Ingabe ungathanda ukwazi mayelana izibalo zezezimali, Ziyini futhi zisebenza kanjani? Qiniseka ukuthi ufunda lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo esiwusizo kakhulu ekukhuleni kwakho kochwepheshe.
Izibalo zezezimali
Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke sekuyinto ephelele enemiphetho eminingi kuyo yonke imisebenzi eyenziwa yindoda yaleli khulu leminyaka. Izinguquko zithuthuka zilandelana futhi ngesivinini esimangalisayo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo esingabonakali, ngaphezu kwakho konke, emkhakheni wezezimali osebenza njengenkomba ekuqinisweni kokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nezindlela zokonga.
Iyini izibalo zezezimali?
I-Las izibalo zezezimali zingaqanjwa njengegatsha lezibalo ezijwayelekile, into efundwayo yizimo zezezimali, ukusebenzisana kwemali kugeleza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
El zezimali izibalo umqondo kuqondwa njengesethi yemisebenzi enquma uhlobo lwemali kanye nokuguqulwa kwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokuvumelana nomthetho wezezimali.
Ukusebenza kwezezimali kungaba kwezinhlobo ezimbili: Okulula lapho okukhona khona imali ekuqaleni nenye ekupheleni komsebenzi futhi kuhlanganisa ukubalwa kwenzalo nesaphulelo olunye uhlobo yimisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi noma ukuqashwa okuhilela izindlela zokukhokha, njenge- izitolimende zemalimboleko.
Izicelo zezibalo zezimali
Emhlabeni wocwaningo lwemisebenzi, izibalo zezezimali zibalulekile ekwenzeni isinqumo esingcono kakhulu mayelana nokutshalwa kwezimali kumaphrojekthi noma ukutshalwa kwezimali, kungokusebenzisa lezi lapho umtshali-zimali ethola khona ukuzethemba ekutshalweni kwephrojekthi esikhathini esizayo. .
Ngalesi sizathu, umphathi obhekele iphrojekthi ethile kufanele asingathe imiqondo eyisisekelo, njengokwazi ukubaluleka komqondo wenani lemali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengento eyinhloko yezibalo zezezimali, kanye nekhono lokunquma ukusebenzisana. phakathi kokuguquguquka kokugeleza kwemali, kungaba esikhathini samanje noma esizayo. Ngokuyisisekelo imathematika yezezimali ifunda inani lemali, uthishanhloko kanye nenzalo.
Zisebenza kanjani izibalo zezezimali?
Abantu nezinkampani benza izinqumo nsuku zonke njengoba sishilo ngenhla, kodwa inani elikhulu lalezo zinqumo liqukethwe umkhawulo wesimo somnotho, ikakhulukazi uma isifiso sihlanganisa ukutshala imali kwezinye izindlela eziningi ukuze bakwazi ukukhetha inketho esebenzayo, ungwaqa. ngezinjongo zephrojekthi, kulapho izibalo zezezimali ziqala khona ukusebenza.
Isibikezelo esingcono kakhulu yileso esidala ukuzethemba kumtshali-zimali noma inhlangano futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezibalo zezezimali kuyindlela engcono kakhulu noma indlela yokuqinisekisa isibikezelo esisebenzayo sokutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi esizayo, okuqinisekisa ukwenziwa ngokugcwele kwezinsiza ezitholakalayo.
Umbono wemodeli yokutshala imali ebikezelwayo, endaweni yomuntu siqu noma yebhizinisi, kufanele uphendule imibuzo ethile ebalulekile, njengokuthi: Ingabe ukwenza iphrojekthi noma ukutshalwa kwezimali kufanele? Kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa ingqalasizinda ekhona njengamanje ukuze kuzuzwe izinjongo ezihlongozwayo kumfuziselo wephrojekthi? Ingabe isikhathi sizoba esanele sokwenza lo msebenzi? Yiziphi ezinye izindlela ezihlongozwayo ezizoba yinketho engcono kakhulu yokutshalwa kwezimali noma inhlangano?
Ngakho-ke, izimpendulo zale mibuzo ziyizinkomba ezimangalisayo eziqondisa futhi ziqondise ukulahla noma ukuqeda ukutshalwa kwezimali noma amaphrojekthi angahlangabezani nezimo zokungenzeka uma izimpendulo zingacacile noma zididekile mayelana nokutholakala kokusebenzisa noma cha izinsiza zezezimali. umtshali-zimali noma inhlangano.
Kungakho ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo yokuthatha izinqumo maqondana nendlela yezixazululo noma ezinye izindlela maqondana nenkinga ebhekene nayo kuba sobala uma lowo muntu noma umphathi wephrojekthi esebenzisa usizo lwezibalo zezezimali njengethuluzi lokubonisana, ukuhlaziya kanye nokuhlolwa kwenqubo.
Njengoba izibalo zezezimali zifunda ukuguqulwa kwemali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwayo.
Imali ilahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.Kuyiqiniso elifakazelwe, okungcono, lesi simo sibonakala uma kunesimo sokwehla kwamandla emali noma ukwehla kwenani lemali, lapho kulahleka inani lokuthenga. Ake sithi ukwehla kwamandla emali ngesikhathi esinikeziwe kuphansi noma akukho, ngendlela efanayo imali iyancipha futhi ukuqagela kwevelu yayo yesikhathi esizayo kuzoba nenani eliphansi kakhulu kunamanje.
Kulolu hlelo lwemibono, kukhona abanye ochwepheshe isizathu esingokwengqondo esingachaza lesi simo. Kukholakala ukuthi abantu banezintandokazi ekusetshenzisweni kokusetshenziswa kwamanje, kunokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esizayo, kanye nethuba lokutshala izimali kumaphrojekthi athola imbuyiselo yangempela futhi eqhubekayo.
Incazelo yenani lemali idale inzalo futhi yakha incazelo lapho amanani alinganayo emali engeke abe nenani elifanayo uma abekwe ngokwemibandela yesikhathi ehlukene, inqobo nje uma izinga lenzalo elimisiwe lingalingani noziro.
Kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi isimo somnotho sokwehla kwamandla emali sihlanekezela amandla okuthenga noma sehlisa inani lemali. Kuyithuba lokubonisa isenzo sokwehla kwamandla emali ngesibonelo esilula, ake sithi umuntu uhola i-$ 1000 ngenyanga, kodwa phakathi nonyaka, amandla abo okuthenga ayancipha ekuthengeni izimpahla nezinsizakalo, ngakho-ke, kubonakala kuthinteka ukwehla kwemali. Kafushane, amandla ayo okuthenga makhulu namuhla kunokuba kuzoba unyaka kusukela manje.
Masichaze inzalo njengemali engenayo noma irenti okufanele ikhokhwe ngokusebenzisa imali ebolekiwe. Njengomfanekiso siletha isibonelo esilandelayo:
Umuntu ufaka isicelo semalimboleko yomuntu siqu ebhange lezentengiselwano. Kufanele uthobele uchungechunge lwezimfuneko noma izibopho ezikhona esicelweni, lapho lapho ubuyisela imali ebolekiwe kufanele ukhokhe imali eyengeziwe enqunywa inani lasebhange esikhathini esisungulwe phakathi komsebenzisi wemali mboleko kanye nebhizinisi lasebhange, leyo mali enqwabelene. inkokhelo izinzalo.
Kungabonakala kulokho okushiwo esibonelweni sangaphambili ukuthi inzalo ihlanganisa isivuno umuntu anaso lapho etshala imali ngendlela ekhiqizayo.
Inzalo inezici ezimbili, njengezindleko zekhephithali: Iyinzalo ekhokhelwa ukusetshenziswa kwemali ebolekiwe noma njengembuyiselo noma isilinganiso sembuyiselo lapho inkomba kuyinzalo etholwe kutshalomali. Uma ungathanda ukwazi okwengeziwe ngentshisekelo, sikunikeza lesi sixhumanisi Izilinganiso zenzalo yezezimali
Inzalo ngokuvamile ikalwa ngokwenyuka phakathi kwesamba sokuqala esitshaliwe noma esibolekiwe (P) kanye nenani lokugcina noma inani eliqoqwe noma elikhokhiwe. Kusukela kulokhu okungenhla kuyalandela ukuthi uma senza imali ebolekiwe noma sitshala imali yemali engu-$P, ngemva kwesikhashana sizoba nenani eliqoqiwe elingu-$F, khona-ke inzalo ekhokhiwe noma etholiwe ingamelwa yinkulumo elandelayo:
I = F - P
Ake sibone isibonelo esilula: Ake sithi isamba esingu-$1.200.000 sifakwe ebhange lezentengiselwano esikhathini esiyizinyanga eziyisi-8. Izoba yini inzalo ezuzwe ngumlondolozi?
I = FP= 1.400.000-1.200.000= $200.000
Lokhu kuhluka kwemali ku-$200.000 ezinyangeni ezingu-8 kubizwa inani lesikhathi semali futhi isilinganiso sakhona simele inzalo ezuziwe.
Sizochaza igama ngalinye elisetshenziswa kuzibalo zezezimali, ukuze uqonde kangcono.
Izinga lenzalo
Izinga lenzalo likala inani lenzalo njengephesenti lenkathi ethile yesikhathi. Inani elinqunyelwe kuyunithi yesikhathi kuwo wonke amayunithi emali ayikhulu ($100) atshaliwe noma athathwa njengemalimboleko.
isibonelo, kuthiwa: 30% ngonyaka, 15% ingxenye yonyaka, 10% ngekota, 3% njalo ngenyanga. Okusho ukuthi, uma izinga lingama-30% ngonyaka, kusho ukuthi kuwo wonke ama-dollar ayi-100 etshaliwe noma ebolekiwe, kukhiqizwa inzalo engu-$30 ngonyaka. Uma izinga lingu-15% nge-semester ngayinye, vele ku-$ 100 ngayinye, i-$ 15 izokhokhwa njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, uma izinga liyi-10% ngekota, i-$ 10 izotholwa noma ikhokhwe njalo ezinyangeni ezintathu futhi ekugcineni uma izinga liyi-3% nyanga zonke, bese kuthi u-$3 wanyanga zonke uzotholwa noma akhokhwe.
Izinga lenzalo lingase lincike enanini elikhulu lezinto eziguquguqukayo zezomnotho ezingase zenzeke eSifundazweni, njengalezi: ukunikezwa kwemali, izinqubomgomo ezithathwe uhulumeni maqondana nezindaba zezomnotho, ukwehla kwamandla emali nokunye.
Bese-ke, izinga lenzalo liyinkomba enkulu lapho wethula ukuthi uMbuso usabalalisa kanjani izimali zawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okugqugquzela ukuqaliswa kokutshalwa kwezimali ngendlela esobala nesebenzayo phakathi kwabatshalizimali. Izinga lenzalo lichazwa njengenani lemali etholwe njengenzalo (I) kanye nenani elitshaliwe noma elibolekiwe.
Ukusebenzisa lesi sibalo:
i=I/P.
Izinga lenzalo lihlale livezwa ngephesenti, njengalena: 3% ngenyanga, 10%, ingxenye yonyaka, 30% ngonyaka, kodwa uma isetshenziswa kunoma iyiphi i-equation yezibalo kuyadingeka ukuyiguqula ibe inombolo yedesimali, isibonelo: 0,03, 0,10 .0,30 kanye no-XNUMX.
Iyunithi yesikhathi evame ukucatshangelwa unyaka, nokho, ziphinde zivezwe ngamayunithi esikhathi amancane kunonyaka; uma kwenzeka iyunithi yesikhathi ingaboniswa, kuhlale kucatshangwa ukuthi iyinani lonyaka.
Sizochaza lokhu ngesibonelo:
Ibhange lezentengiselwano liboleka umuntu isamba sika-$2.000.000 futhi ngemva kwenyanga eyodwa akhokhe u-$2.050.000. Bala inani lenzalo nezinga lenzalo elikhokhiwe.
I= FP = 2.050.000 – 2.000.000 = $50.000
I= I/P = $50.000/2.000.000 = 0,025 noma 25% ngenyanga
Ikhephithali iyisamba semali etshaliwe futhi iyingxenye yezinto ezibalulekile zokuqonda umhlaba wezezimali.
Amanani wenzalo
Ngezansi sizochaza amanani enzalo.
Intshisekelo elula
Iqukethe indlela ehlala ibalwa ngayo ngokusekelwe enanini lokuqala, okungukuthi, inhloko-dolobha lapho iba khona iyacatshangelwa, ngale ndlela enkathini ngayinye yesikhathi, Inzalo ilingana nenani lokuqala eliphindaphindwe isilinganiso senzalo. Inzalo. Lesi isibalo sentshisekelo esilula.
M=C (1+it)
Kule zibalo ezingenhla, sibhekisela enanini njengevelu yesikhathi esizayo, ngokubhekisela enanini lemali i-investimenti ezofinyelela kuyo ngedethi ethile yesikhathi esizayo, njengoba iyinani lemali utshalomali oluzofinyelela kulo ngedethi ezayo ngokudala inzalo. ngesilinganiso esithile elula.
Sidweba lokho okushiwo ngesibonelo:
Unothishanhloko ka-$100, futhi ufuna ukwazi ukuthi inani lemali lizoba yini ezinyangeni eziyisi-6, uthatha ngokuthi inzalo esebenzayo ingu-5% ngenyanga. Ngaphansi kwale fomula, isisho sezibalo siletha umphumela olandelayo:
M=C (1+ It)
100+(1+6*0,05) = 130
$100 izinyanga eziyisithupha nayo yonke imibandela okuvunyelwene ngayo, kuzosho ukuthi imali yokugcina izoba ngu-$130.
Inzalo ehlanganisiwe
Imali nesikhathi yizici ezimbili ezikhona ebudlelwaneni bebhizinisi labantu.Uma kwenzeka kuba nemali eningi, lokhu kungalondolozwa ngesikhathi esithile, ukuze inzalo ikhulise inani lemali yokuqala.
Endabeni yenzalo ehlanganisiwe, isetshenziswa esikhathini eside nesifushane, isici esiyinhloko ukuthi inzalo ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi esithile iba yingxenye yemali enkulu, ukuze inzalo iqongelele inzalo eyengeziwe. Ifomula yayo imi kanje:
M = C+(1*i) t
Ake sibone ukuthi yini evezwa ngesibonelo
Unothishanhloko ka-$100, futhi ufuna ukwazi ukuthi inani lemali lizoba yini ezinyangeni eziyisi-6, uthatha ngokuthi inzalo esebenzayo ingu-5% ngenyanga. Ngaphansi kwale fomula, isisho sezibalo siletha umphumela olandelayo:
100 + (1*0,05)6 = 134
Umehluko we-$ 4, uhambelana neqiniso lokuthi inzalo yenyanga ye-1, yayiyinhloko yenyanga yesi-2 njalonjalo.
Okulandelayo, sikunikeza okulandelayo okulalelwayo nokubonwayo ngezibalo zezezimali.