Isikhunta isisho esivamile esisetshenziselwa ukubiza iqembu lezidalwa ze-eukaryotic, okungabameleli abakhulu bombuso we-Fungi endaweni ezungezile. Ngalesi sihloko, sizokutshela okuhlukile izici zesikhunta.
Ayini Amakhowe?
Isikhunta ziyizidalwa eziphilayo ezibizwa nge-eukaryotic, ezingenayo i-chlorophyll futhi kukhona cishe izinhlobo eziyi-144.000 zesikhunta. Ziyizinhlobo ze-eukaryotic, okusho ukuthi zinamaseli angama-nucleated.
Njengengxenye yombuso we-Fungi, lezi zidalwa eziphilayo zihlanganisa isikhunta, amakhowe kanye nemvubelo, ehlukile ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni ngokwakheka kwazo kwemvelo.
Enye ye izici zesikhunta wukuthi lezi aziveli edlozini elilodwa, ngenxa yalesi simo ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi ziwumphumela wokuguquguquka kwemvelo.
Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zidalwa eziphilayo azinayo i-chlorophyll, zimhlophe qhwa, ngaphezu kwalokho, zinamaseli ane-nuclei, okuyizinto eziphilayo ezingavamile kanye ne-multicellular. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-chlorophyll iyingxenye ebalulekile ukuze izitshalo zikwazi ukufeza inqubo yazo ye-photosynthesis, futhi zikwazi ukuzondla ngokwazo.
Uma zingama-multicellular noma ama-multicellular, zingatholakala endaweni yemvelo ngendlela yezitshalo, zakha izakhi ze-cylindrical noma i-hyphae, okuthi uma zikhula zibe ama-bifurcations ahlangene abizwa ngokuthi i-mycelia.
Umsuka Wamakhowe
Umsuka wesikhunta uvela ekuhlukaniseni eminye imibuso yezidalwa eziphilayo eminyakeni eyibhiliyoni edlule, nokho, naphezu kokuhlukana okwakukhona ngokonqenqema, basenazo ezinye izici ezifana kakhulu nalezo zombuso wezitshalo.
Enye yezinto eziphambili izici zesikhunta, ukuthi azikwazi ukususwa endaweni eyodwa ziye kwenye kanye nokuma kwesakhiwo semizimba yazo. Lezi zidalwa eziphilayo nazo zinezici ezithile ezifana nobunye umbuso, ngoba ukwakheka kwazo kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo kuyefana nalokho kwabaculi.
Lezi yizinto eziphilayo eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic, yingakho zisegatsheni elishintshile kakhulu, ngokubhekisela ezintweni eziphilayo ze-prokaryotic zombuso we-Monera futhi nakuba zifana nezitshalo, zinokuhlukana okuphawulekayo.
Singabathola kalula kunoma iyiphi indawo yomhlaba, noma kunjalo, kuyadingeka ukugqamisa ukuthi kukhona amakhowe awusizo kakhulu lapho singathola khona izinzuzo eziningi, kanti amanye angaba yingozi kakhulu empilweni yomuntu.
Yiziphi izici zesikhunta namabhaktheriya?
Phakathi kokuyinhloko izici zesikhunta namabhaktheriya, singathola okulandelayo:
- Abanakunyakaziswa.
- Abanayo i-cellulose futhi bahlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama.
- Ziyizinhlobo ezahlukene nezincazelo.
- La Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwesikhunta Kungaba okocansi noma okocansi.
- Isikhunta siqale sigaye bese siyagwinya.
- Ziyi-saprophytes, zibhekwa njengama-parasites kanye nama-mutualists.
- Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-144.000 zesikhunta.
- Zidla izinsalela zezinye izinto eziphilayo.
- Bahlanganiswe ngaphakathi kombuso weFungi.
- Wonke anamaseli anezindonga zamangqamuzana, enziwe nge-biopolymer ebizwa nge-chitin.
- Ukuntuleka kwe-chlorophyll kuyithinta ngokujulile indlela yabo yokuphila, ngakho abakudingi ukukhanya.
- Zingaba unicellular futhi multicellular, yokugcina ukudala mycelia.
- Iqhaza layo ku-ecosystem ifana neyezinyoni ezidla inyama noma ezidla inyama.
- Ku-symbiosis bangazuza ezinye izinto eziphilayo.
- Angatholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene emhlabeni.
- Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi cishe ziyizigidi ezingu-1,5 izinhlobo zesikhunta ezingakahlonzwa, lapho kuphela i-5% yazo echazwe.
Ezinye izici zesikhunta
Njengoba sesishilo, lezi zinhlobo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu futhi ezifuna ukwazi ezinezici eziningi, ezivamile nezizimele, kodwa ulwazi olubaluleke kakhulu okufanele ukwazi mayelana nesikhunta yilokhu okulandelayo:
Ziyizidalwa ezihlukene kakhulu
Isikhunta sakha umbuso wezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu, njengoba umndeni we-Fungi uwodwa uhlanganisa izinhlobo zezilwane ezingaba yisigidi emhlabeni wonke, nokho, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, iningi lalezi zidalwa eziphilayo ayikahlolisiswa.
Ziyingxenye eyisisekelo yokudla komuntu.
Nakuba kubonakala kungavamile, kunezinhlobo eziningi zamakhowe ezidliwayo, ngenxa yenani elikhulu lamaprotheni namavithamini, ngaphezu kokuntuleka kwe-lipids nama-carbohydrate, aguqula amakhowe abe enye yezinto ezinenzuzo kakhulu ekudleni kwabantu. .
Isibonelo esivame kakhulu salokhu kungaba icala lemvubelo esetshenziselwa ukwenza isinkwa, nakuba kukhona namakhowe, phakathi kwabanye.
Izici zokwelapha
Futhi, lezi zinhlobo zisetshenziswa odokotela njengoba ziwusizo kakhulu futhi zisebenza ngempumelelo ekusebenziseni ezinye izifo, ezinye izifo kanye nezifo.
Isibonelo salokhu kungaba icala le-penicillium genus, lapho kwavela khona i-penicillin, okuyisisekelo salo lonke lolo chungechunge lwemithi elwa namagciwane edingeka kakhulu namuhla.
Ingabe kukhona amakhowe e-hallucinogenic?
Amakhowe empeleni ayizidalwa eziphilayo, futhi ukuba yi-hallucinogenic kungenye yezinto izici zamakhowe anobuthi, eziningi zazo ezikhiqiza izakhi ezinobuthi, ezikhiqiza umphumela osheshayo ebuchosheni.
Lokhu kubangela ukubona izinto ezingekho nokulahlekelwa ukwazi kubantu, nokho-ke, kunezinhlobo ezithile ezingaveza imiphumela emibi kakhulu, njengoba zidlulisela ama-enzyme anobuthi, angaholela ekuhlulekeni kwesistimu ngisho nokufa.
Ukusetshenziswa okunikezwa amakhowe
Isikhunta sivame ukusetshenziswa umuntu ukwenza isinkwa, imvubelo, ubhiya futhi asetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kotshwala, ngoba asiza ekuvubeleni kwewayini nokwenza ezinye izinhlobo zikashizi.
Zisetshenziselwa ukwenza imithi, ngoba ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwesikhunta kwenziwa ama-penicillin okuqala, akwazi ukuqeda amagciwane amaningi abangela izifo ezibulalayo kumuntu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhowe asebenza njengokudla kwabantu, njengoba anenani elikhulu lezakhi. Lezi zinhlobo nazo zidla imfucuza yezinye izinto eziphilayo noma ezazo ngqo, yingakho zicebile ngemisoco.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesikhunta
Ngokusho kwe- izici zesikhunta se-phytopathogenic, lezi zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amane amakhulu, okuyi-mycorrhizal, saprophytic, lichenized and parasitic.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi zonke lezi zinhlobo zihlala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ngokulinganayo, nakuba iningi lazo litholakala ezindaweni ezinomswakama, ezifudumele ezinothile ngezinto eziphilayo ukuze zibole. I Ukuhlukaniswa kwesikhunta, okulandelayo:
- I-Mycorrhizal: Lezi isikhunta esinobudlelwano be-symbiotic nezitshalo, okuvumela zombili lezi zinhlobo ukusizakala ngezimo zezulu. Izimpande zawo ziyakhula futhi zishintshanise ama-mineral ridges namanzi njengezakhamzimba, eziqalwa ukhunta ngokushintshanisa ama-carbohydrate namavithamini, akhiwa izitshalo ngoba ukhunta awukwazi ukuwenza, ngoba alwenzi i-photosynthesis.
- Izimuncagazi: Ziyisikhunta esikhula ngaphakathi emzimbeni wezinye izinto eziphilayo noma ezitshalwe ebusweni bazo, ezidla izidalwa ezihlala kuzo. Ngokuvamile, zingabangela umonakalo ohlukene ngesikhathi sokudla, okungaba kuncane noma kubulale.
- Ilayisensi: Endabeni yama- lichens, sikhuluma ngezidalwa ze-symbiotic lapho isikhunta ne-algae zihlangana ndawonye, njengoba nje kungenzeka nge-cyanobacterium. Ubuhlobo obuseduze busungulwa futhi ndawonye bayakwazi ukuzihlinzeka ngomswakama nokudla ukuze bakhiqize izimo ezidingekayo zokukhiqiza nokusinda kwabo, ukucacisa ukuthi uma behlukaniswa, bebengeke babe khona ngendlela efanayo.
- Ama-saprophytes: Ziyisikhunta esidla ukubola kwento ephilayo evela kwezinye izinto eziphilayo, okusho ukuthi le nto ephilayo ingase ivele ezilwaneni noma ezitshalweni.
Imiphumela Emibi Yezici Zamakhowe
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, ezinye isikhunta zingaba yingozi kubantu, phakathi kwazo singathola i-dandruff, i-ringworm, unyawo lomgijimi, i-candidiasis, phakathi kwabanye. Konke ngoba lezi ziyi-fungosis, ngakho zithinta futhi zilimaze umzimba womuntu ngokungena kuwo.
Ngokuvamile, lezi zivame ukudala umonakalo omkhulu kubantu abanokuzivikela okuphansi. Ukuze ugweme lezi zinkinga zezempilo, kuye kwatholakala ama-fungicides, akwazi ukuqeda isikhunta esithathelwanayo futhi aqede ngokuphelele lezi zinambuzane.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqeda izinambuzane ze-fungal ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, ngoba imiphumela abayikhiqizayo ingaba yisifo esithathelwanayo, lapho bangahlala khona ezidalwa eziphilayo futhi zondle kuzo.
Ukondla noma ukudla okunomsoco kwesikhunta kungomunca, lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi azinawo ama-chloroplast futhi azikwazi ukondliwa nge-photosynthesis. Zingakhula ezindaweni ezihlukene zesimo sezulu, nokho, amazinga okushisa azithandayo aphakathi kuka-0°C no-55°C, kanti isikhunta esibizwa ngokuthi esomathuba, sibekezelela phakathi kuka-35°C no-40°C.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-taxonomic yesikhunta
Njengamanje, sekuhlonziwe okungenani ama-phyla amahlanu amele umndeni wakwaFungi, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokwentela kombuso kusacwaningwa, ngenxa yokuthi kunezinhlobo ezingapheli zezinhlobo ezingakahlukaniswa. .
Ngokwezifundo ze-phylogenetic esezenziwe, isikhunta sihlukaniswa ngamaqembu amahlanu amakhulu, okuyilawa alandelayo:
Glomeromycetes
Lezi yisikhunta esihlukaniswa ngokudala i-mycorrhizae, ehlotshaniswa nezitshalo futhi inama-glomerospores. Zinesici esikhethekile sokwenza i-symbiosis nezitshalo, nalapho kutholakala khona izinhlobo ezindala kakhulu nezinsalela.
Ibizwa ngokuthi i-mycorrhizal fungus ngoba yakha i-mycelium eduze ne-rhizome yezitshalo, lapho umphakathi we-symbiotic okhona phakathi kwesikhunta se-mycorrhizal nezitshalo kwenzeka phakathi kuka-80% wezitshalo.
Ama-Zygomycetes
Phakathi kwalezi sikhunta kuvame ukukhunta okuvame kakhulu, kuyilapho izinhlamvu zaleli qembu lesikhunta zibizwa ngokuthi ama-zygospores. Ngokuqondene naleli qembu, cishe izinhlobo eziyinkulungwane ziye zacwaningwa.
Ngokuvamile, izinhlobo zaleli qembu lesikhunta zikhula ezindaweni ezisemhlabeni endabeni ebolayo, njengezimuncagazi, ezidala nazo ubudlelwano be-symbiotic.
Ukukhiqizwa kwayo kungokobulili kanye ne-asexual, nakuba indlela evamile kakhulu ingeyesibili futhi yenziwa lapho i-haploid hyphae isondelana ize ihlangane, ukuze ukuhlanganiswa kwama-cytoplasms kwenzeke futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclei, kulokhu kuhlanganisa kudala. i-zygospore, okuyisakhiwo sokuzala seqembu.
Ama-zygospores anamandla kakhulu ngaphambi kwezimo zezulu ezingezinhle, ahlala e-hibernation kuze kube yilapho izimo zemvelo ziwalungele, bese zihluma bese kukhiqizwa i-sporangium noma i-vegetative hypha.
Lolu hlobo lwamakhowe luvame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza ukudla, okufana ne-tofu ne-tempeh, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulungisa izinzwa, izithambisi zenyama, odayi bokudla kanye notshwala basezimbonini.
I-Basidiomycetes
Ziyisikhunta ezibonisa i-basidiospores kanye nomzimba wezithelo ngendlela yamakhowe, yiqembu lesibili lesikhunta eliye lafundwa kakhulu. Amalungu anezinhlobo ezahlukene zesakhiwo, ezivumela ukuthi abekwe emaqenjini ahlukene esikhunta, ngenxa yaleso sizathu, ngemva kokwenza ukuhlaziywa kwe-genotype, athuthelwa eqenjini le-Basidiomycota.
Leli qembu lesikhunta lenza izinhlangano ze-symbiotic nezinambuzane, inyunyana ezivumela ukuthi zibe osokhaya noma zihlukanise izinto zenhlanganisela ethile. Ama-basidiomycetes angatholakala eziqwini zezihlahla lapho ewela phansi futhi ebola, ikakhulukazi uma kuyizihlahla ezinothe nge-lignocellulose.
ama-ascomycetes
Leli qembu lesikhunta litholakala ngaphakathi kwe-asci, okuyizakhiwo zokuzala, eziqukethe ama-ascospores, zichazwa isikhunta somndeni weFungi futhi kuleli qembu inani elikhulu lezinhlobo ze-pathogenic ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni zitholakala, isibonelo esibonakala kakhulu salokhu. amakhowe, yimvubelo.
I-morphology ye-mycelium yesikhunta ekhiqiza leli qembu lesikhunta, ivumela isikhunta esine-filamentous ukuthi sihlangane ndawonye, lesi simo senzeka ngenxa ye-septa, okuwukwehlukana okwenzeka ku-hyphae, izinhlamvu zokuzala zibonakala ziyisicaba futhi zihlangene emasakeni abizwa ngokuthi i-asci. .
Lolu hlobo lwesikhunta lusetshenziswa embonini yezokwelapha nezolimo, lapho sibala khona ukuthi isibonelo esihle kakhulu yimvubelo esetshenziselwa ukwenza isinkwa, uhlobo olusetshenziswa embonini yokubhaka ukusheshisa ukuvutshelwa kukafulawa ukuze kwenziwe isinkwa. isinkwa, isinkwa.
Kodwa-ke, kunezinye izinhlobo zemvubelo ezibangela izifo, izifo kanye nezifo zezokwelapha, njengesikhunta sohlobo lweCandida spp. Isikhunta esine-filamentous, njengezinhlobo zohlobo lwe-Fusarium spp, sidala umonakalo omkhulu emkhakheni wezolimo, ngoba sidala ukulahlekelwa ezitshalweni eziningi zezolimo.
Ngokwesibonelo; Ezinye izinhlobo zalolu hlobo zikhiqiza ama-mycotoxins ekukhiqizeni okusanhlamvu futhi zidala ukulahlekelwa okukhulu, konke ngenxa yokuthi lolu hlobo lwesikhunta ludala umonakalo omkhulu empilweni yabantu, kanye nezilwane.
Ama-Cytridiomycetes
Nazi zonke izinto eziphilayo ezincane kakhulu zombuso we-Fungi, ezinamangqamuzana okuzala abizwa ngokuthi ama-zoospores noma ama-flagelate gametes. Zinokwakheka kwemvelo okulula kakhulu, zihlala ezindaweni zasemanzini, njengamachweba, imifudlana, izizalo zemifula kanye nezindawo zasolwandle lapho zingahamba khona ngokukhululeka.
Zikhiqiza ngezinhlamvu, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-zoospores futhi zine-flagellum eyodwa, lezi zingahlala zingasebenzi isikhathi eside, kuphela uma izimo zemvelo zizinhle.
Azala kanjani amakhowe?
Ukukhiqizwa kwesikhunta kwenziwa ngokwakhiwa nokuhlakazeka kwezinhlamvu, ezinamandla futhi ezimelana nezimo zemvelo ezinzima.
Lezi zinhlamvu zivela ku-sporocarp yesikhunta, okusho umqhele ongaphezulu kokuma komzimba wayo. Inqubo yokuzala kabusha kwesikhunta ingaba ngocansi futhi i-asexual, ngendlela esichaza ngayo ngezansi:
Ubulili
Ukuzalaniswa ngokocansi kudinga ukuthi kube nokuzwelana phakathi kwe-hyphae yento ephilayo efanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-homothallic noma uhlobo lwe-heterothallic, vala uhlobo olufanayo noma kuvalwe ngokofuzo, ukuze kukhonjwe i-hyphae.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuhlangana kwesikhunta kuhambisana nokushuna, okuhlobene eduze nezici zofuzo kanye nezici zamakhemikhali ezisiza ukuba seduze kwe-hypha ehambisanayo.
Okuphathelene
Isikhunta siphinde sizalane ngendlela engavamile noma ngendlela engokwemvelo, le ndlela yenzeka ngenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zesikhunta, esikhathini esithile emjikelezweni wazo wokuphila. Lolu hlobo lokuzala luvumela ukukhula, okuholela ekukhoneni kwe-substrate ethile evele inalo izakhi zofuzo ezibonisiwe ukuze ziphile.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwesikhunta kungaba ngokocansi futhi kungabi ngokobulili. Okuthile okuhlobene kakhulu nalezi zinqubo yi- izici zesimo sezulu, njengoba ama-spores asakazeka futhi ahlasele izindawo ezizungezile, futhi lezi zihlala zilele ezimweni ezimbi.
Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi isikhunta sangempela, njengamakhowe nama-mycete, kwakha umzimba othela izithelo abantu abavame ukuwazi ngokuthi amakhowe, angadliwa noma abe nobuthi.
