana ngokugcwele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulolu hlobo inhliziyo izoba nesakhiwo esimise okwembobo esizothatha igama lomgodi wePaniza.
Lesi sakhiwo sizovumela ingxenye efanele yenhliziyo ukuthi ixhumane nengxenye yayo yesobunxele. Ngaphandle kwalo msebenzi osuchaziwe kakade, singathola omunye umsebenzi ovumela isilwane esihuquzelayo ukuba "sisebenzise kabusha" igazi laso lapho isilwane singaphansi kwamanzi futhi singafuni noma singakwazi ukuza phezulu ukuze siphefumule. Lesi esinye sezici zezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinenzuzo kakhulu kubo.
Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla
Uma sikhuluma ngohlelo lokugaya ukudla kwalolu hlobo lwezilwane, singasho ukuthi lufana kakhulu nelezilwane ezincelisayo. Lesi simiso sizoqala ngomlomo, okungenzeka ube namazinyo noma ungabi nawo, bese kuba umphimbo, isisu, ithumbu elincane (elifushane kakhulu kulezo zilwane ezihuquzelayo ezidla inyama) futhi ekugcineni ithumbu elikhulu elizochithekela "ku-sink". Kufanele wazi ukuthi lolu hlobo lwezilwane, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, azikuhlafuni ukudla kwazo. Yingakho lezo zinhlobo ezizodla inyama zikhiqiza inani elikhulu le-asidi emgudwini wazo wokugaya.
Le acid izobavumela ukuthi bagaye, yingakho le nqubo ingahlala izinsuku ezimbalwa. Iqiniso elithakazelisayo mayelana nezici zezilwane ezihuquzelayo ukuthi ezinye zalezi zinhlobo zidla amatshe anobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, lokhu kuzozivumela ukuthi zichoboze ukudla lapho zisesiswini. Le datha ingumphumela wophenyo olwenziwe ukuze kwaziwe uhlelo lwakho lokugaya.
Singasho futhi njengesinye sezimpawu zezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinamazinyo anobuthi. Singabala njengesibonelo izinyoka ngisho nezinhlobo ezi-2 zezibankwa zomndeni wakwaHelodermatids oseMexico. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezibankwa, ezibonakala ngokuba nobuthi ngempela, zizoveza ezinye izindlala zamathe ezaziwa ngegama elithi Durvernoy. Zinemifantu embalwa ukuze zikwazi ukukhiqiza into enobuthi obunamandla ezovimba inyamazane. Lawa mazinyo e-venous ahlukaniswe abe izinhlobo eziningana, okuyilezi:
Amazinyo e-aglyphic: abonakala ngokuba angenashaneli. Bese kuba namazinyo e-opisthoglyphic, atholakala ngemuva komlomo, anomzila lapho ubuthi budlula khona. Amazinyo e-opisthoglyphic, atholakala, njengohlobo lokugcina lwamazinyo, ngemuva komlomo, futhi unomzila lapho ubuthi budlula khona. Amazinyo e-protoroglyphic atholakala engxenyeni yangaphambili futhi anesiteshi. Okokugcina sithola amazinyo e-solenoglyphic, lawa mazinyo azotholakala ezinyoka kuphela. Lawa mazinyo azobonakala ngokuba nomqhubi wangaphakathi, aphinde abe namandla okuya phambili nangemuva, abhekwa njengobuthi kakhulu.
Uhlelo lwezinzwa
Kumelwe sikhumbule ukuthi, nakuba ngokubukeka isimiso sezinzwa salolu hlobo ngokwemvelo sifana nesimiso sezinzwa sezilwane ezincelisayo, leso sezilwane ezihuquzelayo sivame ukuba sakudala kakhulu. Isibonelo salokhu ubuchopho bezilwane ezihuquzelayo, lokhu ngeke kuveze noma yimaphi ama-convolutions, yilokho okubizwa ngalezo zindlela ezivamile zobuchopho. Lezi zizosebenza ukwandisa indawo ngaphandle kokukhulisa ama-hemispheres amabili, lena ithuthuke kakhulu njengama-lobes optic.
Ucwaningo oluningi luye lwabonisa isici esithile kakhulu ngaphakathi kwezici zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, okungukuthi lolu hlobo luneso lesithathu, elizoba yi-receptor yokukhanya. Lesi samukeli sizoxhumana ne-pineal gland, ezoba sebuchosheni besilwane esihuquzelayo.
Isistimu ye-Excretory
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane, zizoba nezinso ezimbili ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza umchamo nokuhlunga bonke ubuthi kuzo. Lezi zilwane zizoba nesinye esizogcina umchamo bese siwuqeda ngalokho okubizwa nge-"cloaca". Kodwa kukhona okuhlukile kulolu hlobo, lapho bengenalo isinye, kodwa esikhundleni sokugcina umchamo, bazowuqeda ngokuqondile nge "cloaca". Lesi esinye sezici ezimbalwa ezaziwayo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo futhi isihloko sezifundo eziningi.
Ngenxa yendlela yazo yokwenza umchamo, kucatshangelwe ukuthi lezo zilwane ezihuquzelayo zasemanzini zizokhiqiza i-ammonia eningi kunejwayelekile. Kodwa lokhu kuzohlanjululwa ngenxa yamanzi abawaphuzayo cishe njalo, ngakho-ke ukuqoqwa kwawo akuwona ubuthi kulolu hlobo lwezinhlobo zezilwane njengoba luqedwa ngokushesha. Kodwa uma kukhulunywa ngezilwane ezihuquzelayo zasemhlabeni, ezingenawo amanzi amancane, zinamandla okuguqula i-ammonia ibe yilokho okwaziwa nge-uric acid engadingi ukuhlanjululwa. Kungalesi sizathu ukuthi umchamo wezilwane ezihuquzelayo zasemhlabeni uminyene kakhulu, unamathisele futhi umhlophe ngombala.
Ukudla
Esinye sezici zezilwane ezihuquzelayo esingakhuluma ngazo ngalolu hlobo lwezilwane ukuthi zingaba izilwane ezidla uhlaza noma izilwane ezidla inyama. Ngokuqondene nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezidla inyama, zinamazinyo abukhali kakhulu, isibonelo salokhu ngamazinyo ezingwenya, sithola namazinyo anobuthi ezinyoka noma ngisho noqhwaku oluvalekile njengolwezimfudu. Sithola ezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo zalolu hlobo lwezilwane ezidla inyama, lapho ukudla kwazo kusekelwe ezinambuzaneni, ezifana nonwabu nezigcilikisha.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinezilwane ezihuquzelayo eziwuhlobo lwe-herbivorous, ezizodla kuphela izinhlobo eziningi zezithelo, imifino kanye namakhambi. Lolu hlobo lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo lubonakala ngokungabi namazinyo abonakalayo, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi azinalo ulaka oluncane. Imihlathi yalolu hlobo lwesilwane inamandla amangalisayo. Ngesikhathi sokuncela, bazosidabula ngokuphelele ucezu lokudla bese beqhubeka nokulugwinya ngokuphelele.Kujwayelekile ukuthi lolu hlobo lwesilwane ludle itshe ukuze lusize ekugayeni ukudla.
Ezinye izici
Kokuqukethwe esesikuvezile ngaphambili, siye sachaza izici zezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezivame kakhulu, mayelana nokwakheka kwazo, ukudla kwazo, ukuphefumula kwazo, isimiso sazo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, kanye nezinye izici eziyinhloko. Kodwa kule ngxenye ye-athikili lapho sizokhuluma khona mayelana namaqiniso anelukuluku mayelana nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, yilawa alandelayo:
Izilwane Ezihuquzelayo Zinezitho Ezimfushane noma Ezilahlekile
Ngokuvamile izilwane ezihuquzelayo zizoba nezitho ezifushane kakhulu. Ezinye izilwane zalolu hlobo, njengezinyoka, ngeke zibe nemilenze. Lezi zinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo yizo ezikwazi ukushibilika phansi. Olunye uhlobo lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinemilenze emide luhlala emanzini.
Ziyizilwane ze-ectothermic
Lezi zici zezilwane ezihuquzelayo zihluke kakhulu, ngoba lezi zilwane ziyi-ectotherm. Ngalokhu sisho ukuthi azikwazi ukulinganisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba wazo ngokwazo, kodwa kuzoncika ekushiseni kwendawo ezikuyo. Lesi sici se-ectotherms sihlobene eduze nokuziphatha kwabakhethiwe. Isibonelo salokhu ukuthi izilwane ezihuquzelayo ziwuhlobo lwezilwane ezithanda ukuchitha isikhathi sazo elangeni. Isikhathi eside kakhulu, bancamela ukuhlala emadwaleni ashisayo.
Lolu hlobo lwesilwane lunomuzwa walo wemvelo ngokuphathelene nezinga lokushisa laso futhi njengoba lungenakukwazi ukuzilawula ngokwalo, kumelwe lusithole ngendlela esesiyichazile. Kodwa lapho benomuzwa wokuthi izinga lokushisa lomzimba wabo lenyuke kakhulu, banquma ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokuphuma elangeni. Esinye isici sezilwane ezihuquzelayo ukuthi uma zitholakala ezindaweni ezithile zomhlaba lapho ubusika bazo bubanda kakhulu, izilwane ezihuquzelayo ziyolala.
Vomeronasal noma isitho sikaJacobson
I-Vomeronasal organ noma njengoba yaziwa nangokuthi isitho sika-Jacobson esisebenza ukukhomba izinto ezithile, njengama-pheromones. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ngamathe abo, kokubili okuvelayo okunephunga elimnandi nokuphunga kuyafakwa. Ngalokhu sisho ukuthi kokubili umuzwa wokunambitha nokuhogela kunikezwa ngomlomo.
Ukushisa Ukuthola Imigodi Yamakhala
Kuneqembu elincane nelikhethiwe lezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinekhono lokuthwebula amazinga okushisa ahlukene, lapho zizobonisa khona umehluko ofika ku-0.03ºC. Le migodi izotholakala ebusweni besilwane esihuquzelayo, ungathola phakathi kuka-1 namapheya amabili. Kodwa kukhona okuhlukile lapho kungatholakala khona amapheya angu-13 emigodi.
Ngaphakathi kwaleyo migodi ungathola ikamelo eliphindwe kabili elizohlukaniswa ngolwelwesi.
Uma kunesilwane esizoba isisulu esinegazi elifudumele endaweni eseduze. Ekamelweni lokuqala, umoya okulo uzokwanda futhi ulwelwesi oluhlukanisa amagumbi womabili luzoshukumisa iziphetho zemizwa. Lokhu kuzokwazisa isilwane esihuquzelayo ngokuba khona kwesilwane esizingelayo esizayo, ukuze kamuva sikwazi ukusizingela.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezilwane Ezihuquzelayo
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zingashiwo njengezilwane ezinomgogodla ezivela eqenjini lezinsalela zezilwane eziphila emanzini ezihuquzelayo ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-diadectomorphs. Imvelaphi yalezi zinhlobo zokuqala zezilwane ezihuquzelayo yenzeka ngesikhathi seCarboniferous, lapho kwakukhona ukudla okuhlukahlukene. Ngemva kwalezi zenzakalo, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zashintsha zaba izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezikhona namuhla. Lezi zamanje zihlukaniswa ngamaqembu angu-3, lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona kokuvuleka kwesikhashana. Ngalokhu sisho ukuthi bazoba nezimbobo okhakhayini ukuze babasize behlise isisindo sabo. Lezi zinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo yilezi:
ama-synapsids
Lolu hlobo lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo lunokufana okuningi nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo futhi ezaqala. Lolu hlobo lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo luzoletha iwindi lesikhashana elilodwa, nomehluko wamanye atholakala kulesi sigaba.
Testudineans noma Anapsids
Lezi zinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo yizo ezizala lokho okwaziwa namuhla ngokuthi izimfudu. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, lezi ngeke zibe namafasitela esikhashana.
Ama-diapsids
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo kuhlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili lawa azoba; ama-archosaur, akha leli qembu ayizinhlobo zonke zama-dinosaurs, okwakuyizinyoni nezingwenya. Iqembu lesibili elihambisana nalokhu kuhlukaniswa ama-lepidosauriomorphs azala izibankwa, izinyoka nezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo.
Izinhlobo Zezilwane Ezihuquzelayo Nezibonelo
Sesike sachaza futhi sasho ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo eziye zaveza izilwane ezihuquzelayo eziguqukile, okungukuthi, ezihuquzelayo zamanje. Yile ndlela namuhla esinezinhlobo ezi-3 eziyinhloko zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, lezi ezilandelayo:
I-Cocodrilos
Phakathi kwalolu hlobo lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo singathola izingwenya, izingwenya, izingwenya kanye nezingwenya. Izilwane ezaziwa kakhulu zalolu hlobo yilezi ezilandelayo: Ingwenya YaseMelika, Ingwenya YaseMexico, Ingwenya YaseMelika, I-Spectacled Caiman futhi ekugcineni Ingwenya Emnyama.
I-squamous noma i-squamata
Kulolu hlobo lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo singathola izinyoka, izibankwa, oxamu, izinyoka ezingaboni. Izinhlobo ezifanele kakhulu esingazithola kulezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo: I-Komodo Dragon, i-Marine Iguana, i-Green Iguana, i-Gecko evamile. Singathola futhi I-Green Tree Python, i-Blind Shingles, i-Yemen Chameleon, i-Australian Thorny Devil, phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane.
izimfudu
Lolu hlobo lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo luzohambisana nezimfudu futhi ngaphakathi kwalolu hlobo singathola kokubili izimfudu zasemanzini nezasemhlabeni. NjengoFudu lwamaMoor, i-Russian Turtle, i-Green Turtle, i-Loggerhead Turtle, i-Leatherback Turtle futhi okokugcina kodwa okungenani i-Snapping Turtle.
Uma ubunentshisekelo kulesi sihloko mayelana Nezimpawu Zezilwane Ezihuquzelayo, ngikumema ukuthi futhi uqhubeke nokufunda kulezi zihloko ezilandelayo: