Funda mayelana nezici ze-architecture ye-Gothic

Ngombono wokuhlobisa impela kanye nombono obaluleke ngempela, isitayela seGothic sesiphenduke umnyakazo wezakhiwo ohluke kakhulu emhlabeni, osaqhubeka nokuheha nanamuhla. Ngalesi sizathu, sizohlola ngale ncwadi ngayinye ngayinye Izici ze-Gothic Architecture.

IZIMPAWU ZE-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

I-Cizici ze-architecture ye-gothic

Isitayela se-Gothic sihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zobuciko ezihlanganisa izithombe eziqoshiwe nefenisha, kodwa asikho isiyalo esasihlakaniphe kakhulu kunokwakheka kwe-Gothic. Inhlangano yezokwakha yamaGothic yaqala ngeNkathi Ephakathi, maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, eFrance, futhi nakuba isasasa laqala ukuncipha enkabeni ye-Italy cishe ngekhulu le-XNUMX, ezinye izingxenye zasenyakatho yeYurophu zaqhubeka zisebenzisa lesi sitayela, zavumela izici ezithile ukuba zichume. kuze kube namuhla.

I-Gothic Architecture, ethuthukiswe kusukela kumodeli yezakhiwo ye-Romanesque echazwe ngamakhothamo angama-semicircular, iveza ukuphakama okukhulu, ukukhanya kanye nevolumu. Ibonisa njengezingxenye ezimele:

  • I-vault enezimbambo
  • izinqe ezindizayo
  • Ikhothamo elicijile

Ngokwazo, lezi izici zezakhiwo zeGothic ezibonakala kakhulu ezakhiweni ezimbalwa ezinhle kakhulu zaseYurophu, njengeCathedral yaseNotre Dame eParis, eFrance. Ngokuvamile, imisebenzi eyenziwa kakhulu enalezi zici zezakhiwo zamaGothic kwakungama-cathedrals (kanye namasonto).

Lolu hlobo lokwakha lwalubhekwa njengokuhlanganiswa okuphelele kwezakhiwo nesakhiwo, kangangokuthi ngokuvamile kunzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa lezi ezimbili. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokuthi abaklami babeyizingcweti zezandla, kanye nochwepheshe bobunjiniyela nobunjiniyela.

Ukwakhiwa okukhulu kanye "nesikwele" se-Romanesque kunikeze indawo ukukhanya nokuma kwe-Gothic, nokugcizelela kwayo emigqeni eqondile. Nakuba isonto lombhishobhi lamaRoma lalinomuzwa wenqaba, lizungezwe izindonga eziwugqinsi, ezinkulu, abakhi beGothic (ngokuvamile iPeripatetic futhi engaziwa) bazama ukufeza ukuhlakazwa kodonga lwaze lwacishe lwaba yi-diaphano. Ngakho-ke udonga luba igobolondo elincanyana letshe nengilazi.

IZIMPAWU ZE-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

Amawindi amakhulu anezingilazi ezinemibala anikeze indlela entsha yokuhlunga ukukhanya futhi athinte okuhlangenwe nakho kwezenkolo. Eqinisweni, i-Gothic imayelana nekhono lesakhiwo sokwakhiwa kwamatshe njengoba imayelana nokuchazwa okusha kokukhanya okwasetshenziswa ukunquma umlingiswa wesakhiwo esisha. Isisindo sesakhiwo sibonakala sihlakazeka, sisizwa ngokwengxenye izindawo ezinkulu zamafasitela, ipulani lephansi le-longitudinal kanye nemigqa eqondile eholela ekubukeni ophahleni lwalo.

Umugqa wesikhathi wezakhiwo ze-Gothic

Ukuze sazi umsuka nokuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo zeGothic, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuvela kwalolu hlobo lokubonakaliswa kobuciko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngezansi:

Ingemuva

Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba kusungulwe futhi kusungulwe isitayela samaGothic, izici zayo eziningi zavela ezakhiweni zempucuko yasendulo. AmaGibhithe, ama-Asiriya, amaNdiya kanye namaPheresiya obukhosi baseSassanid base bevele besebenzisa umcibisholo ocijile emisebenzini yabo yezakhiwo, eyayingasetshenziswa njalo ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngendlela efanayo, impucuko yamaSulumane yasebenzisa ngokugcwele lesi sici sezakhiwo ekwakhiweni kwazo, njengoba kubonakala kulezi zakhiwo zasendulo ezilandelayo:

  • IDome of the Rock eJerusalema eyakhiwa phakathi kuka-687 no-691.
  • Ama-mosque amahle futhi aphelele: I-Samara etholakala e-Iraq nase-Amr e-Egypt, imisebenzi yayo yokwakha yenziwa maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Ezikhathini ezedlule bekukhona nophahla olunezimbambo, lokhu bekujwayele ukusetshenziswa yimpucuko yama-Arab ehlala ezindaweni zaseSpain njengeCórdoba, izakhiwo zale ndawo ezakhiwa ama-Arab ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX kanye namaMozarabs ngekhulu le-XNUMX, kanye nama-arch diagonals. okushumekwe kuzo kubonise ngokucacile ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sici esiyingxenye yezakhiwo ze-Gothic.

IZIMPAWU ZE-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

Abagibeli, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bangatholakala njengezici eziyisisekelo neziyisisekelo kumagumbi okugcina ama-quarter-barrel, ukuze asebenze njenge-counterweight. Impucuko yase-Asiriya yasendulo yakwazi ukusebenzisa nokuthuthukisa izakhi eziyisisekelo nezimele ezibonisa izakhiwo ze-ogival.

Ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi lezi zindlela noma izakhi zezakhiwo zalethwa eSpain nakulo lonke elaseYurophu ngamaMpi Yenkolo, ngohambo oluya eJerusalema nasezindaweni zaseNyakatho Afrika.

Ukusethwa nokuxhumanisa kwazo zonke lezi zici kwaletha ukucatshangwa kohlobo olusha lwesakhiwo esinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, obuhle kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokwakhiwa kweRomanesque nokukhanya okukhulu, lapho kunganikezwa khona umbono wokuthi izindonga zawo zingacishe zinyamalale phakathi kwesakhiwo kanye nokukhanya okukhulu. ukucaca.

Umsuka - Early Gothic (1120-1200)

Ukuhlanganiswa kwazo zonke izakhi zokwakha ezinezimpawu zezakhiwo zeGothic ngendlela ehambisana kahle kwaqala ukwenzeka e-Ile-de-France (isifunda esiseduze neParis), izakhamuzi zayo ezinenani eliphakeme zazinamandla amakhulu emali yokwakha izindlu zesonto ezinkulu. fanisa izakhiwo zanamuhla.

Isakhiwo esidala kunazo zonke esisekhona samaGothic yi-Abbey yaseSaint-Denis eParis, eyaqala cishe ngo-1140, okwathi ngemva kwalokho amasonto esonto anamagumbi angaphansi namafasitela afanayo aqala ukubonakala ngokushesha, aqala nge-Notre-Dame de Paris (c. 1163-1345) kanye neLaon Cathedral. (c. 1112-1215).

Ngakho-ke uchungechunge lwamaleveli amane ahlukene avundlile athuthuka ngokushesha: izinga laphansi, kwase kuba izinga legalari yabaholi, kwase kuba izinga legalari yomfundisi, ngaphezulu okwakunezinga eliphezulu elinefasitela elibizwa ngokuthi i-clerestory.

Iphethini yamakholomu namakhothamo, asekela futhi afaka uhlaka lwalezi zindawo eziphakeme ezihlukahlukene, zengezwe ku-geometry nokuvumelana kwendawo yangaphakathi. I-Window tracery (abahlukanisi befasitela abahlobisa) nayo yathuthukiswa, kanye nokukhethwa okukhulu kwengilazi enemibala.

Uhlangothi olusempumalanga lwesonto lesonto lamaGoth lwaluhlanganisa indawo eyindilinga ebizwa ngokuthi i-apse, equkethe i-altare eliphakeme elisemngceleni we-ambulatory. Uhlangothi olusentshonalanga, lapho umnyango omkhulu wesakhiwo ukhona, lwaluningi

ngokubukeka okuhle kakhulu.

Ngokuvamile yayiba ne-facade ebanzi ezungezwe imibhoshongo emibili emikhulu, imigqa yayo eqondile ilinganiswe ngemigqa evundlile yezingosi ezinkulu (phansi, phansi), ngaphezu kwayo kwakukhona imigqa evundlile yamafasitela, amagalari, imifanekiso eqoshiwe, nezinye izinto ezenziwe ngamatshe. .

Ngokuvamile, izindonga ezinde zangaphandle zesonto lombhishobhi zazisekelwa imigqa yamakholomu aqondile ayexhunywe engxenyeni engenhla yodonga esakhiweni se-semi-arch echazwe njengesisekelo endizayo. Le modeli yokuqala yezakhiwo zeGothic yasabalala kulo lonke elaseYurophu ngo:

  • Alemania
  • E-England
  • I-Netherlands
  • Italia
  • España
  • EPortugal.

Ukugcwala kanye nengxenye Radiant Gothic - High Gothic (1200-80) "Rayonnant"

Ezwekazini, isigaba esilandelayo sephrojekthi yokwakha yesiGothic saziwa ngokuthi yi-Rayonnant Gothic architecture, okulingana nayo eyaziwa ngokuthi 'i-Gothic ehlotshisiwe'. Izakhiwo zeRayonnant Gothic zazibonakala ngamalungiselelo amasha omhlobiso wejiyomethri aqhubeka athuthuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa angakaze athuthuke.

IZIMPAWU ZE-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

Ngempela, phakathi nesigaba seRayonnant, abaklami bezakhiwo zesonto lombhishobhi nabamashi basusa ukunaka kwabo emsebenzini wokwenza ngcono ukusatshalaliswa kwesisindo nokwakha izindonga ezinde, esikhundleni salokho bagxila ekuthuthukiseni 'ukubukeka' kwesakhiwo.

Le ndlela yaholela ekwengezeni kwemininingwane eminingi yokuhlobisa ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa uphahla (izakhiwo eziqondile, ngokuvamile ezinemibhoshongo, njengezinsika ezingaphezulu, abakaki abasekelayo, noma ezinye izakhi zangaphandle), ukubunjwa, futhi ikakhulukazi amathayili efasitela (njenge-mullion).

Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu seRayonnant Gothic yifasitela eliyindilinga eliyindilinga elihlobisa izinhlangothi ezisentshonalanga zamasonto amaningi, njengeStrasbourg Cathedral (1015-1439).

Ezinye izici ezikhethekile zezakhiwo zeRayonnant ziqukethe ukuncishiswa kwezisekelo ezime mpo zangaphakathi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwegalari ye-clerestory ne-clerestory, kuze kube yilapho izindonga zakhiwe kakhulu amafasitela ezingilazi anemigoqo yeleyisi eqondile ehlukanisa amafasitela abe yizigaba. Izibonelo ezivelele kakhulu zesitayela seRayonnant zifaka ama-cathedral aseFrance:

  • Reims
  • Amiens
  • IBourges
  • Beauvais

I-Half Radiant Gothic - Late Gothic (1280-1500) "Flamboyant"

Isitayela sesithathu sedizayini yezakhiwo ze-Gothic savela cishe ngo-1280. Esaziwa njenge-Flamboyant Gothic architecture, sasihlobise kakhulu kune-Radiant futhi saqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-1500. Okufana naso nge-English Gothic architecture "isitayela se-Perpendicular." Uphawu oluphawulekayo lwezakhiwo ze-Flamboyant Gothic ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwejika le-S elimise njengelangabi (ngesiFulentshi: i-flambé) ku-tracery yewindi letshe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindonga zaguqulwa zaba indawo yengilazi eqhubekayo esekelwe ama-rivets amathambo kanye ne-tracery. I-logic yejiyomethri ivame ukufihlwa ngokumboza ingaphandle nge-tracery, izitini ezimboza namafasitela, okungezelelwa ngamaqembu ayinkimbinkimbi e-pediments, ama-wallment, ama-portico aphakanyisiwe kanye namaphethini enkanyezi anezimbambo ezengeziwe ku-vault.

IZIMPAWU ZE-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

Ukugcizelelwa kwesithombe esikhundleni sesakhiwo kungenzeka ukuthi kuthonywe izehlakalo zezombusazwe eFrance, ngemva kokushona kweNkosi uCharles IV the Fair ngo-1328, kungashiyi izindlalifa zesilisa. Lokhu kwabangela izimangalo zesihlobo sakhe esiseduze, umshana wakhe u-Edward III waseNgilandi.

Lapho ukulandelana kubuyela kuFelipe VI (1293-1350) weNdlu yaseFrance yaseValois, kwaqala ukuqala kweMpi Yeminyaka Eyikhulu (1337), okusho ukuncishiswa kwezakhiwo zenkolo kanye nokwanda kokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zempi kanye nezempi. civil, kanye nezakhiwo zasebukhosini kanye nezomphakathi.

Ngenxa yalokho, imiklamo ewubukhazikhazi ye-gothic ingabonakala emahholo amaningi edolobha, izinhlangano, ngisho nezakhiwo zokuhlala. Ambalwa amasonto noma ama-cathedrals aklanywe ngokuphelele ngesitayela esiwubukhazikhazi, okuhlukile okuphawulekayo ukuthi:

  • I-Notre-Dame d'Epine eduze kwase-Chalons-sur-Marne.
  • I-Saint Maclou yaseRouen.
  • INorth Tower of Chartres.
  • I-Tour de Beurre e-Rouen.

E-France, i-Flamboyant (eccentric) ye-Gothic architecture ekugcineni yanyamalala, yahlotshiswa ngokweqile futhi yangcola, futhi yengezelelwa amamodeli wakudala wezakhiwo zeRenaissance ezalethwa e-Italy ngekhulu le-XNUMX.

Izincazelo zomlando ngemvelaphi kanye nengqikithi yesiGothic

Ubuciko be-Gothic kusukela nge-XIX kanye ne-XX buye bathola ukuhumusha okuningi okufakwe engxoxweni eqhubekayo, isizathu esivele ekuqanjweni kwalokhu kubonakaliswa kobuciko uchungechunge lwezinguquko noma ukuguqulwa njengesakhiwo. Phakathi kwezinto eziphawuleka kakhulu yilezi:

Ukuhumusha kwesikole saseJalimane

Isikole saseJalimane sithola ukuthi ubuciko be-Gothic abuyona into engaphezu kwe-exegesis ngokuvamile efuna ukuveza ingokomoya, ngakho-ke ukubonakaliswa kwayo kumelela lokho okuwumphefumulo we-Nordic ngokwawo, ngokuphambene ne-classical kanye ne-Mediterranean. Ohamba phambili ngale ndlela yokucabanga isazi-mlando sezobuciko saseJalimane kanye nesazi semfundiso-nkolo uWilhelm Worringer.

Izandulela eziyinhloko ezihambisana nalo mcabango futhi ziphikisana nokuphakama kwesitayela sesiFulentshi, zitholakala kakhulu kubalobi bekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, kanye nokuhlangana phakathi:

  • U-Johann Gottfried Herder kanye no-Johann Wolfgang von Goethe phambi kweStrasbourg Cathedral ngo-1770, lapho isazi sefilosofi kanye nomgxeki uHerder ebonisa ubukhosi bobuciko baseJalimane kumbhali wezincwadi nososayensi uGoethe.

Ngekhulu lama-XNUMX, izazi-mlando eziningi ezibambelele kulokhu kuchazwa kwesiJalimane kobuciko nezici zezakhiwo zeGothic nazo ziye zavela, okuhlanganisa:

  • UWilhelm Pinders
  • Hans Sedlmayr
  •  UMax Dvorak

Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi umcabango wamaJalimane ngalolu hlobo lobuciko usekelwe esimisweni sesithakazelo esikhethekile emibonweni hhayi kakhulu kusethi yezinqubo zokufezeka kwabo. Ngakho-ke, leli fomu liphathelene kuphela nomqondo walo wengqondo.

Ukuhunyushwa Kwesikole sesiFulentshi

Umcabango wesiFulentshi ngobuciko be-Gothic uphambene ngokuphelele nencazelo yangaphambilini, le thiyori esebenzayo esebenzayo. Ngakho-ke, babheka ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcizelela zonke izinsiza ezisetshenziselwa ukubonakaliswa kwalokhu buciko, kanye nezinqubo zayo zokwakha kanye nezimo ezivele zisungulwe kuyo.

I-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

Ngaphezu kwalokho, baye bachaza imvelaphi yendawo kanye nezindlela zesitayela. Lo mcabango uholwa ngu-Viollet le Duc, umbono wakhe uqhutshekwe futhi wasekelwa izazi-mlando ezivela eSikoleni Sabagcini Bemibhalo Yezwe:

  • Jules Quicherat
  • UFelix waseVerneiuil
  • UCharles de Lasteyrie du Saillant
  • UCharles Enlart

Ukuchazwa kwePanofsky

Encwadini yakhe ethi Gothic Architecture and Scholastic Thought, isazi-mlando sezobuciko u-Erwin Panofsky uveza ukuthi izakhiwo zeGothic kanye nesikole sokucabanga siyafana. Ngokusho kombhali, isakhiwo sesonto lamaGothic sinikeza lonke ulwazi oluningi olungachazeka, lufundeke futhi luqondeke kunoma ngubani ofuna ukulifunda. Isisekelo salo ngokwaso siwumqondo weqoqo lezinto ezakha yonke.

Indawo yezomnotho nenhlalo yeGothic

I-Gothic Architecture yavela ngesikhathi sezinguquko ezijulile zezenhlalo nezomnotho eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX nekhulu le-XNUMX, uhwebo nezimboni zavuselelwa, ikakhulukazi enyakatho ye-Italy naseFlanders (Belgium), futhi ukuhwebelana okujabulisayo kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthuthukisa ukuxhumana, hhayi phakathi kwamadolobha angomakhelwane kuphela kodwa naphakathi kwezindawo ezikude. izifunda.. Ngokombono wezombangazwe, ikhulunyaka leshumi nambili laliphinde libe yisikhathi sokunwetshwa nokuqiniswa kombuso.

Ngokuhambisana nentuthuko yezombangazwe nezomnotho, kwavela inhlangano entsha enamandla yongqondongqondo eyakhuthazwa ukuhunyushwa kwababhali basendulo besuka esiGrekini nasesi-Arabhu beyiswa esiLatini, futhi kwavela izincwadi ezintsha.

Izakhiwo zeGothic zibe nesandla kulezi zinguquko futhi zathinteka ngokulinganayo kuzo. Isitayela samaGothic empeleni sasisemadolobheni, lapho amasonto amakhulu, vele, wonke ayesemadolobheni futhi izindlu zezindela eziningi ngekhulu le-XNUMX zase zibe izikhungo zemiphakathi eyayinemisebenzi eminingi yokuphila komphakathi.

I-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

I-cathedral noma isonto le-abbey kwakuyisakhiwo lapho abantu babehlangana khona emikhosini ebaluleke kakhulu. Imikhosi ewubukhazikhazi nemibalabala yaqala futhi yaphelela lapho, futhi kwabungazwa imidlalo yokuqala eyisimangaliso.

Lena bekuyindawo ebalulekile yedolobha ngalinye, ngakho-ke izinqumo zokwakhiwa kwalezi ngaphambilini zazihambisana neziphathimandla zezombangazwe, ezenkolo noma zikamasipala.

Ngakho-ke ukuze kwenziwe umsebenzi omkhulu kangaka, kwakudingekile ukuba kube nezinsiza ezinhle kakhulu, ngakho-ke kwakuvamile ukuthi ezinye zazo zixhaswe ngosizo lwezomnotho olunikezwa ukusekelwa kwasebukhosini, okwavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwabo okwesikhashana. ngokubambisana kwamakhosi.

Ngokuvamile, uxhaso lwezimali alunikezwanga ingcebo yangasese yababhishobhi kanye nezincwadi zeBhayibheli, abanikela ngengxenye yeholo labo, kodwa kwadingeka basebenzise ezinye izindlela ezinjengamaqoqo, iminikelo evela ezinhlanganweni, ingcebo yasendulo, intela ezimakethe nokunye.

Ukutholakala kwezinsiza kunqume ukwakhiwa kwemisebenzi eqhubekayo enezici zezakhiwo ze-Gothic, kwakukhona amathempeli amaningi akhiwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, noma kunjalo, namuhla izibonelo ezimbalwa zazo ezisele.

I-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

Ngekhulu leshumi nane, ngenxa yesimo esibucayi somnotho esasidlula kulezo zikhathi, ukugcwaliseka kwalemisebenzi emikhulu kwanqamuka emikhondweni yazo, eminingi yamiswa ngokuphelele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvuselelwa kwedolobha nakho kwaholela ekwandeni kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezakhiwo zomphakathi ezingezona ezenkolo ezifana nalezi:

  • Amawashi
  • Izitolo
  • Amakethe
  • Imikhandlu yamadolobha
  • Izibhedlela
  • Amanyuvesi
  • Amabhuloho
  • AmaVillas nezigodlo, eziyekile ukuba ezezicukuthwane kuphela.

izakhiwo ze-gothic

Izakhiwo ezinezici zezakhiwo ze-Gothic zazihlukene ngokwezinto zazo zokusebenza, noma kunjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sitayela kwakuhlobene ngokuyinhloko nezakhiwo zenkolo ezifana nama-cathedrals, amasonto nezinye. Kamuva, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amasu nezici zezakhiwo zeGothic zaqala ukusetshenziswa kancane kancane ezakhiweni zomphakathi ezingezona ezenkolo ezifana: izibhedlela, amahholo edolobha, amanyuvesi nokunye.

Izakhiwo zenkolo

Ama-cathedrals angenye yezibonakaliso ezinkulu kakhulu lapho zonke izici nezici zezakhiwo ze-Gothic zingatholakala, ngaphezu kokukhombisa konke ukubambisana, i-verve kanye negalelo ledolobha lonke. Njengoba phakathi nokuhlela nokwakhiwa komsebenzi wayo, izinhlangano namabandla ahlukahlukene ayebambisana, ngakho ngokuvamile iba nokumelela kwawo ngamunye emacaleni asemaceleni.

Ngendlela efanayo, phakathi kwalolu hlobo lwezakhiwo zenkolo, izakhiwo zeGothic zezindela zivelele, phakathi kwazo okulandelayo kungabonakala:

  • Ama-monasteries asebenzisa i-architecture ye-Cistercian, lolu hlobo lokwakha lwalusemaphandleni, aluhlobene nempilo yasemadolobheni, futhi ngalokhu kwasungulwa isitayela se-proto-Gothic esasizosebenzisa ithuba lokusabalalisa isitayela samaGothic kuyo yonke indawo. Noma kungezona zonke izakhi zalesi sakhiwo ezizosebenza njengesisekelo samasu nezici zezakhiwo.
  • I-Order yaseCarthusian.
  • AmaDominicans namaFranciscas.

Phakathi kwezibonelo ezivelele kunazo zonke, izakhiwo zazo zihlanganisa izici zezakhiwo zenkolo yamaGothic emhlabeni, singabala okulandelayo:

  • I-Reims Cathedral.
  • I-Sainte Chapelle eParis.
  • Indawo yokudlela yase-Santa María de Huerta.
  • I-Saint Clare yase-Assisi.
  • I-Saint Maclou.
  • I-Basilica yase-San Francisco de Asís, isakhiwo sayo samakamelo angaphelele ngenxa yokuwohloka okuqukethe izici zalolu hlobo lwezakhiwo.
  • I-Notre Dame Cathedral.

Izakhiwo zomphakathi

Ekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, ukwakhiwa komphakathi kwaqala ukubonisa amandla ezomnotho ayekhona ngaleso sikhathi, ngenxa yokudlondlobala kwezohwebo nemisebenzi yezandla, ukwethulwa kwemizila emisha yohwebo kanye nokutholwa kweMelika ngokushesha. Kulapho izakhiwo eziqiniswe kakhulu, eziphelelisiwe futhi eziqinisiwe kanye nemisebenzi yezempi iqala ukuvela, njengasendabeni ka:

  • izinqaba nezindonga
  • Amabhuloho anamasango okuvikela kuzo zombili iziphetho nelilodwa phakathi.

Ukwengeza, imisebenzi emikhulu nezakhiwo umsebenzi wazo oxhumene nokuba yikomkhulu lezikhungo zikamasipala nohulumeni ziqala ukubonakala, kulapha lapho ukwakhiwa komasipala kuqiniswa khona ngokumelene namandla amakhulu noma esonto. Phakathi kwamadolobha agqama kakhulu ngalolu hlobo lwezakhiwo, singabala:

  • UFlorence
  • Sienna.
  • Isifunda saseFlemish saseBelgium.
  • I-Barcelona enezakhiwo ezifana neCasa de Ciudad nePalacio de la Generalidad.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo ezinobukhazikhazi ezihloselwe izicukuthwane kuphela zathathelwa indawo ukuze kunikezwe izakhiwo ezintsha ezinezici zezakhiwo zeGothic ezifana nalezi:

  • Amakethe
  • izigodlo zasemadolobheni
  • Amanyuvesi
  • Imikhandlu yamadolobha
  • Izindlu ezizimele zomphakathi omusha ocebile.
  • Izibhedlela

I-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

Ngesikhathi sokugcina sokufunwa kwe-Gothic cishe ngekhulu le-XNUMX, izakhiwo zomphakathi ezinezici zezakhiwo ze-Gothic zaba uphawu kakhulu esifundeni saseFlanders.

izici ze-architecture ye-gothic

Indlela yesiGothic, esukela ekhulwini leshumi nambili kuya kweleshumi nesithupha, yayiyisitayela sezakhiwo esivelele sezikhathi zasendulo, eholwa yizikhathi zamaRomanesque nezeRenaissance. Kuphawula uguquko oluqinisekile ukusuka emasontweni amadala eRomanesque 'ashubile' ukuya emakhathedrali amade, alula kakhulu: isimo sezulu esishintshayo senhlalo nenkolo sidale izinto ezintsha ezaguqula izakhiwo zesonto.

Igama elithi "Gothic" liyi-retrospective; Abakhi beRenaissance baklolodela ukwakhiwa kwenganekwane engenakho ukulinganisa futhi basebenzisa leli gama njengenkomba yokubhuqa ezizweni zamaJalimane ezinonya ezaphanga iYurophu ngekhulu lesithathu nelesine: ama-Ostrogoths namaVisigoth.

Ukwakhiwa kweGothic kwakungacatshangwa kahle njengomphumela wesikhathi esiningi esingalungile, esididekile nesingenangqondo, kuyilapho iqiniso lihluke kakhulu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uye waziswa njengengcweti enkulu yezemfundo, inhlangano eyayifuna ukuvumelanisa ingokomoya nenkolo nokuhluzeka kwengqondo.

Nokho idume ngokuveza izimanga zesakhiwo esisha, imibukiso yokukhanya eyispooky, kanye nokukhulisa indawo yokwakhiwa kwe-cathedral yonke indawo, ngisho nangamazinga amanje. Lezi ezinye izakhi ezakha izici ze-architecture ye-Gothic:

I-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

osonhlamvukazi

Lezi izakhi zezakhiwo ezinciphayo ezivame ukuthatha indawo yombhoshongo wensimbi ukuze zinikeze umbono ozidlayo. Amasonto amaGoth ngokuvamile anemibhoshongo eminingi enikeza umbono wezinqaba, uphawu lwenqaba yenkolo evikela ukholo.

Izinaliti ze-Openwork mhlawumbe zivame kakhulu; le spire eyinkimbinkimbi yayihlanganisa umkhondo wamatshe ohlanganiswe ndawonye ngezinsimbi zensimbi. Wayenekhono lokufinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu ngenkathi enikeza umuzwa wokukhanya ngesakhiwo sakhe samathambo.

Izinqe nezinqe ezindizayo

Ngokubukeka njengomlenze wesicabucabu, isinqe esinezinqe ezindizayo sasifakwe ekuqaleni njengesisetshenziswa sobuhle. Kamuva, zaba yimishini ehlakaniphile yokuthutha imithwalo efile isuka ophahleni ophahleni iyise phansi. Ukwengeza izinga elithile lokuqina esakhiweni, asuswa odongeni oluyinhloko futhi axhunywe ophahleni ngezisekelo ezinama-arched, lawa ma-arches aziwa ngokuthi ama-buttresses ezindizayo.

I-buttress manje yathwala i-vault, ikhulula izindonga emsebenzini wazo wokuthwala. Lokhu kwavumela izindonga ukuba zibe mncane noma zicishe zishintshwe ngokuphelele amafasitela engilazi, ngokungafani neRomanesque lapho izindonga zaziyizindaba ezinkulu ezinokukhanya okuncane kakhulu. Ama-Buttresses avumele i-architecture ye-Gothic ukuthi ibelula, ibe yinde, futhi izohlinzeka ngomuzwa wobuhle omkhulu kunangaphambili.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zakhi zizonke eziyingxenye yezakhiwo ze-Gothic zazisebenza ngoba kulawa manzi awela ophahleni ngenxa yemvula ahamba phakathi kwama-gutters, ukuze avimbele ukuthi angehli nge-facade ye-facade. isakhiwo..

I-Gargoyles

I-gargoyle (isuselwa egameni lesiFulentshi elithi gargouille, elisho ukugoqa) iwukuphuma kwamanzi okuqoshiwe, okubekwe ukuze kuvinjwe amanzi emvula ukuthi ageleze phansi ezindongeni zamatshe. Lezi zithombe eziqoshiwe eziningi zonodoli zahlukanisa ukuhamba phakathi kwazo, zehlisa umonakalo ongase ube khona wamanzi.

I-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

Ama-Gargoyles aqoshwa phansi futhi abekwa njengoba isakhiwo sesizophela. I-Saint Romano ivame ukuhlotshaniswa ne-gargoyle; inganekwane ilandisa ngaye esindisa u-Rouen kudrako obhodlayo owahlasela ukwesaba ngisho nasezinhliziyweni zemimoya. Eyaziwa ngokuthi iLa Gargouille, lesi silo sanqotshwa futhi ikhanda laso lagibeleka phezu kwesonto elalisanda kwakhiwa, njengesibonelo nesixwayiso.

Siyazi ukuthi i-gargoyle ibilokhu imelela ezikhathini zase-Egypt, kodwa ukusetshenziswa okunezithelo kwe-elementi eYurophu kubangelwa inkathi yama-Gothic. Njengoba ihlelwe kakhulu emacathadrali ahlukahlukene, ikhulisa umqondo we-alkorikhi kanye nokumangalisayo.

iziqongo

Ngokungafani ne-buttress ene-buttress, i-pinnacle yaqala njengengxenye yesakhiwo ehloselwe ukuphambukisa izingcindezi ezivela ophahleni ophahleni lwehle ziye phansi. Ayegcwele umthofu, ngokwezwi nezwi 'evimbela' izingcindezi ezisemaceleni ze-vault, asebenza njengezisindo eziphikisanayo zama-gargoyles anwetshiwe kanye nama-corbel amisiwe azinzile kanye nezinqamuleli endizayo.

Njengoba amathuba ayo obuhle aqala ukwaziwa, ama-pinnacles aye alula futhi i-buttress endizayo yathuthukiswa ngokuhlelekile ukuze ibambe uphahla oluvundiwe. Amaphinikhodi asetshenziswa kakhulu ukuze aphule uguquko olungazelelwe lokuthopha njengoba ibhilidi lesonto lidedela umbhoshongo ogxunyekiwe, okwenza lesi sakhiwo sibe nokubukeka okuhlukile kwe-Gothic.

Ikhothamo elicijile

Ekuqaleni ibonakala ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwezakhiwo zobuKristu ngezikhathi zamaGothic, i-arch ecijile yasetshenziswa ukuze kuqondiswe umthwalo wophahla oluyindilinga phansi eduze nezimbambo zayo.

Ngokungafani namasonto angaphambili eRomanesque, ayethembele kuphela ezindongeni ngenjongo yokusekela umthwalo omkhulu wophahla, amakhothamo acijile asiza ekunqandeni ngokukhetha futhi adlulisele umthwalo kumakholomu namanye amabhodi omthwalo, ngaleyo ndlela akhulule izindonga.

Kwakungasenandaba ukuthi izindonga zazakhiwe ngani, njengoba (phakathi kwendiza endizayo nekhothamo elicijile) zazingasayithwali imithwalo, ngakho izindonga zesonto lombhishobhi lamaGoth zaqala ukuthathelwa indawo amafasitela amakhulu anezingilazi nama-tracery.

I-Tracery

I-Tracery isho iqoqo lamafreyimu amatshe amahle, ashumekwe ezikhaleni zamawindi ukusekela ingilazi. I-bar tracery yaziveza ngezikhathi ze-Gothic, ngephethini yayo ye-lancet ne-oculus eyayihloselwe ukuveza ubuncane bedizayini nokwandisa inani lamafasitelana engilazi. Ngokungafani ne-plate tracery, izigidi zamatshe amahle zazisetshenziswa ukuze kuhlukaniswe iwindi libe ngama-lancets amabili noma ngaphezulu.

I-Y-tracery bekuyinhlobonhlobo ethile yedizayini yebha eqhelelene nendawo ephansi ukusuka efasiteleni kusetshenziswa imigoqo yamatshe emincane, ehlukaniswa kumodi engu-Y. Le miklamo emihle yemodi yewebhu yasiza ukukhulisa ukuxhumana kwengilazi kuya kwetshe, futhi yaphendulwa. kumininingwane enezimbali, efana ne-gothic.

i-oculus

Imiklamo emibili yamafasitela eqondile yasungulwa ngesikhathi se-Gothic: i-lancet ecijile emincane yaqiniswa ukuphakama, kuyilapho i-oculus eyindilinga isekela ingilazi enemibala. Njengoba ubude buba buncane umgomo kubakhi be-Gothic, ingxenye yesibili yezakhiwo zamasaha e-Rayonnant's Gothic yehliswa yaba uhlaka olucishe lube uhlaka lwamathambo.

Amafasitela akhulisiwe futhi izindonga zathathelwa indawo ingilazi enephethini. I-oculus enkulu odongeni lwezindlu zamasonto yenze iwindi eliyirose, elikhulu kunawo wonke liseSt. Denis. Njengoba yayihlukaniswe izigidi nezigxobo zamatshe, yayisekela izipoki zamatshe ezikhazimulayo njengesondo futhi yema ngaphansi kwekhothamo elicijile.

I-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

I-vault enezimbambo noma izimbambo

I-Gothic architecture ithathele indawo ama-vaults anezimbambo ze-Romanesque yafaka ama-vault anezimbambo ukuze amelane nobunzima bokwakha kanye nemikhawulo eyayivumela ukuthi ihlanganise izindawo zokuhlala eziyisikwele kuphela. Iphinde ihlukaniseke njenge-ogival vault, i-vault enezimbambo efakwe nesidingo sokudlulisa kangcono izisindo zosilingi, kuyilapho ishiya izindonga zangaphakathi zikhululekile ukuze kulandelwe i-tracery nengilazi.

Izimbambo ezengeziwe zengezwe endaweni eyisisekelo ye-Romanesque barrel vault ukuze kwandiswe ukudluliswa kwemithwalo phansi. Njengoba inkathi yama-Gothic ifinyelela esiphethweni sayo, kwathuthukiswa amasistimu okugquma ama-vaulting ayinkimbinkimbi, afana nezindlela ze-quadripartite kanye ne-sexpartite vaulting. Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-vaults anezimbambo kunciphisa isidingo sezindonga ezithwala umthwalo wangaphakathi, ngaleyo ndlela kuvule indawo yangaphakathi futhi kunikeze ubunye obubonakalayo nobuhle.

i-fan vault

Omunye wemehluko osobala kakhulu phakathi kwezitayela zesiNgisi nesiFulentshi zeGothic, igumbi labalandeli lalisetshenziswa ngokukhethekile emabhishobhi aseNgilandi. Izimbambo ze-vault yabalandeli zigobile ngokulinganayo futhi zihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo, okwenza kube nokubukeka kwefeni elivuliwe.

Indawo yabalandeli nayo yasetshenziswa ngesikhathi kwakhiwa kabusha amasonto amaNorman eNgilandi, kwaqeda isidingo sezindiza ezindizayo. I-vault yabalandeli yayisetshenziswa kakhulu ezakhiweni zesonto nasezindlini zesonto.

izinsika zezithombe

Inkathi ye-Early Gothic ibonisa ezinye zezithombe eziqoshiwe ezinemininingwane yenkathi. Kwakungeyona into engavamile ukuthola izithombe zemvelo "yesakhiwo", eziqoshwe etsheni elifanayo nekholomu esekela uphahla. Ngokuvamile efanekisela izinzalamizi, abaprofethi namakhosi, abekwa eminyango yamasonto amaGoth akamuva ukuze anikeze isici sokuma mpo.

Le mifanekiso emikhudlwana kunempilo ingabuye ibonakale emifuleni nhlangothi zombili zeminyango yesonto lombhishobhi. EFrance, izifanekiso zamakholomu zazivame ukuveza imigqa yabantu basegcekeni abagqoke kahle, ebonisa ukuchuma kombuso.

I-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

Ukuhlobisa

Ngalesi sikhathi abadwebi bezakhiwo baqala ukwazisa umklamo wengaphandle. Ngaphambili, amasonto ayevame ukuba nengaphandle elula, ngakho-ke kuzoba nemali eyengeziwe yokuhlobisa ingaphakathi. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi samaGothic, izakhiwo zazingasasebenzi nje, zaqala ukuba nokufaneleka nenjongo. Abakhi baqala ukwenza imiklamo yokuvelela newubukhazikhazi, besebenzisa amasu nezitayela ezahlukene. Isitayela esithandwayo kwakuyisitayela esiwubukhazikhazi esanikeza amabhishobhi ukubukeka okuvutha amalangabi.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izifunda ezahlukene zisingatha izakhiwo zeGothic ngezindlela ezahlukene. AmaNtaliyane adume ngokuzonda isitayela se-gothic. Nakuba babambe iqhaza kule nkathi, i-"Gothic" ihluke kakhulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Lapho, ama-cathedrals avame ukugcizelela umbala ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, izici eziyisikhombisa ezingenhla azisebenzi esikhathini sakhe se-Gothic.

Amafacade neminyango

I-facade yesonto yanikezwa ukubaluleka okukhulu ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa. Lolu hlobo lokwakha kwakudingeka lubonise ubukhosi esakhiweni saso, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, lapho kwenziwa uhlaka olungaphambili lwesonto, abakhi babeqiniseka ukuthi lubonakala lubaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kwakungafaneli nje kuphela amandla abakhi namandla enkolo, kodwa futhi kwabonisa ingcebo yesikhungo esasizofaka lesi sakhiwo esikhathini esizayo.

Enkabeni ye-façade kunomnyango omkhulu noma ingosi, ngokuvamile enezicabha ezimbili eziseceleni. Ekhothameni lomnyango ophakathi ngokuvamile kukhona ucezu olubalulekile oluqoshiwe, ngokuvamile "uKristu Ebukhosini". Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nesigxobo setshe phakathi komnyango lapho kukhona khona isifanekiso se "Virgin and Child". Kuneminye imifanekiso eminingi eqoshwe kuma-niches abekwe eduze kwamaphothali. Ngezinye izikhathi kuba namakhulu emifanekiso yamatshe eqoshwe ngaphesheya kwesakhiwo.

amafasitela nezingilazi ezinemibala

Amawindi amakhulu anezingilazi ezinemibala engeza ubuhle obubabazekayo kanye nobuhle emasontweni amakhulu enkathi ye-Gothic. Ngokuzinza okwengeziwe okuzuzwe ngokusebenzisa izinqe namakhothamo acijile, amafasitela ezingilazi ezimibalabala enkathi ye-Gothic aphakama ukusuka kumaphaneli alula wengilazi enemibala ukuya emisebenzini yobuciko enemininingwane nenemininingwane ngohlu olumangalisayo lwemibala ekhazimulayo.

I-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

Amafasitela amaningi e-cathedral ane-arched ukuze alingane nesakhiwo se-arch esicijile. Elinye ifasitela lesonto lombhishobhi elivamile liyisakhiwo esikhulu esiyindilinga esakhiwe ngamafasitelana angamashumi amabili noma amakhulu, aziwa ngokuthi ifasitela eliyirose noma isondo.

Iphakanyisiwe

Izakhiwo ze-Gothic zigcizelele ukuphakama ngaphezu kwendawo evundlile. Ngakho-ke kulolu hlobo lokwakha babenezakhiwo eziphakeme neziphakeme futhi, ngokumangalisayo, la mabandla kanye nama-cathedral ayevame ukuba yizakhiwo ezingokomfanekiso zedolobha lawo, ngenxa yobude bawo. Esinye isici esanezelwa kulezi zakhiwo ukukhombisa ukuphakama kwazo kwakuyizipayisi nemibhoshongo emide kakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphakama kwale misebenzi kugcizelele ukuhlakazeka kokukhanya ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo. Imininingwane eyayingenzeka ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezinqe ezindizayo ezazisetshenziselwa ukusekela izindonga eziphakeme ezivela ngaphandle, into evamile kakhulu yezici zezakhiwo ze-Gothic.

I-Planta

Amasonto amakhulu amaGothic akhiwa aba yipulani lesitezi se-basilica, elaklanywa ekuqaleni amaRoma asendulo njengesikhungo sokuphatha futhi elamukelwa amaKristu okuqala ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma.

I-Basilica yamaRoma yayiyisakhiwo esingunxande esinendawo enkulu, evulekile emaphakathi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-nave. Ezinhlangothini zombili zomkhumbi kwakukhona amaphasishi amabili. Umnyango wavuleka wangena e-narthex. Ngokuphambene ne-narthex kwakukhona i-apse, i-alcove eyi-semicircular ebekwe ekupheleni kwesakhiwo.

Zonke lezi zici zasetshenzwa esontweni lamaGothic. Ema-basilica amaRoma, i-apse yayiqukethe izici ezimelela amandla onkulunkulu noma uhulumeni. Lapho umklamo wamasonto wamukelwa, i-apse yaba indawo engcwele kakhulu esakhiweni, equkethe i-altare eliphakeme, elimelela ubukhona nobungcwele bukaNkulunkulu. Ngenxa yokuthi uNkulunkulu uhlotshaniswa nokuzalwa kabusha nokuvuka, i-apse ngokuvamile ikhomba empumalanga, lapho ilanga liphuma khona.

IBandla liphinde lengeze isici esibalulekile: i-transept. Lezi zandiso ezisenyakatho naseningizimu zaguqula ipulani elingunxande laba linye elisesimweni sesiphambano sobuKristu. Lokhu kwaphinde kwagcizelela ubungcwele bendawo. Lapho i-cruiser nomkhumbi kuhlangana khona i-cruiser. Umbhoshongo omkhulu wensimbi wawuvame ukwakhiwa phezu kwendawo yokuwela. Imibhoshongo ende kunazo zonke ingaphezu kwamamitha angu-400 ubude, okulingana nesakhiwo esinezitezi ezingu-40.

Kwanezelwa eminye imibhoshongo emibili emaphethelweni e-narthex. Le mibhoshongo emithathu yayivame ukuba neziqongo ezicijile ezibizwa ngokuthi imibhoshongo. Laba bagcizelela ukuphakama kwesakhiwo, okwakungomunye umgomo obalulekile, njengoba isibhakabhaka ngokuvamile sicatshangwa ukuthi singaphezu kwakho konke okunye.

Ngokuvamile, imibhoshongo iqondana. Nokho, endabeni yeChartres Cathedral, eboniswe lapha, omunye wemibhoshongo yezinsimbi wonakaliswa umbani ekhulwini le-XNUMX futhi wathathelwa indawo omunye owawubonisa indlela yangaleso sikhathi, echaza ukuntuleka kokulinganisa.

Phakathi kwe-transept ne-apse kwakukhona i-choir, eyayihlala ama-cantors, abapristi nezindela zesonto. Umuntu ovamile wayengavunyelwe ukuhlala lapha njengoba kuseduze ne-altare eliphakeme e-apse.

Esinye isici esingezwe abaklami be-Gothic kwakuyi-ambulatory. Lesi yisiqephu esizungeze i-apse. Ama-chapels, avame ukunikezelwa kwabangcwele abathile, ikakhulukazi iNcasakazi uMariya, ngokuvamile ahlanganisa indawo yokuthutha. Ngokufanayo, ama-chapel angatholakala kwezinye izindawo zesonto.

ukuhlelwa kwesiphambano

Uhlelo lwawo wonke amasonto amaGoth lwaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa kwepulani yesiphambano, okwakumelwe ifane nesiphambano sobuKristu uma ubuka emoyeni. Lezi zakhiwo ngokuvamile zazinobude obuningi, zinezimo eziwunxande futhi ngokuvamile zinemizila emithathu ehlukaniswe ngemigqa yamakholomu.

I-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

Izinto zokwakha

Kutholwe izinto zokwakha ezihlukene ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zaseYurophu, lokhu kungomunye umehluko wezakhiwo phakathi kwezindawo ezahlukene. EFrance, kwakukhona i-limestone. Yayikulungele ukwakhiwa ngoba yayithambile uma isika, kodwa yaba nzima nakakhulu lapho kushaywa umoya nemvula. Ngokuvamile kwakuwumbala ompunga ophaphathekile. I-France futhi yayine-limestone enhle emhlophe evela e-Caen eyayifaneleka kakhulu ukwenza imifanekiso emihle kakhulu.

I-England yathola itshe le-limestone elimahhadla, i-psamite ebomvu, nemabula e-Purbeck eluhlaza ngokumnyama, eyayivame ukusetshenziselwa imihlobiso yezakhiwo njengamakholomu azacile.

Enyakatho yeJalimane, eNetherlands, eDenmark, emazweni aseBaltic nasenyakatho yePoland lalingekho itshe elihle lokwakha, kodwa kwakukhona ubumba lokwenza izitini namathayili. Iningi lala mazwe linamasonto e-Gothic ngezitini ngisho nezinqaba zezitini zamaGothic.

E-Italy, i-limestone yayisetshenziselwa izindonga zedolobha nezinqaba, kodwa isitini sasisetshenziselwa ezinye izakhiwo. Ngenxa yokuthi i-Italy yayinemabula enhle kakhulu ngemibala eminingi ehlukene, izakhiwo eziningi zinezinhlangothi noma "amafacade" ahlotshiswe ngemabula enemibala. Amanye amasonto anongaphambili lwezitini ezimbi kakhulu ngoba imabula ayizange ibekwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Florence Cathedral ayizange ithole i-façade yayo yemabula kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-XNUMX.

Kwezinye izingxenye zeYurophu, kwakunezihlahla eziningi ezinde, eziqondile ezazilungele ukwakha uphahla olukhulu kakhulu. Kodwa eNgilandi, ngo-1400, izihlahla ezinde, eziqondile zase zifa. Izihlahla eziningi zazisetshenziselwa ukwakha imikhumbi. Abadwebi bezakhiwo kwadingeka bacabange indlela entsha yokwenza uphahla olubanzi ngezicucu ezimfushane zokhuni. Lena yindlela abasungula ngayo osilingi be-hammerbeam, okungesinye sezici ezinhle ezibonwa emasontweni amaningi amadala amaNgisi.

I-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

Izakhiwo zeGothic eYurophu

I-Europe yayiyisizinda semvelaphi futhi yanquma kakhulu isicelo isikhathi eside, izici zezakhiwo ze-Gothic emisebenzini nasezakhiweni zayo ezihlukahlukene, noma ngabe ezenkolo noma ezomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, sizokwethula izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zalolu hlobo lwezakhiwo ngokusho kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, ngezansi:

i-German gothic

Isitayela samaGothic esakhiweni saseJalimane, esasixhunywe eduze neRomanesque ngaleso sikhathi, saqala ukuzibonakalisa isikhathi eside ngemva kweFrance neNgilandi. Ngaphambili yayisetshenziswa kwezinye zezakhiwo zaseRomanesque. Ezinye zezakhiwo zaseJalimane zamaGothic ziyizakhiwo ezinkulu zesonto elikhulu eziphefumulelwe isitayela samaGothic saseFrance.

Izibonelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zalezi zingamabhishobhi aseCologne naseStrasbourg, isakhiwo sokuqala samaGothic. Umkhuba wesibili wamaGothic ubonakala ezindaweni zangaphakathi ezidalwe zithatha njengesibonelo imiyalo nemihlobiso yamasonto ezinxibi zamaNgisi.

i-Spanish gothic

ISpain ingelinye lamazwe anohlelo olulindelwe kakhulu lwedizayini yesiGothic ngemuva kweFrance. Lo msinga wezakhiwo, ukusebenza kwawo kwanda usuku nosuku ngokusebenzisa imizila yabahambi nabadwebi bezakhiwo abahambahambayo, kwathonywa umklamo we-French Gothic. Amathempeli amakhulu akhiwe ngale ndlela angabonakala ezindaweni eziningi zezwe, kuhlanganise nesifunda sase-Andalusia. Okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu kungatholakala edolobheni laseBarcelona.

Isi-Italian Gothic

Njengomphumela wokufika sekwephuzile kwezakhi zezakhiwo zesiGothic e-Italy kanye nokuvela komcabango weRenaissance wangaphambi kwesikhathi ohambisana nalokhu, imisebenzi yesiGothic e-Italy isalele ngemuva kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.

I-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

Kodwa-ke, akufanele kukhohlwe ukuthi igama elithi "gothic" njengegama nomqondo wethulwa e-Italy nguGiorgio Vasari. Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wamaGothic owenziwa e-Italy ngalesi sikhathi iMilan Cathedral, enamathonya ayo alula namaRoma.

I-Gothic enyakatho yeJalimane, enyakatho yePoland, namazwe aseScandinavia

Lolu hlobo lwezakhiwo eCentral naseMpumalanga Yurophu lwalandela inqubo ehluke kakhulu ngezizathu zezombangazwe. Ngo-1346, IV. UCharles wenza iPrague inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma futhi wagunyaza isonto lombhishobhi kubakhi bezakhiwo baseFrance. Ngokungafani nezibonelo zaseFrance, amasonto amakhulu abalulekile kulesi sifunda ayenziwe ngezitini ekuqaleni futhi kwavela isitayela esibizwa ngokuthi i-Baltic Gothic.

Isizathu esiyinhloko soguquko kusuka etsheni kuya ezitini akunakwenzeka ukuthola amatshe kanye nezinkinga zezomnotho. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukuhlobisa odongeni kuvame ukuchazwa kancane emisebenzini eyenziwa esifundeni. Ezakhiweni ungabona ama-enamel anemibala kanye nezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zezinkanyezi zezinkanyezi.

Izibonelo

Ngokusebenzisa amadolobha ahlukahlukene akha leli zwekazi, ithonya lalobu buciko lizobuyekezwa ngezibonelo ezihlukahlukene ezisamile futhi eziqhubeka nokuba yizakhiwo ezivelele kakhulu ezinezici zezakhiwo ze-Gothic, phakathi kwazo okukhulunywa ngazo:

I-Vienna-Austria

Izakhiwo zeGothic zathinta i-Austria ngokulandelanayo ekuqaleni futhi zavela kancane kancane enkathini yamaRomanesque phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Austria yayingamaKatolika aqinile, okwaba nengxenye ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kwemiklamo yezwe. Nakuba imisebenzi yokuqala emikhulu ye-Gothic yezakhiwo yavela e-Lower Austria, isimangaliso sangempela samaGoth sase-Austria yi-St. Stephen's Cathedral e-Vienna.

I-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

Elakhiwe phakathi kuka-1304 no-1340, isonto lanwetshwa izikhathi eziningana phakathi nokuphila kwalo. Naphezu kwemvelo yayo ebabazekayo, kwakuzoba amanye amakhulu amathathu eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba iDiocese yaseVienna iphakanyiselwe ekubeni umbhishobhi omkhulu. Isonto lakhiwe nge-limestone yendawo futhi laziwa kakhulu ngenhlanganisela yalo ye-Romanesque yakamuva ngaphambili entshonalanga kanye nezandiso ze-Gothic.

Izinhlangothi zesakhiwo zihlotshiswe ngamafasitela ekhothamo acijile, ahlukile enkathini yamaGothic. Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu sikaSt. Stephen, nokho, ububanzi bayo bemibala ophahleni, embozwe ngamathayili acwebezelayo angaphezu kuka-200.000, uphahla lubonisa amajazi ezikhali edolobha laseVienna nelaseRiphabhulikhi yase-Austria ohlangothini olusenyakatho. . . Ingaphakathi likhanya ngenkazimulo yesiGothic enama-altare angekho ngaphansi kuka-18, ipulpiti yamatshe eyinkimbinkimbi, ama-chapel ayisithupha asemthethweni, kanye nomfanekiso odumile ka-Maria Pötsch.

Vilnius - Lithuania

Lapho isitayela sezakhiwo samaGothic sisakazekela eLithuania ngekhulu le-XNUMX, izwe laba yindawo esempumalanga yesitayela. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izakhiwo zokuqala ezazizokwakhiwa zazihloselwe abathengisi baseJalimane, hhayi abantu bendawo, njengoba inkolo evelele eLithuania yayisewubuqaba ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngenxa yalokho, izakhiwo eziningi zeGothic ezingabonakala eLithuania namuhla zathuthukiswa kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX.

Indawo yaseGothic ephawuleka kakhulu ka-Vilnius ngokungangabazeki iSonto Lase-St. Anne. Ngenxa yedethi yalo yokwakhiwa sekwephuzile ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, i-Gothic yayisivele ithuthuke yaba yilokho okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Flamboyant Gothic, okwenza isonto lase-Santa Ana libe kwelinye lamadolobha amakhulu. izibonelo zesitayela emazweni aseBaltic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwasetshenziswa isitini sendawo, esibuye sengeze entendeni yesandla ehlukile yesonto futhi sikwenze kube isibonelo esiphilayo seBrick Gothic.

Ukuhluka kwesakhiwo kuvezwa kahle ku-facade yaso. Amakhothamo acijile enziwe ihaba abusa umdwebo, ofana nesitayela sendabuko sesi-Gothic, kodwa wenziwe uzimele ngezinto eziwunxande ezingafaneli zezibonelo ezivame kakhulu zesiGothic. Lesi sakhiwo samaGoth siyamangalisa, okuthi ngokusho kokulandisa okuthile, lapho uNapoleon amangazwa yileso sakhiwo wayeyokujabulela "ukuyisa isonto eParis entendeni yesandla sakhe."

I-ARCHITECTURE YE-GOTHIC

Prague - Czech Republic

Ngenxa yendawo emaphakathi eYurophu, isitayela samaGothic safika eCzech Republic ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Isitayela sakhula kancane ngesikhathi sikhona, ngakho-ke sivame ukuhlukaniswa sibe izitayela ezingaphansi ezintathu:

  • I-Premyslid Gothic (i-Early Gothic)
  • Isi-Luxembourgish Gothic (High Gothic)
  • I-Jagiellonian Gothic (Late Gothic)

Amasonto nama-monasteri e-Gothic avele ngokushesha futhi asakazeka kabanzi, kodwa esinye sezibonelo eziphawulekayo zalesi sitayela, yiqiniso, i-St. Vitus's Cathedral enhloko-dolobha, ePrague.

Ethunywe uJohn of Bohemia maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, umakhi wokuqala wesonto obambisene, u-Matthias wase-Arras, wagqugquzelwa kakhulu isigodlo sikaPapa e-Avignon. Ubhekelele izinqamuleli ezindizayo zesakhiwo ezishiwo kahle, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yezakhiwo zeGothic.

Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, umdwebi wezakhiwo uPeter Parler walandela kakhulu izinhlelo zakhe zakuqala, kodwa wabuye wengeza ukuthinta kwakhe okufana ne-net vault, into eyayishintshashintsha ngaleso sikhathi.

Abadwebi abaningi bezakhiwo basebenza kuleli sonto lombhishobhi kukho konke ukuba khona kwalo futhi, eqinisweni, laqedwa kuphela ngekhulu lama-XNUMX. Naphezu kwamathonya esimanje, njengamafasitela athile esimanjemanje. Okuqinisekile ukuthi i-St. Vitus Cathedral ePrague isesinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zezakhiwo zamaGothic eYurophu.

EMilano, e-Italy

Izakhiwo zeGothic zaqala ukwethulwa e-Italy ngekhulu le-1386, ngemva kokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe zisuka eBurgundy (manje eyimpumalanga yeFrance). Izakhiwo zakuqala ezinezici zezakhiwo ze-Gothic e-Milan (njenge-Santa Maria endaweni yaseBrera) zazihluzekile, zihlotshiswe kancane, futhi ngokuvamile zenziwe ngezitini. Lapho izakhiwo zeGothic ziqala ukusabalala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ukwakhiwa kweDuomo di Milano kwaqala (ngo-XNUMX).

IMilan Cathedral yathatha cishe iminyaka engamakhulu ayisithupha ukuba iqedwe futhi manje isiyisonto elikhulu kunawo wonke e-Italy, elesithathu ngobukhulu eYurophu nelesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Njengoba i-Milan Cathedral yabambezeleka kakhulu ekuqedweni, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izindawo zokwakha (kuhlanganise nesitezi esiphansi, esakhiwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX) ziphefumulelwe kakhulu umklamo weRenaissance.

Kodwa umugqa ophahleni we-Duomo di Milano ukhonjwa kakhulu ngedizayini yayo yakudala ye-Gothic yezinsipho, ama-pinnacles, ama-gargoyles, nemifanekiso engaphezu kuka-3.400. Ethandwa kakhulu kuzo zonke izithombe iNcasakazi Yegolide, emi ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye futhi ingabonakala ethafeni eliphezulu lesonto lombhishobhi.

Rouen - France

Enye yamamodeli angcono kakhulu anezici zezakhiwo zeGothic eFrance yiRouen Cathedral, eyaqedwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX ngesitayela sokuqala samaGothic. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka izingxenye eziningi ziye zengezwa, zonakaliswa, zalungiswa futhi zashintshwa. Ekhulwini le-XNUMX, lenza umonakalo omkhulu phakathi nezimpi zenkolo zaseFrance futhi iMpi Yezwe II nayo yashiya uphawu lwalo kulesi sakhiwo esihle.

Ungabuka i-architecture ehlaba umxhwele ye-Gothic eboniswa endaweni yangaphakathi enkulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi, nophahla lwawo oluvalekile olwake lwaba oluphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni. Kunemibhoshongo emithathu evelele, iTour de Beurre (umbhoshongo webhotela), iTour Saint Romain, kanye neTour Lantern, ngamunye uphakeme phezu kwalo lonke isonto lombhishobhi.

I-façade eyinhloko ye-cathedral iyisibonelo esihle kakhulu se-Flamboyant, isitayela se-Gothic sakamuva esakhiwa eFrance ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Kodwa-ke, ingosi yesokunxele (i-Porte St-Jean) ingumsindile obalulekile kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkathi yama-Gothic yekhulu le-XNUMX. I-nave inokuphakama okuyizitezi ezine, ukuphakama okukhawulelwe, nezici zezakhiwo ezigxilisa ukunaka phansi, kunokuba zibheke emazulwini njengezakhiwo zakamuva ze-Gothic.

I-Chapelle de la Vierge (I-Lady Chapel) ihlotshiswe ngamathuna e-Renaissance yobukhosi baseFrance kusukela ngo-900 AD I-relic yasebukhosini eyaziwa kakhulu yinhliziyo ka-Richard the Lionheart yaseNgilandi. Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwayo kwezenkolo nezakhiwo, iRouen Cathedral iphinde ibe nezincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-30 zikaClaude Monet esezithuthelwe eMusée d'Orsay.

Chartres - France

I-Chartres Cathedral iyindawo yamagugu omhlaba ye-UNESCO eye yabizwa ngokuthi "ukugqanyiswa kobuciko be-French Gothic." Kubhekwa kabanzi njengesibonelo esihle kakhulu sezakhiwo zeGothic eFrance, ngisho nangaphezulu kuneNotre-Dame eParis.

Njengoba iChartres Cathedral yangaphambili, eyayakhiwe ngendlela yesiRomanesque, yasha yangqongqa, ukushintshwa kwayo kwakungelona iqoqo lezitayela zangaphambili, njengoba kuvame ukuba njalo. Esikhundleni salokho, yakhiwe ngokuphelele ngesitayela seGothic phakathi kuka-1194 no-1250 futhi ivumelana kakhulu.

Izici zezakhiwo ze-Gothic lapha zingenakuphikiswa kakhulu njengoba ziqukethe ama-vaults anezimbambo kanye nezinqe ezindizayo zangaphandle, ezinciphisa umthwalo ezindongeni futhi zivumele ukungezwa kwamafasitela amakhulu engilazi. I-Cathedral imile isikhathi eside futhi ilondolozwe kahle kakhulu. Ngokumangazayo, amafasitela angama-152 wengilazi angama-176 okuqala asaphelele.

Uzothola amakhulu ezithombe ezibaziweyo, kokubili ku-facade ye-Cathedral nangaphakathi. Izithombe eziqoshiwe zeGothic eziseWest Portal zisakazwe phezu kweminyango emithathu eholela eKhathedrali. Izithombe ezisemnyango wokuqala zimelela ukuphila kukaJesu Kristu emhlabeni, owesibili ubonisa ukuza kwakhe kwesibili, kanti owesithathu ubonisa izikhathi zokugcina njengoba zichazwe encwadini yesAmbulo.

Imifanekiso eqoshiwe yangaphakathi yesikrini esiyisikhumbuzo esizungeze ikhwaya ingeyenkathi yakamuva kakhulu futhi ayizange iqedwe kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-XNUMX, kodwa ayinhle kangako kunozakwabo baseGothic.

IBarcelona, ​​eSpain

Enye yezindawo ezinhle kakhulu ezingcoliswe izici zezakhiwo zeGothic, iBarcelona. I-Barcelona inesikwele esineminyaka engu-2000 ubudala esibizwa ngokuthi i-Gothic Quarter, ewumfanekiso ophilayo wokuvela kobuciko be-Gothic.

Izindonga zekota yamaGoth zakhiwa amaRoma futhi zandiswa ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Izindawo eziningi eGothic Quarter zakhiwa noma zalungiswa ngekhulu le-XNUMX ngesitayela se-neo-Gothic, isibonelo isikhumbuzo se-Barcelona Cathedral. Kodwa-ke, usengawabona amanye ama-chapel e-Gothic kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX e-Gothic Quarter yase-Barcelona.

Enye yalezo zindawo yiPlaza Ramón, okukhumbuza idolobha elibiyelwe ngezindonga laseBarcino emlandweni wamaRoma. Kuyinhlanganisela yakudala yezinkathi ezintathu zomlando we-Catalonia: izindonga zaseRoma, i-Chapel yase-Santa Ágata kanye nesifanekiso senkathi ephakathi se-Count of Barcelona, ​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​. I-Chapel yase-Santa Ágata iyitshe lesikhumbuzo lesiGothic elakhiwa kusukela ngo-1302. Amanye amatshe esikhumbuzo aphawulekayo we-Gothic kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX e-Barcelona yakudala i-Santa María del Mar kanye ne-Santa María del Pi.

EMünster, eJalimane

Leli yidolobha laseJalimane noma yimuphi umthandi wezakhiwo zeGothic angathandana nalo. Leli dolobha lalisekelwe eSontweni LamaKatolika, njengombhishobhi woMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma ngezikhathi zasendulo, futhi izakhiwo eziningi zedolobha laseGothic zisuka ezenzweni zesonto zokusungula nokugcina amandla edolobheni.

Kunezakhiwo ezi-3 eziphambili ezidonsa amehlo ngokushesha eMünster, zonke ezitholakala ePrinzipalmarkt, idolobha elidala ledolobha. Eyokuqala iSt. Paulus Dom, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi iMünster Cathedral, eyinhlanganisela yezitayela zamaRomanesque nezeGothic. Amanye amabili yisonto likaSaint Lambert kanye neMünster Rathaus, noma ihholo ledolobha. Kunzima ukukhetha intandokazi kulawa amathathu, kodwa i-St. Lambert's Church ingase ibe nokudonsa okukhulu.

I-St. Lambert's ihlukaniswa ngokobuchwepheshe njenge-Late Gothic, kodwa inezici eziningi ezijwayelekile zesi-Gothic, ezidonsa ukunaka kombukeli kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Ingaphakathi libonisa i-nave ende kakhulu, ekhanyiswa uchungechunge lwamafasitela ezingilazi ezibabazekayo futhi asekelwe yi-vault enezimbambo. Ingaphandle ine-tympanum eyinkimbinkimbi nemifanekiso enemininingwane emihle ezungeze amafasitela, eduze kophahla, nasemakholomu asekelayo.

Isonto liphezulu ngobuciko obumangalisayo obubusa indawo yedolobha. Ngenxa yobude nobukhona bayo, i-spire yaba indawo yonogada bombhoshongo. Kusukela ngo-1379, unogada wombhoshongo wayekhuphukela phezulu kwe-spire futhi afune indawo ezungezile ukuze athole izimpawu zomlilo noma izitha ezisondelayo. Uma kungabonwanga, konke okucacile bekuyozwakala, ngokushaya uphondo ezindaweni ezi-3. Lo mcimbi usenziwa njalo ebusuku.

I-Ghent - eBelgium

I-Ghent yayiyisikhungo esibalulekile sokuhweba ngendwangu phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, ngaleso sikhathi lapho isiGothic siba isitayela esidumile eYurophu. Izakhiwo eziningi zakhiwa eGhent ngaleso sikhathi.

Kungakho yonke indawo yedolobha inomuzwa we-gothic kuyo futhi ingenye yezindawo ezigcinwe kahle eYurophu eyakhiwe ngaleso sitayela. Leli dolobha lingacishe liqanjwe ngokuthi “idolobha lemibhoshongo ye-gothic”. Kodwa-ke, abathathu abakhulu yiBelfry, iChurch of Saint Nicholas kanye neCathedral yaseSaint Bavo.

I-Ghent Cathedral ingesinye sezakhiwo lapho ungazwa khona kangcono isitayela samaGothic. Yaqalwa njengesonto lamaRoma, lakhiwa kabusha ngekhulu le-XNUMX futhi izici zesiGothic zibonakala ikakhulukazi ekwayeni yayo. I-spire yayo yakhiwe eBrabanter Gothic phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX. Kuwuhlobo lwesitayela se-gothic esasidumile eBelgium nakwezinye izingxenye zeNetherlands. I-Saint Bavo's Cathedral nayo iyikhaya le-altare elidume kakhulu lesiGothic langaleso sikhathi: "i-Ghent Alter" ka-Jan van Eyck.

Elinye isonto elakhiwa ngesikhathi esifanayo yiSonto likaSaint Nicholas. Kuyisibonelo sezakhiwo zeGothic zikaSchelde. Izicabucabu ezincane nezinhle kumafacade akhona ziyisici sawo esijwayelekile.

Njengoba iyikhaya labathengisi abaningi abacebile phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, iGhent inezibonelo eziningi zezakhiwo zezwe zamaGothic, akunjalo kwamanye amadolobha. Eduze kwesonto lombhishobhi kuneLakenhalle (Ihholo Lendwangu) elakhiwa ngo-1425. Izinqe zayo, izindawo zokulala kanye nezinyathelo ezinyathelayo ziyizibonelo ezinhle zezici zezakhiwo zeGothic. IHholo Ledolobha nalo linezici zalo eziningi.

Ingxenye yayo endala iyindawo engaphansi komhlaba eyakhiwa ngekhulu le-1518. Ngo-XNUMX kwaqalwa i-façade ye-Brabanter Gothic eNdlini Yekhansela der Keure. I-Metselaarshuis yakhiwe ngendlela efanayo ngekhulu le-XNUMX.

I-Tatev - i-Armenia

Umlando ocebile, amasiko ayingqayizivele, nasezimpambanweni zemigwaqo yase-Asia naseYurophu, i-Armenia ingelinye lalawo mazwe ahlala eyindawo engaqondakali futhi engavamile yokuhamba kwabaningi. Ithathwa njengesizwe sokuqala ukwenza inkolo yobuKrestu inkolo yayo yesifunda ngo-301 AD. Ngokungafani namathempeli nezindela zeGothic kwezinye izingxenye zeYurophu, i-Armenia yayinaso iso lamasonto nezigodlo zezindela ezincane, ezimnyama, futhi eziklanywe njengezindawo ezivulekile. .

Abanye bangathi i-Armenia iyingqalabutho ekusebenziseni izici zezakhiwo zamaGoth, lapho ezinye zezikhumbuzo ezisekhona zavezwa khona phakathi nenkathi yangaphambi kobuKristu, eyayinamathonya e-Asiriya naseBhabhiloni, amaGreki, noma ngisho namaRoma.

Esinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zalesi sitayela sezakhiwo esiyingqayizivele isigodlo sezindela saseTatev, esiseSyunik. Lesi sigodlo sakhiwa ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX futhi sisebenza njengenyuvesi, okuyenza ibe ngenye yezindawo ezibalulekile emlandweni ukuvakashela e-Armenia.

Umlando wayo we-Gothic uphawuleka ikakhulukazi embhoshongweni wensimbi waseTatev kanye nezinsimbi zethusi ezengezwe ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Ngaphakathi uzoqaphela ukuthi kunamakhothamo amakhulu angaphandle amise okwedome kanye nama-bas-reliefs obuso babantu obunamakhanda enyoka aphikisanayo.

Njengoba ungena ujula esigodlweni sezindela, izindlela eziwumngcingo ziholela emahholo avulekile abonakala engenalutho, engenalutho, futhi edangele. Ubumnyama, izitebhisi zamatshe kanye neminyango ekhotheme kuyenza ixake kakhulu futhi ime njengobufakazi bempucuko endala kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi engamenyezelwanga kangako.

Bruges - Belgium

Leli elinye lamadolobha amahle kakhulu ongawavakashela eYurophu elinesikhungo sedolobha lasenkabeni yenganekwane. Okugqamile eBruges yizakhiwo zesitayela samaGothic, eziningi zazo ezakhiwe ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Isitayela singachazwa ngokunembe kakhulu ngokuthi i-Brick Gothic, ejwayelekile emazweni aseNyakatho Yurophu. Lonke iDolobha Elidala laseBruges liyiNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba ye-UNESCO.

Phakathi kwezindawo ezinhle ze-gothic zedolobha, ungazivumela ukuthi umangale esigcawini saseBurg esinamagugu amaningana amahle, njenge-façade enemininingwane emihle yeHholo Ledolobha (elakhiwa ngo-1376). Ungcweti ongumDashi u-Jan van Eyck wapenda i-façade yokuqala, futhi nakuba yacekelwa phansi ngekhulu le-XNUMX, isibuyiselwe ebuhleni bayo basekuqaleni.

Eqinisweni, ingenye yezakhiwo zokuqala zaseGothic eFlanders, uphawu lwamandla ezomnotho uBruges ayenawo ngekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. Ingaphakathi lesakhiwo kufanelekile ukuvakashelwa, ikakhulukazi ihholo elikhulu lesiGothic elinemidwebo emikhulu yodonga. Iphinde ibe neHholo Lomlando elihlangene, lapho imidwebo eminingi nezithombe eziqoshiwe ziphumula ezikhuluma ngemizabalazo yokubusa emlandweni waseBruges.

Oxford - UK

Kunamadolobha amaningi e-UK anezibonelo ezinhle zezakhiwo ze-Gothic, kodwa ambalwa kuwo aphikisana ne-Oxford ngenombolo nangesilinganiso. Ingxenye enkulu ye-Oxford (kokubili inyuvesi nangale kwayo) yakhiwe ngendlela yesiNgisi yesiGothic; Ndawonye, ​​lezi zakhiwo ze-gothic zakha umgogodla weDolobha Le-Dreaming Spiers.

Isikhungo se-Oxford sincane ngokumangalisayo futhi siyikhaya lezinye zezakhiwo eziphawuleka kakhulu zeGothic. Maningi, kodwa amamodeli angcono kakhulu e-English Gothic e-Oxford umbhoshongo wensimbi waseMagdalen College, New College, St. Mary's Church, kanye ne-Divinity School ngaphakathi kwe-Bodleian Library.

Umbhoshongo oyisinsimbi weSonto LaseSt.

Ngenkathi ngaphesheya komgwaqo kuleli sonto kunesikole i-Bodleian Divinity School, isakhiwo senyuvesi esakhelwe inhloso esidala esinophahla oluhle oluvalekile, into exhumene kakhulu nezici zezakhiwo zamaGothic.

Leon - Spain

Idolobha laseLeón lingesinye sezitobhi eCamino de Santiago, kanye neCathedral of Burgos kanye neCathedral yaseSantiago de Compostela. Leli dolobha lineCathedral yaseLeón, okuyisonto eliyisibonelo sobuciko obukhuthazwe ukuzinikela enkolweni futhi liqukethe izici zezakhiwo zamaGothic. Yakhiwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX AD endaweni yokugezela yamaRoma nezigodlo zamaVisigothic, isonto lombhishobhi lithathwa njengobuciko bobuciko bezakhiwo zamaGothic.

Cishe inamamitha angu-2.000 wamafasitela ezingilazi, amanye awo ahlehlela emuva ekhulwini le-XNUMX, impumelelo emangalisayo yokulondolozwa kwamasiko. Ingaphakathi lihlaba umxhwele ngokufanayo. I-altare elikhulu ligcina izinsalela zikasanta wedolobha, uSan Friulano. Kukhona futhi imnyuziyamu ethokozisayo equkethe ubuciko bezenkolo obusuka ku-Neolithic kuya ezikhathini zamuva nje.

Dublin - Ireland

Elinye lamadolobha aseYurophu angcono kakhulu ukubona izici zezakhiwo zeGothic yiDublin, inhloko-dolobha yase-Ireland. Idolobha lisagcine izinhlangothi ezahlukene zezakhiwo ze-gothic zaseDublin, kodwa kunesakhiwo esisodwa esidonsa ukunakwa okwengeziwe: I-Christ Church Cathedral.

Itholakala endaweni ephakeme engxenyeni endala yedolobha, amamitha angamakhulu ambalwa ukusuka e-Trinity College, O'Connell Street, The GPO, Grafton Street kanye neSt. Stephen's Green. Ingxenye yeSonto LaseSheshi lase-Ireland, iChrist Church Cathedral iyisonto elingumama leDiocese yaseDublin kanye neGlendalough.

Umlando walesi sakhiwo uhlehlela emuva onyakeni we-1038. Ngesikhathi sakhe, inkosi yokuqala yaseDenmark engumKristu, iNkosi uSitric Barba Seda, yakha isonto lamapulangwe kule ndawo. Kodwa-ke, ukwakhiwa kwesonto lamanje lamatshe kwaqala kamuva, ngo-1172, ngemva kokunqotshwa kweDublin nguStrongbow, induna yaseNorman.

Ukwakhiwa kwaqhubeka ngekhulu le-XNUMX futhi kwakhuthazwa ukwakhiwa kwe-English Western School of Gothic. Namuhla ingelinye lamasonto amahle nahlaba umxhwele kakhulu ezweni.

Paris France

I-Paris ihlukaniswe ngezakhiwo zayo ezinhle, kusukela kuMbuso Wesibili ose-Champs-Élysées kuya kusitayela sakamuva se-Montmartre. I-Notre-Dame Cathedral akuyona nje enye yezikhumbuzo ezinhle kakhulu edolobheni, kodwa futhi ingesinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zezici zezakhiwo ze-Gothic emhlabeni.

I-Notre-Dame Cathedral ihlabe izivakashi umxhwele kusukela yakhiwa phakathi kuka-1163-1345. Igqama njengenye yezakhiwo zokuqala ezisebenzisa i-buttress endizayo, ikhothamo elinwebeka ukusuka odongeni olungaphandle ukuya embhoshongweni wokwakha. Isici esibalulekile sezakhiwo ze-Gothic, i-flying buttress isiza ukusabalalisa kabusha isisindo sezindonga ezinkulu, okuvumela ukufakwa kwamafasitela ezingilazi ezinkulu.

I-façade enamandla ye-Notre Dame inemibhoshongo emibili nezithombe eziqoshiwe zezenkolo nezomlando. Maphakathi nendawo kunefasitela eliyindilinga eliyindilinga, elitholakala kwamanye amasonto amaGothic eParis, njengeBasilica yaseSainte-Clotilde, iSainte-Chapelle, neSaint-Séverin. I-Notre-Dame ivame ukwaziwa ngama-gargoyles ayo, ama-grotesques, nama-chimera, afakwe ezincwadini nasemamuvi adumile.

Nakuba ngokuvamile eqoqwe ngokuthi "ama-gargoyles," ama-gargoyles asebenza amajethi amanzi (elisuselwa egameni elithi "gargle" ngenxa yomsindo wokudonsa kwamanzi), ama-grotesques yimifanekiso eqoshiwe yamatshe etholakala ngaphandle, kanti ama-chimeras ayizidalwa ezibonakalayo ama-balconi we-bell tower. Uma uhamba nge-Notre-Dame, ungabona ubuhle bezindiza ezindizayo, imininingwane yokwakhiwa kwamatshe, i-spire ehlotshisiwe, futhi ujabulele izingadi namagceke abheke uMfula iSeine.

Eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-700 futhi enezivakashi ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-13 ngonyaka, ukongiwa kwemvelo kuyindaba enkulu ye-Notre-Dame, futhi izinhlangano ezifana ne-Friends of Notre Dame zicela iminikelo yokusiza ukugcina impilo ende yesonto. I-Paris inezindawo eziningi eziningi ezinezici ze-architecture ye-Gothic njenge-arrondissement yoku-1, yesi-3, yesi-4, yesi-5 neyesi-7.

Ukwehliswa kwesitayela se-Gothic

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, abaculi abaningi baseFlemish bathuthela eFrance futhi kwadalwa isitayela se-Franco-Flemish, ebonisa ubuhle kanye nesithakazelo emininingwaneni emincane; yasakazeka kakhulu kangangokuba yaze yaziwa ngokuthi Isitayela Samazwe Ngamazwe.

Cishe ngalesi sikhathi ukudweba kwephaneli, ngaphansi kobuholi Bezifunda zaseFlanders nase-Italy, kwaphakama ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zokudweba. Ngekhulu leshumi nanhlanu. abadwebi ngabanye, njengalaba:

  • UStephan Lochner
  • UMartin Schonguer
  • UMathias Grunewald

Bamaka eJalimane, umvuthwandaba wobuciko be-Gothic. Abanye, njengoJean Fouquet waseFrance kanye noVan Eycks eFlanders, bakhombe indlela eya kuRenaissance ngenkathi begcina umoya omkhulu wamaGothic. E-Italy yekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, lapho isitayela samaGothic sasingakaze sibambe khona ngempela, i-Renaissance yokuqala yayisivele iqhakaza ngokugcwele.

Ukuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo ze-gothic

Njengabo bonke ubuciko, izici zezakhiwo ze-Gothic bekungelona ifomula emile, kunalokho zavela ngokuhamba kweminyaka futhi zabona ukuthuthukiswa nokuqanjwa okusha njengoba abadwebi bezakhiwo nabakhi abahlukene baklama imiqondo emisha futhi bayisebenzisa.

Imihlobiso emikhulu, enezithombe eziningi ezibaziweyo neziyinkimbinkimbi, iguqule izakhiwo eziningi zesiGoth zaba yizindawo zemibukiso yezobuciko zangempela ngaphandle konyawo olulodwa lwembulwe iqembu lezenkolo, osanta namademoni. Usilingi ophahleni, izinqamuleli ezindizayo namafasitela ezingilazi ezinemibala konke kwabona inguquko efanayo futhi kwaba nemininingwane eningilizayo nokusebenza kahle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Kodwa-ke, izakhiwo zamaGothic zagcina zingasathandwa ngemva kwekhulu le-XNUMX futhi zathathelwa indawo yizinhlobo zezakhiwo zakudala ezalethwa iRenaissance. Nakuba izindlela zamaGothic zafiphala kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lapho, ngekhulu le-XNUMX, abaklami bezakhiwo abaningi bayithola iyinhle futhi ingakhangi, yaba nemvuselelo maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX futhi ithonya layo lisaqhubeka nokugqugquzela izakhiwo kuze kube namuhla.

Uma uthole le ndatshana emayelana nezici zezakhiwo zeGothic ithakazelisa, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye:


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