Kulesi sihloko sizochaza izici ze-Changos, ukuthi ziyini, izinhlobo ezikhona nokuthi injani indawo yalesi silwane, amasiko nemikhuba yayo, kanye namaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nalezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezinobungane ezitholakala izingxenye eziningi zeplanethi.. Sikumema ukuba ufunde lesi sihloko.
Yini iChango?
Inkawu noma inkawu ibizwa ngokuthi isilwane esincelisayo kanye nesilwane esincelisayo, esihlanganyela ngezigaba zezoological (taxon) nomuntu futhi ngokomzimba nangokokuziphatha sifana nayo ngaphezu kwanoma yisiphi esinye isilwane emhlabeni. Eqinisweni, izinkawu ziyizilwane ezinikezwe ukuhlakanipha okuphezulu. Iyisihlobo esiseduze sohlobo lwethu, nakuba ingefani nezinye izinhlobo zezimfene njengegorilla noma imfene.
Ngokwesayensi ziyizilwane eziphakeme, ezinezinga eliphezulu lobuhlakani, elivumela ukuba zibe izidalwa ezihlala nabantu, zibe nenhlangano ye-hierarchical futhi zixazulule izinkinga ngendlela yokuqala kakhulu.
Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-260 zezinkawu noma zezinkawu emhlabeni, eziningi zazo ezingezona izitshalo. Uhlobo ngalunye lunegama elihlukile elivame ukusetshenziswa ngendlela evamile njengokungathi lifana kakhulu noma lincane, njengama-macaque, izimfene, izinkawu, nezinye ezimbalwa. Igama lenkawu liphinde lisetshenziswe njengegama elifanayo lenkawu, nakuba isayensi yezilwane ibahlukanisa ngoba lezi azinawo umsila.
Izici ze-Changos
Izinkawu ziyizilwane ezincelisayo ezinomgogodla wezilwane ezincelisayo, eziyingxenye yezinkawu kanye nemindeni yama-platyrrhine, okuyizinkawu zezwe elisha, nama-cercopithecoids, okuyizinkawu zezwe elidala, ezihlukile ezinkawini, eziseduze nomuntu, nazo. bathole igama lama-hominoid, njengoba kunjalo nge-orangutan, i-chimpanzee, i-gorilla noma ama-gibbons. Umehluko wukuthi banomsila, i-skeleton yakudala futhi, ngokuvamile, usayizi omncane.
Habitat
Inkawu igcwele ezindaweni ezifana neMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu. Indawo yokuhlala yenkawu yizindawo ezifudumele nezamahlathi ezitholakala endaweni yenkabazwe, nakuba uhlobo ngalunye luye lwakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezithile ezihlala emahlathini nama-savannah.
Ezwekazini laseMelika, izinkawu ziningi kakhulu ezindaweni zaseMelika Ephakathi, eNingizimu Melika naseMexico. Uma sizibheka eYurophu, sizozithola endaweni yaseGibraltar, kodwa ikakhulukazi, singazithola emahlathini ase-Afrika nase-Asia.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo
Ukuntuleka kokuqonda inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlobo zikaCharles Darwin kuye kwaholela enkolelweni ethandwayo yokuthi inkawu iyisihlobo sikakhokho womuntu, kuyilapho empeleni iyisihlobo esikude.
Okubonakala kuyiqiniso ngokwesayensi ukuthi zonke izinkawu zizovela kukhokho oyedwa, owashiya eceleni zonke ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zagibela ezihlahleni, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-65.000.000 edlule. Ngalesi sikhathi, impilo yayichichima ezinyonini nasezilwaneni ezincelisayo futhi yaqala ukuzivumelanisa nezindawo ezintsha zokuhlala, njenge-arboreal.
Le protoprimate ngabe yaba nguyise wama-lemurs, ama-lori kanye nezinhlobo ezifanayo, ngaleyo ndlela yadedela igatsha lokuziphendukela kwemvelo elakwazi ukubangela ukuba khona kwezinkawu zokuqala ezinomsila, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingamashumi amane edlule, kucatshangelwa ukuthi into enjalo yenzeka ezwenikazi lase-Asia.
Ukuziphatha
Izinkawu ziyizilwane ezinobudlelwane, ziphila impilo evamile ehlelwe yi-hierarchies futhi zinekhono lokuhlinzeka ngothando, inkampani nokunaka ngokufana okusikhumbuza ukuziphatha komuntu. Amaqembu azinzile aphathwa ngobudlelwano obunamandla, obuhlala njalo phakathi kwabesilisa noma iqembu labesilisa elithathwa njengabaholi. Ezinsikazi zinomkhuba wokuhlala impilo yazo yonke eqenjini labo lokuzalwa.
Lawa maqembu ezinkawu ayaqaphela futhi alandele izigaba zomphakathi wawo, lapho umuntu ngamunye enesikhundla esithile futhi abelane ngemikhuba efana nokuhlomisana, esebenzisa lo mkhuba njengendlela yokuqinisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwabo.
Ukuphila isikhathi eside
Isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwezinkawu siyahlukahluka kuye ngezinhlobo ezikuzo. Izinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke zingaphila iminyaka eyi-10, kanti izinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zingaphila iminyaka engama-50 ubudala.
Ukudla
Ukudla kwezinkawu kuhluke kakhulu, kungashiwo ukuthi ziyi-omnivar, nakuba zikhetha izithelo, imbewu, amagxolo, izinambuzane kanye nezinhlobo ezivamile lapho indawo yazo itholakala khona eziqongweni zemithi. Kodwa-ke, akuvamile ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zizingele amagundane nezinyoni ezincane, noma zidle ezinye izinhlobo zezinkawu ezincane.
Ukuzala
Izinkawu, ngokwezinhlobo zazo, zingaba nesithembu noma zibe nonkosikazi oyedwa kuze kube sekufeni. Ngokomjikelezo wabo wokuphila, bangafinyelela ekuvuthweni kwezocansi ezinyangeni eziyi-18 noma cishe iminyaka eyi-8, futhi isikhathi sabo sokukhulelwa siphakathi kwezinyanga ezi-4 neziyisi-8, futhi ngesikhathi sokubeletha, okujwayelekile ukuba nengane eyodwa noma ezimbili.
Ukufuduka kweChango
Izinkawu zinezitho ezizijwayele eziqongweni zezihlahla, okwenza izinyawo nezandla zazo zibe nezinga elifanayo le-prehensile, lokhu ngenhloso eyodwa yokukwazi ukubambelela emagatsheni ngokuqinile. Ngakho, kungenzeka ukuthi zingakwazi ukunyakaza ngesivinini esikhulu nangokushelela. Kodwa lapho zisendaweni eyisicaba, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunyakaza kwazo kuba nzima ngoba azinazo izinyawo eziyisicaba, njengabantu, zokuzisekela.
Ukuhlukahluka kweChango
Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-270 ezaziwa futhi ezilotshiwe zezinkawu, mayelana ne-135 ezweni elidala kanye ne-135 ezweni elisha, ngakho-ke zilinganisela kakhulu. Lezi zisukela ezimfeneni ezincane nezisheshayo njenge-American Marmoset, kuya ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu nezinezimpiko ezinjenge-spider monkey noma imfene edumile.
Umehluko womzimba, ikakhulukazi kulokho okuhlobene nezinwele, izilinganiso nezinye izici ziphezulu kakhulu, ngakho lezo zinhlobo zendabuko ziyakwazi ukuhlukaniswa kalula futhi zivame ukuba yizimpawu zezilwane kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zezifunda ezihlukahlukene ezihlala kuzo.
Izinkawu Zezwe Elisha
Ziyizinkawu ze-Platyrrhinni e-parvorden kanye nemindeni ye-Cebidae, i-Aotidae, i-Atelidae, i-Callitrichidae ne-Pitheciidae, njengoba kunjalo ngezinkawu zesicabucabu, izinkawu ezikhalayo, izinkawu ze-squirrel, ama-marmoset nama-tamarin. Bayinzalo yezinkawu zeZwe Elidala, futhi nakuba bekungenakwenzeka ukwazi kahle ukuthi bafika kanjani eMelika, okungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi okhokho bokuqala bafika eNingizimu Melika kuqala, ngenxa yeziqhingi ezaziseNyakatho Melika. I-Atlantic cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-40 edlule.
Ingabe uChangos uyacabanga?
Ngokocwaningo lwakamuva lwezinkawu ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia kuphakanyiswa ukuthi zinemodi ezenzakalelayo yomsebenzi wobuchopho. Futhi olunye ucwaningo lwama-macaque aphapheme olwanyatheliswa ngo-2009 lwabonisa ukuthi acindezela umsebenzi we-neural ku-posterior cingulate cortex ngenkathi ezama ukwenza umsebenzi othile.
Okunye ukuhlola okwenziwa ngezimfene, okuyizilwane ezisondelene kakhulu nabantu, nakho kuphakamisa ukuthi ubuchopho bazo bungakwazi ukuletha izinkumbulo zazo esikhathini samanje. Kodwa kuze kube manje azikho izifundo ze-positron emission tomography ezenziwe ukuze kutholwe ukuthi ingabe izinkawu zinohlobo olufanayo lomsebenzi wobuchopho ozenzakalelayo njengabantu.
Isimo sokulondolozwa kwe-Chango
Izinhlobo eziningi zezinkawu zisongelwa noma zisengozini, ngenxa yokulahlekelwa indawo yazo yokuhlala, ngenxa yokugawulwa kwemithi nokugawulwa kwamahlathi okubashiya bengenamakhaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibonelo zazo eziningi zizingelwa njengezindebe noma ziqothulwe abalimi, abazibona njengosongo ezitshalweni zabo. Kulezi, izinhlobo ezingama-25 zibhekwa njengezisengozini enkulu, ikakhulukazi eMadagascar, enezinhlobo eziyisi-6, iVietnam enezinhlobo ezi-5, ne-Indonesia enezinhlobo ezi-3.
Uma usithandile lesi sihloko, ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo yokufunda: