Isikhunta sibonakala ngokungaveli edlozini elifanayo, ngenxa yalokhu, ochwepheshe bacabanga ukuthi bawumphumela wokuguquguquka kwemvelo. Lezi yizidalwa eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic, ngaphandle kwe-chlorophyll, zizalana ngezinhlamvu zocansi noma ze-asexual. Cishe zingu-98.000 izinhlobo zesikhunta ezaziwayo kuze kube manje. Lapha uzokwazi Izimpawu Zokhunta, izinhlobo zazo kanye nendlela yazo yokuzala.
amakhowe
Isikhunta ziyizibonelo eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic eziyingxenye yombuso we-Fungi, ohlanganisa imvubelo, isikhunta kanye namakhowe. Esigabeni sangaphambilini, zafakwa embusweni wezitshalo, nokho, ezifundweni ezalandela kanye nezincazelo zezici zazo ezithile ezazizihlukanisa, zabekwa embusweni ohlukile futhi othize, umbuso we-Fungi, ezihlukanisa nemifino.
Isikhunta aziqukethe i-chlorophyll ngenxa yalesi sizathu umbala wazo omhlophe onsundu, zinamaseli anama-nuclei, zingaba izinto eziphilayo ezingama-unicellular kanye nama-multicellular. Lapho enamangqamuzana amaningi noma amangqamuzana amaningi, atholakala endalweni esesimweni sawo sokumila, enza i-hyphae.Lapho la ma-hyphae ekhula, akha amagatsha axhumene abizwa ngokuthi i-mycelia.
Zizalana ngezinhlamvu, zakhiwe ngodonga lwamaseli olwakhiwe i-chitin kanti kwezinye isikhunta iqukethe i-cellulose. Zihlukana zibe yizinhlamvu ze-asexual ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-conidiospores kanye nezinhlamvu zocansi noma ama-zygospores nama-ascospores. Lezi zinhlamvu zezinhlamvu kanye nomjikelezo webhayoloji wesikhunta zinquma ukuhlukaniswa kwesikhunta nge-taxonomic, nakuba izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zingakabi naso isigaba esichaziwe.
Izici
Ngaphambi kokuthi zihlukaniswe njengengxenye yezitshalo, ngenxa yezimpawu zazo, izazi zezitshalo ezingochwepheshe be-mycology zazihlanganisa phakathi kombuso othize, umbuso weFungi. Imininingwane ehlukanisa isikhunta ezitshalweni, njengoba ziyizinto eziphilayo ze-heterotrophic (zikhiqiza ukudla kwazo), izindonga zamaseli azo zenziwe nge-biopolymer ebizwa ngokuthi i-chitin futhi ayinayo i-cellulose. Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-144.000 zesikhunta ezichazwe, kuhlanganise imvubelo, isikhunta namakhowe.
Isikhunta singaba unicellular noma ama-multicellular, akamuva lapho esesigabeni sawo se-vegetative ifomu i-mycelia, eyakhiwe i-hyphae. I-hyphae yakhiwe ngamaseli amaningana futhi anezimo ezinde; amangqamuzana akha i-hyphae ngalinye aqukethe izingxenye zamangqamuzana ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwayo yonke i-hyphae.
Amakhowe angatholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene ezizungeze iplanethi yomhlaba, anesimo esihlukile kanye nezethulo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhunta esaziwayo esimise okwesikhowe, esinesigqoko esinamachashaza esinomzimba omude omhlophe, siyizinhlobo nje lapho kuvela khona isikhunta ngoba kukhona ngisho nesikhunta esingabonakali. Izazi ze-Mycologists zilinganisela ukuthi u-5% wesikhunta seplanethi usukhonjwe kuze kube manje, okusho ukuthi cishe izigidi eziyi-1,5 zezinhlobo zesikhunta ezingaziwa.
Ukukhiqizwa kwabo kungaba ngokocansi kanye ne-asexual, lezi zi-sporulate kuye ngokuthi izimo zezulu zisakazeka futhi ziqoqe izindawo ezizungezile, zihlala zilele ezimweni ezimbi. Okubizwa ngokuthi isikhunta sangempela, njengamakhowe nama-macromycete, kwakha umzimba othela izithelo iningi lethu eliwaziyo futhi uwunike igama elithi isikhunta, lezi zingadliwa noma zibe nobuthi. Nakuba bengenazo izici ze-macroscopic zamakhowe, imvubelo kanye nesikhunta nazo ziyisikhunta.
Umsuka Wamakhowe
Iminyaka engaphezu kwesigidigidi, isikhunta siye sahluka kweminye imibuso, kodwa sifana nezitshalo ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezindlela zokuthutha kanye nezakhiwo ezithile zomzimba, kodwa aziqukethe i-chlorophyll. Baphinde bafane nama-protists ekwenziweni kwabo kwamakhemikhali e-biochemical. Isikhunta yizinto eziphilayo ezine-nucleus yeqiniso noma i-eukaryote, ngakho-ke zakha igatsha eliguqukile lesimanjemanje ngokuphathelene nezinto eziphilayo ze-prokaryotic zombuso wakwaMonera.
I-Taxonomic Classification
Umbuso wesikhunta uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-98.000 zesikhunta esihlukaniswa. I-Basidiomycota kanye ne-Ascomycota phyla yisikhunta esifundwe kakhulu kulo mbuso futhi sibizwa ngokuthi "isikhunta sangempela". Lokhu kwenzeka uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ezinhlotsheni eziningi kungenzeka kuphela ukufunda isigaba sazo socansi ensimini, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu iningi lesikhunta esichazwe lifinyelelwe ngokukwazi ukutadisha amafomu azo okuzala: i-asexual noma i-anamorphic nezocansi noma i-teleomorphic.
Kuze kube manje, ama-phyla amahlanu amele umbuso we-Fungi achaziwe, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwe-taxonomic yombuso we-Fungi kusacwaningwa ngenxa yokuthi kunenani lezinhlobo zezilwane ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa. Ngokwezifundo ze-phylogenetic, isikhunta sihlukaniswa ngamaqembu amahlanu amakhulu:
Ama-Cytridiomycetes
Leli qembu lesikhunta lihlanganisa zonke izinto eziphilayo ezincane kakhulu zombuso we-Fungi, ezinamaseli enzalo abizwa ngokuthi ama-zoospores noma ama-flagelate gametes.
Glomeromycetes
Lezi sikhunta zibonakala ngokwakha i-mycorrhizae ehlotshaniswa nezitshalo, futhi inama-glomerospores.
Ama-Zygomycetes
Kuleli qembu lesikhunta zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi isikhunta, kuleli qembu cishe izinhlobo eziyi-1.000 ziye zacwaningwa. Izinhlamvu zaleli qembu lesikhunta zibizwa ngokuthi ama-zygospores.
ama-ascomycetes
Leli qembu lesikhunta ngaphakathi kwe-asci eliyizakhiwo zokuzala, eziqukethe ama-ascospores.
ama-basidomycetes
Lezi sikhunta zinama-basidiospores kanye nomzimba othela izithelo ngendlela yamakhowe.
Chytridiomycota noma Chytridiomycetes iqembu
Isikhunta esiyingxenye yeqembu le-Chytridiomycota noma i-Chytridiomycetes yisikhunta esinezakhiwo ezilula ze-morphological, zihlala ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini njengama-estuaries, imifudlana, amachweba kanye nezindawo zasolwandle ezihamba kuzo. Isakhiwo sayo sokuzala noma izinhlamvu, zibizwa ngokuthi i-zoospore futhi zine-flagellum eyodwa. Isikhunta saleli qembu singahlala singasebenzi isikhathi eside uma izimo zemvelo zimbi.
Isikhunta seqembu le-Chytridiomycota yizimuncagazi zezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ezitholakala emanzini, zingatholakala ezitshalweni zemindeni yezitshalo i-Curcumitaceae ne-Solanaceae, ezitholakala eduze nenhlabathi egcwele izikhukhula, nakuba kuvamile ukuzithola emizimbeni yezilwane. amanzi ahlanzekile nosawoti
Ngokwezinye izazi ze-mycologists, leli qembu lesikhunta liyingxenye ebalulekile yolwembu lokudla kwezindawo ezihlala emanzini. Ngendlela yazo ye-zoospore, ihlinzeka ngemisoco njengoba iwukudla kwe-zooplankton. Ngokunjalo, zilawula izilwane ezizidlayo zemvelo, ngokubola izinto eziphilayo, izilwane ezidla ama-parasitizing nezinye izitshalo.
IGlomeromycota noma iGlomeromycetes Group
Leli qembu lesikhunta linesici sokwenza ama-symbioses nezitshalo nalapho kuqoshwa khona izinhlobo ezindala neziningi zezinsalela. Zibizwa ngokuthi isikhunta se-mycorrhizal ngoba zakha i-mycelium eduze ne-rhizome yezitshalo. I-Mycorrhizae ikhipha ama-enzyme enhlabathini esabela ngezakhi zomhlabathi futhi iwenze i-bioavailable ukuze imuke izitshalo njengezakhi.
Ukuhlangana kwe-symbiotic phakathi kwesikhunta se-mycorrhizal nezitshalo kwenziwa phakathi kuka-80% wezitshalo. Isici sayo se-taxonomic yaleli qembu lesikhunta ukwakheka kwezinhlamvu ze-plurinucleate zokukhiqiza ucansi. I-Mycorrhizal fungus ihlukaniswe yaba: i-arbuscular mycorrhizae kanye ne-vesicular mycorrhizae, lezi yizinhlobo ze-macroscopic ze-mycelium. I-Arbular mycorrhizae yakha amagatsha abizwa ngokuthi ama-arbuscules, kanti ama-vesicular mycorrhizae enza amanodi anezinto ezibekiwe.
Iqembu le-Zygomycota noma i-Zygomycetes
Isikhunta esaziwayo sitholakala kuleli qembu lesikhunta, izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-1.000 XNUMX zichazwe, izinhlamvu zazo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-zygospores. Kuleli qembu lesikhunta ngokuvamile zikhula ezindaweni ezihlala emhlabeni, ekuboleni kwezinto, njengama-parasites futhi zenze ubudlelwane be-symbiotic. Isibonelo sesikhunta seZygomycota yisikhunta sesinkwa.
Zizalana ngokobulili nangokobulili, kodwa indlela evame kakhulu yokuzalanisa i-asexual futhi yenzeka lapho i-haploid hyphae isondelana ize ihlangane ukuze kuhlangane ama-cytoplasms ngakho-ke ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclei, kulokhu kuhlangana kwenzeka i-zygospore, okuyisakhiwo sokuzala seqembu.
Ama-zygospores amelana kakhulu nezimo ezimbi, ahlala elele kuze kube yilapho izimo zemvelo zizinhle kuwo, ama-zygospores ahluma futhi kukhiqizwa i-sporangium noma i-vegetative hypha. Lolu hlobo lwesikhunta lusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ukudla okufana ne-tofu ne-tempeh, ukukhiqiza izibulala-zinzwa, izithambisi zenyama, odayi bokudla kanye notshwala basezimbonini.
I-Ascomycota noma i-Ascomycetes Group
Iningi lesikhunta esichazwe embusweni we-Fungi siyingxenye yaleli qembu le-phylum noma i-Ascomycota, kuleli qembu kunenani elikhulu lezinhlobo ze-pathogenic ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni. Isibonelo sesikhunta se-Ascomycota imvubelo. I-morphology ye-mycelium yesikhunta eyakha leli qembu ivumela isikhunta esine-filamentous ukuba sihlangane ndawonye, lokhu kwenzeka nge-septa, okuwukwehlukana okwenzeka ku-hyphae. Izinhlamvu zabo zokuzala ziba isicaba (ama-ascospores) futhi zihlanganiswe emasaka abizwa ngokuthi i-asci.
Isikhunta saleli qembu sisetshenziselwa izimboni zokudla, zezokwelapha nezolimo. Isibonelo, imvubelo esetshenziselwa ukwenza isinkwa iyingxenye yaleli qembu lesikhunta, igama layo lesayensi I-Saccharomyces cerevisiae, esetshenziswa ukusheshisa inqubo yokuvutshelwa kukafulawa wokwenza isinkwa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanye ama-yeast akhiqiza izifo nama-pathologies emvelo yezokwelapha, njengesikhunta sohlobo. Candida spp. Isikhunta esine-filamentous njengezinhlobo ze-genus I-Fusarium spp., zibalulekile kwezolimo ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ezikukhiqizayo ezitshalweni zezolimo. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-genus I-Fusarium spp., ikhiqiza ama-mycotoxins ekukhiqizweni kwezinhlamvu futhi ibangele ukulahlekelwa, njengoba lezi sikhunta zilimaza impilo yabantu nezilwane. Ubuthi obubangelwa yilezi sikhunta yi-fumonisin, i-trichothecenes ne-zearalenone.
I-Basidiomycota noma i-Basidomycetes Group
Yiqembu lesibili elihlolisiswe kakhulu lesikhunta, kuze kube manje kunezinhlobo ezingu-32.000 ezichazwe. Leli qembu lesikhunta linezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-morphology eziholela ekubekweni emaqenjini ahlukene esikhunta, okuthi ngemva kokwenza izifundo ze-genotype zithuthelwe eqenjini le-Basidiomycota. Kuleli qembu lesikhunta, kukhona isikhunta esinama-setae, okungama-exospores akha emzimbeni othela izithelo obizwa ngokuthi i-basidium.
Lezi sikhunta zakha izinhlangano ze-symbiotic nezinambuzane, lobu budlelwano buzivumela ukuthi zibe osokhaya noma zihlukanise izinto zenhlanganisela ethile. Ama-basidomycete angabonakala eziqwini zezihlahla eziwile ezibola emahlathini, ikakhulukazi uma ziyiziqu zezihlahla ezinothe nge-lignocellulose. Kulezi zimo, lezi sikhunta zikhulula ama-enzyme e-hydrolytic nge-mycelium yawo, okuyizisusa zama-polymers ezehlisa ukhuni lwesiqu.
Njengoba nje ezinye isikhunta seqembu le-basidomycetes zinobuthi, ziyadliwa, zisetshenziswa kahle kakhulu njengenye indlela ye-gastronomic, ngenxa yama-micronutrients afaka isandla, njengamakhowe. Ngokufanayo, ezinye isikhunta se-basidomycete zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zeplanethi.
Ukuzala kabusha kwesikhunta
Isikhunta sinezinhlobo ezimbili zokuzala: ezocansi kanye ne-asexual. Indlela yokukhiqiza kabusha ngokocansi iyona evame kakhulu, ebangela ukuhluka kofuzo, ukufeza lolu hlobo lokuzala kufanele uthole umuntu ohambisanayo. Isikhunta esizalana ngokunganaki ngokobulili sivumela indawo ezungezile ukuthi ikhule. Zombili izinhlobo zokuzala zinezinzuzo kanye nokubi ezinto eziphilayo.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokocansi
Lolu hlobo lokukhiqiza luncike ebudlelwaneni obuphakathi kwe-hyphae ye-Homothallic organism efanayo, noma umuntu oseduze we-Heterothallic wohlobo olufanayo noma avale ngokofuzo ukuze kubonakale i-hyphae. Ukweqa kwesikhunta kuhambisana nokuhambisana, okuncike kakhulu kufuzo kanye nezici zamakhemikhali ezisiza ukuba seduze kwe-hypha ehambisanayo.
Isikhunta esizalana ngocansi futhi siyi-Homothallic fungi singakha izakhiwo zesilisa noma zesifazane ukusuka ku-thallus noma i-mycelium efanayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto eziphilayo ze-Heterothallic nazo zingakha izakhiwo zesilisa noma zesifazane, noma zombili izakhiwo ku-thallus efanayo. Ukwakha zombili lezi zakhiwo kuthallus eyodwa, kufanele kube nomunye umuntu ohambisanayo.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngokobulili
Isikhunta sizalana ngendlela engafani nobulili noma ngemifino, le ndlela yokuzala yenzeka enanini elikhulu lezinhlobo zesikhunta, esikhathini esithile emjikelezweni wazo wokuphila. Lolu hlobo lokukhiqiza luvumela ukuthi kubangele ukukhula kwe-mycelium yefungal, okuholela ekukhoneni kwe-substrate ethile, esevele inezakhi zofuzo ezikhonjiswe ukuthi ziphile.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile zokukhiqizwa kwesikhunta, i-asexual sporulation nayo iyenzeka, okuwukwakheka kwezinhlamvu nge-mitosis (mitospores) kanye nesikhunta esiningi esine-filamentous singahlukana ukuze lezi zingcezu ezishiwo ngenhla zakha abantu abaphelele, lokhu Kuvame ukwenzeka emvelweni phylum Basidiomycota.
Ngikumema ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana nemvelo kokuthunyelwe okulandelayo: