La izakhiwo zesimanjemanje ugcizelele ukusebenza, ubulula nokuhluzeka kwengqondo, edala izindlela ezintsha zokukhuluma ezinobuhle obuhlukile nobusha. Isitayela esisha ngokuphelele ngaleso sikhathi, esamukelwa izizwe futhi ongasithola ngezansi kulesi sihloko.
I-architecture yesimanjemanje
I-Modernism iyinhlangano yomhlaba wonke yezokwakha nokuklama eyavela ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMX njengempendulo ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni kanye nezinguquko zezenhlalo ezazenzeka.
Ukulandela ukuhleleka kanye nemithetho yendawo yonke yale nqubo, izakhiwo zesimanjemanje zasebenzisa izinto ezintsha nobuchwepheshe obuphambili, zenqaba imibono nezitayela ezindala, zendabuko nezomlando, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuhlobisa ngokweqile. Lobu buhle obusha bubangele izakhiwo zesimanje, ezihlukaniswa ngemigqa ehlanzekile, amafomu alula wejometri, ubujamo obuyi-cubic obumsulwa, amafasitela amakhulu, uphahla oluyisicaba, nezikhala zangaphakathi ezivulekile, ezisebenzayo nezivumelana nezimo.
Izakhiwo zayo ezibushelelezi eziveziwe zazibhekwa njengezifanele zonke izizwe namasiko, njengoba kungewona ukwakheka kwemizwelo, njengoba kunjalo ngezitayela zokuvuselela, ngokuphambene nalokho, isungula izinto ezintsha, ihlola futhi incane.
Ukuzalwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje kwafika ngesikhathi lapho ubuciko, yonke into eyenziwa ngesandla, ithathelwa indawo yizimboni, yonke into eyenziwa ngemishini. Abadwebi bezakhiwo banamuhla basebenze ukuze bavuselele amafomu okwakha ayegxile kakhulu endleleni abantu ababephila ngayo hhayi lokho abakuthola kukuhle.
Kuyini izakhiwo zesimanje?
Izakhiwo zesimanje ziyisitayela sokwakha esigcizelela ukusebenza kanye nefomu elilula phezu kokuhlobisa. Kuthathwa njengokusuka ezindlini ezinemininingwane eminingi nezihlotshisiwe njenge-Queen Anne, i-Victorian, noma izitayela ze-Gothic Revival.
I-Modernism Architecture ngokuvamile ihilela imigqa ebukhali, ehlanzekile. Nokho, kunezitayela ezihlukahlukene zezakhiwo zesimanje. Kusukela ngo-1930 kuya ku-1970, izitayela ze-Expressionist, Constructivist, ne-Mid-Century Modern zingabonakala, uma sibala ezimbalwa.
umlando wezakhiwo zesimanjemanje
Ukunyakaza kwesimanje kwakungeyona eyesikhashana futhi kuhlanganisa izitayela ezincane ezimbalwa eziqeda iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha. Lokhu kungenza kube nzima ukuthola isiqalo esiqondile sesitayela. Ukuzalwa kwezikhungo zesimanje zokuklama emqondweni wokuthi ifomu kufanele lilandele umsebenzi futhi umgqugquzeli oyinhloko walesi sitatimende kwakungumakhi uLouis Sullivan owaklama izakhiwo ze-Chicago World's Fair ka-1893. Umbono waba ku-mantra kanye nesisekelo esiyisisekelo sesimanjemanje. abaklami bezakhiwo.
Ubuhle besimanje bedizayini babusebenza ngokugcwele ngo-1930 futhi yaziwa ngokuthi I-International Modernism noma Isitayela Samazwe Ngamazwe, igama elaqalwa embukisweni wezakhiwo zikaPhilip Johnson ngo-1932. Ngokuvamile, ukukhuphuka kwezakhiwo zesimanje kugcina maphakathi nekhulunyaka. , kodwa isitayela somklamo sisathonya izakhiwo kuze kube sekupheleni kwawo.
Nakuba ukukhula kwesimanjemanje kwezokwakha kwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka yawo-1920 no-1950, umsuka wayo usukela ekuKhanyiseni kanye nokwanda kwayo ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe.
Kodwa-ke, umlando wayo uvame ukuhlukaniswa ube yizinkathi ezintathu, zakuqala, zesimanje kanye nezakamuva, lapho iziqubulo ezidume kakhulu zezakhiwo zakhiwe. Sazise ezinye zezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zesimanjemanje:
Ikhulu nesishiyagalombili
I-Modernism yathonywa ukuKhanya noma njengoba yaziwa iNkathi Yokucabanga, eyaletha iNguquko Yezimboni. Ngokuyinhloko yayisekelwe ekuhlakanipheni, ukubuyela emuva ku-Descartes, umbono wakhe womhlaba wawungowomshini, osebenza ngemithetho yemishini. I-Modernism yathatha imibono ye-rationalism futhi yasungula ukunemba ekwakhiweni kanye nokujwayela izimo zezakhiwo embonini.
Esinye seziqubulo zezakhiwo zesimanje zikaLe Corbusier ngo-1921, sathi "indlu ingumshini wokuhlala", ebhekisa eqinisweni lokuthi isakhiwo kumele sibe nokuhlanzeka kohlobo lomshini oklanywe kahle futhi sisebenze njengezicucu. okufanayo. Umbono "wobuhle bomshini" ovela ku-Descartes uchaza omunye wemiqondo emaphakathi yesimanjemanje.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye
Umsunguli wesimanje u-Adolf Loos naye waba nomthelela omkhulu ku-modernism, indaba yakhe eyanyatheliswa ngo-1908 yanikeza isiqubulo esithi, "Umhlobiso ungubugebengu", ebhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi ukuhlobisa okuningi kwakuwukumosha imali, abasebenzi kanye nempahla, ukuvikela. njalo umnotho wokwakha.
Kuyena, njengendoda yesimanje, ukulula kwakwaziswa kakhulu futhi umhlobiso wawungenayo incazelo, indawo noma ukubaluleka emphakathini wanamuhla. Le purism yobuhle ibonakala kuzo zonke izakhiwo zesimanje zezakhiwo, ezibonakala ngokulula nokuqedwa kokuhlobisa.
Ngokulandela umugqa womcabango kaLoos, abaklami besimanje babheka imihlobiso njengophawu lwesikhathi esidlule, lwezitayela zakudala nezomlando, base beyisusa, benikeza indlela nokuvelela ukuhlanza izakhiwo ezinendawo ebushelelezi futhi ngaphandle kwemihlobiso.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX
Kubhekwa njengoyise wesimanjemanje, Louis sullivan waqamba esinye isiqubulo esidumile ngo-1918, "ifomu lilandela umsebenzi", okwakuyithonya eliyinhloko kubadwebi bezakhiwo besimanje njenga UMies van der Rohe. Isiqubulo sikaSullivan sathi inhloso yokuklama isakhiwo kwakuwukunikeza umsebenzi ongcono futhi umklamo kufanele usuke ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Ukufingqa, ukwakhiwa kwe-modernism kwabeka kuqala umsebenzi futhi umsebenzi wawuyisisekelo sefomu.
I-Bauhaus yesimanjemanje
Ithonya leModernism ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo lisukela eBauhaus, isikole saseJalimane sezokwakha nokuklama esasungulwa ngo-1919 UWalter Gropius kanye UMies, uMarcel Breuer, uWassily Kandinsky, noPaul Klee. I-Bauhaus ihlanganise ubuciko nobuchwepheshe, ubuciko nokukhiqizwa kwezimboni, ngaleyo ndlela ivuselela umklamo ukuze kube lula ukuphila kwansuku zonke.
Ikhulu lama-XNUMX
Kusukela ekwenqatshweni kokuhlobisa okuvuna umsebenzi, kuya ekusesheni izisombululo zezinkinga zomphakathi, ukwakheka kwesimanjemanje kube nomthelela ekuklanyweni kwezakhiwo kusukela ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II. Kodwa-ke, izimiso eziyinhloko ezifana nokuphikisana nomlando, indima, inqubekelaphambili, kanye nokuziphatha komphakathi okuhunyushelwe ekulindelweni okuphezulu ngokuvamile kwehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zangempela kanye nezidingo zemindeni nemiphakathi.
Ngawo-XNUMX, izakhiwo zesimanje kwathiwa zifile futhi izakhiwo eziningi zesimanje zabhidlizwa. Kodwa, kuze kube namuhla, izakhiwo zenkathi yesimanje njenge-Kensal House yomdwebi wamaNgisi UMaxwell Fry, zihlale ziyizibonelo ezidumile zezixazululo zezindlu zomphakathi eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili ngemva kokwakhiwa kwazo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inyunyana yobuchwepheshe nokuklama okwakuyindinganiso yesimanje yasinika amaphrojekthi nentuthuko emisha futhi eqinile, efana ne-skyscraper.
Izici ze-modernism architecture
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, kunezitayela eziningi zezakhiwo zesimanje, ezinezici ezichazayo. Phakathi kwezinto ezivame kakhulu nezijwayelekile ezingabonakala cishe kuzo zonke izakhiwo zezakhiwo zesimanje zifakiwe:
- Ukuhlanzeka emigqeni: lezi zakhiwo azikho umhlobiso futhi kuvame kakhulu ukuthi zibe nomfaniswano, isiphetho esilula futhi esibushelelezi.
- Ama-overhangs ophahleni olubanzi: Izindlu zanamuhla zigcizelela izakhiwo ezivundlile eziphansi ezinama-overhang amakhulu ophahla.
- Izindonga zengilazi namafasitela amakhulu: Uqinisekile ukuthi ubona ukusetshenziswa kwengilazi okuhle, okuvumela ukukhanya okuningi kwemvelo ngaphakathi.
- Amapulani Aphansi Avulekile, Achazwe Kahle: Ngokugxila efomini phezu komsebenzi, abaklami bezakhiwo besimanje bafuna ukufaka amapulani amakhulu, abanzi, anezindawo zokudlela nezindawo zokuhlala ezigelezela kwenye.
- Izinto zokwakha zesimanje nezendabuko: Ezinye ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa insimbi, i-cinder block, insimbi, nengilazi. Izinto ezivamile ezinjengokhuni, izitini namatshe zazisetshenziswa kalula ukuze zibonise ubuhle bazo bemvelo.
- Bagcina ubudlelwano nezindawo zangaphandle: bazicabangela ngokungathí sina izindawo zokwakha nokuthi izakhiwo zizohlobana kanjani nemvelo ezungezile ezizungezile.
- I-Asymmetrical Designs: Abaklami besimanje basebenzise futhi bahlanganisa amafomu amakhulu, athambile, bakha izingoma ezihlelwe ngokuhlanzekile ezingenakho ukuhlotshiswa okwengeziwe.
Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo Nge-Modernism Architecture
Ngokuqinisekile lesi sitayela sasakazeka emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwempi. Amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo nezici zokwakhiwa kwesiteji sesimanjemanje zifaka:
- Indikimba eyinhloko bekuwukususwa kwemihlobiso.
Izitayela zangaphambilini zezakhiwo zesimanje zazisenokusetshenziswa okuthile kokuhlobisa, kunjalo nge Frank Lloyd Wright, okuzohlanganisa amafasitela engilazi yobuciko, ngenhloso yokuthi akukho mdwebo owengeziwe ozodingeka. Kodwa-ke, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwesimanjemanje kuyahlaziya futhi akunabukhazikhazi.
- Izakhiwo zesimanje zihlukile kwezamanje.
Kukhona ukudideka okukhulu ukuthi izakhiwo zesimanje nezesimanje ziyefana, kodwa akunjalo. Izakhiwo zesimanje zagqugquzelwa inhlangano yobuciko eyaziwa ngokuthi i-modernism futhi yahlala kwaze kwaba ngu-1960.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, izakhiwo zesimanje zihlanganisa yonke into eyayiyizakhiwo ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha, kuze kube manje. Ngamafuphi, izakhiwo zesimanje zibonisa izitayela zanamuhla, ezibonakala zihluke kakhulu.
- Izindlu zanamuhla zazibhekwa njengezibandayo kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
Izindlu zesimanje zazingamavukelambuso ngoba zamukela umqondo wendawo egelezayo, ziqhubeka nokulahla imfuhlumfuhlu nempahla eyeqile. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abadwebi abaningi bezakhiwo bawubekela inselele lo mbono oqinile wendawo nokuntuleka kwezinto, bewubheka njengento ebandayo futhi engenabuntu.
Lolu shintsho embonweni lwaletha imiklamo yesimanje, esebenze ukuhlanganisa imihlobiso nombala. Emakhaya esimanje, ungaba nohlelo lwaphansi lomqondo ovulekile ngaphandle kokuyeka ubumfihlo.
- Cishe iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha yethonya
Izakhiwo zesimanje zaqala ekuqaleni kwawo-1900 futhi zaphela cishe ngawo-XNUMX lapho kuvela imiklamo eminingi yesimanje. Izimiso eziyisisekelo zezakhiwo zesimanje zihlanganisa umsebenzi olandelayo wefomu, imigqa ehlanzekile, nokuntuleka kokuhlobisa.
Ithonya layo lahlala cishe iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha, kwaze kwaba yilapho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izimiso zesimanje zabanda kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokweqisa kwendawo kanye nemvelo engcolile yezinto zokwakha.
Ikhethelo wezakhiwo zesimanjemanje
Ngaphandle kwezimiso zezakhiwo zesimanjemanje, ezafingqwa ngumdwebi wamapulani waseMelika Louis sullivan emshweni ifomu lilandela umsebenzi, isitayela sokuklama sinobuhle obuthile nobubonakalayo:
- Ukusetshenziswa okuxubile komumo we-cubic kanye ne-cylindrical ngendlela ye-asymmetric.
- Uphahla oluyisicaba.
- Ukungabi bikho kokuhlobisa noma ukubumba okunikeza ukubukeka okuhlanzekile, okuhlelekile uma kuqhathaniswa nezitayela zangaphambili ezihlotshiswe kakhulu.
- Insimbi, ingilazi, nokhonkolo kwasetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha, okwenza izakhiwo zesimanje zibukeke njengezimboni noma ezisetshenziswayo, okuhambisana nesitatimende sikaLe Corbusier oyiphayona lezokwakha lesimanje: indlu ingumshini wokuziphilisa.
- Imibala eqinile futhi engathathi hlangothi njengomhlophe, ukhilimu, i-beige noma empunga yasetshenziswa, yaba olunye uphawu lwezakhiwo zesimanje.
abaklami besimanjemanje
Nakuba u-Le Corbusier wayebhekwa njengomqambi obaluleke kakhulu wekhulu lama-1911, mhlawumbe ungowakamuva owaziwa kakhulu, ngoba omunye umdwebi empeleni ube ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa izimiso zesimanje zokuklama. UWalter Gropius, umsunguli wesikole esihlonishwayo sase-Bauhaus sokuklama, waphayona izakhi zokwakha zesimanje ezifana nodonga lwamakhethini engilazi esakhiweni sakhe seFagus Factory ngo-XNUMX.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1920, i-modernism yayithole indawo eYurophu futhi yaqala ukusabalala eMelika. Nakuba uFrank Lloyd Wright enqaba ukuhlanganiswa nanoma yimuphi umnyakazo wokuklama, inkolelo yakhe yokuthi izakhiwo kufanele ziphile ngokuvumelana nendawo ezikuzungezile, iboniswe ngomdwebo wakhe wobuciko. Fallingwater, yaba elinye iqembu elinethonya elikhulu lenhlangano yesimanjemanje.
ukusabela ku-modernism
Noma yayibusa iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi ayisithupha, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi imodemu yaba nezitha zayo. I-Postmodernism, yayiwukusabela kokusemthethweni kwesimanjemanje, okwabangela ushintsho enkolelweni yabaningi ababenephutha yokuthi isixazululo esisodwa singalingana konke.
Nakuba umcabango wesimanje ugcizelela isiqondiso, ukuhleleka, ukuhambisana, nokuzinza, umcabango wangemva kwesimanje ugxile ekwehlukaneni, ukuphindaphindeka, kanye nokuzenzekela.
Imibono yobuningi nokuhlukahluka yavela ngenhloso yenqubekelaphambili yendawo yonke futhi lokho akucatshangwa njengendlela yomugqa, kodwa njengenethiwekhi yokuxhumana nokuxhuma kabusha, okuthonya imikhakha eminingi yobuciko nezobuchwepheshe, kuhlanganise nezakhiwo. Kusukela ngekhulu lama-XNUMX, i-postmodernism yahlukana yaba izitayela eziningana zezakhiwo, okuhlanganisa:
- I-Hi-tech Architecture.
- I-Neoclassicism.
- I-Deconstructivism.
Nokho, asikho isitayela esisodwa sokwakha namuhla, njengobufakazi bokuthi ubuningi obuvezwayo futhi okwethulwa yi-postmodernism buvumela inkululeko enkulu yokukhuluma nokudala. Okwaziwa nje njengendawo yesimanje, izakhiwo namuhla zihlanganisa inqwaba yezitayela ezahlukene, ezinye ezinomqondo ophakeme, ngokuvamile ezibaziwe ngendlela.
Amaphrojekthi afana ne-Walt Disney Concert Hall kaFrank Gehry kanye ne-Evolution Tower kaPhilip Nikandrov asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe nezinto zokwakha ezintsha ukuze akhe izakhiwo ezifana nemisebenzi yobuciko.
Izakhiwo eziningi zamanje zaklanywa abadwebi bezakhiwo abadumile ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, nokho-ke, izinhlobo ezintsha zokudala ngokusebenzisa amaqoqo nama-ejensi ezizwe ngezizwe seziqalile ukuthuthukisa nokubamba. Konke lokhu kwenezela ekukhuleni kokubaluleka okunikezwa umklamo osimeme, ikusasa lezokwakha libonakala ligcwele izibalo ezintsha nezibona kude.
Izakhiwo ezifanekisela lesi sitayela
Izakhiwo zesimanje yisikole sokuklama esasikhona kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX kuze kufike iMpi Yezwe II, impi embi nebhubhisayo eyashintsha yonke into, kuhlanganise nohlobo lwezakhiwo, olwalugxile kakhulu ezakhiweni ezazidingeka ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwe. impi
Abasindile kanye nabantu ngokuvamile babedinga ukusebenza nokusebenza ukuze bakhe kabusha wonke amadolobha kusukela ekuqaleni, amaningi abhidlizwa ngaleso sikhathi ngokulwa njalo. Ubuciko obuvelele be-neoclassical kanye nezakhiwo ngaleso sikhathi zavulela isitayela esisha sezakhiwo esazama ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezakhamuzi, okwabangela ukwakheka kwesimanjemanje.
Lesi sitayela sasincike ekusetshenzisweni kwamasu okwakha amanoveli nezinto zokwakha ezifana nokhonkolo oqinisiwe, insimbi, nengilazi, okwakusemfashinini ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni nezikhungo zemfundo, kwaze kwaba ngawo-XNUMX.
Ngemuva kwaleso sigaba yaqala ukubhekana nokuncintisana okuqinile kwezinye izikole ezintsha njenge-postmodernism kanye neomodernism. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwesimanjemanje kushiye ukukhethwa okubanzi kwezakhiwo ezidumile ezibonisa okuhle kakhulu kwaleso sitayela:
Izindlu e- Fallingwater
Lesi sakhiwo esakhiwa eMill Run, ePennsylvania, e-United States ngo-1935, saklanywa uFrank Lloyd Wright odumile. Indlu yesakhiwo yakhuthazwa yizakhiwo zaseJapane, ezidume ngokusetshenziswa kwama-cantilevers, futhi yafakwa ngokuphawulekayo endaweni ezungezile yemvelo. Lesi sakhiwo sakhiwe njengendawo yokuphephela yempelasonto yomndeni wakwaKaufmann.
Ngemva kokwakhiwa, indlu yaqala ukuwohloka ngokushesha, yethula, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuvuza okuningi kanye nokuqhekeka kwama-overhangs amasimu ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuqiniswa okwanele. Nakuba yavuselelwa izikhathi eziningana, yaguqulwa yaba imnyuziyamu ngo-2002.
Indlu yengilazi
Idizayinwe nguPhilip Johnson futhi yakhiwa eNew Canaan, e-Connecticut, e-United States, cishe ngo-1949, kwakuyisakhiwo esasibonisa izici zokubonisa nokungafihli zengilazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wahlola ubukhulu nobujamo bejiyomethri okwenza isakhiwo sibe esinye sezimpawu zendawo endaweni kanye nesithonjana sezakhiwo zesimanje.
Le ndlu okuhloswe ngayo njengendawo yempelasonto futhi iholide yenziwe ngokuyinhloko ngengilazi nensimbi. Kodwa-ke, iphinde yaba nenkinga "yophahla oluvuzayo" njengendlu ye-Fallingwater.
villa savoye
Umsebenzi kaLe Corbusier, eParis, eFrance cishe ngo-1931, wakhiwa njengendawo yokuphumula nesiphephelo somndeni sabakwaSavoys, ePoissy, indawo esemaphethelweni eParis.
Idizayini yayo ikhombisa amaphuzu amahlanu u-Le Corbusier awachaze futhi wawalwela isikhathi eside, ahlanganisa: ipulani evulekile, amakholomu kakhonkolo aqinisiwe, amafasitela avundlile, ingadi yophahla kanye ne-façade ekhululekile. I-villa yayinezinkinga zokwakha futhi umndeni, ngemva kokuyisebenzisa isikhashana, wayishiya eminyakeni embalwa kamuva. Manje isohlwini "lweZakhiwo Zomphakathi" futhi isiphendulwe imnyuziyamu.
I-Guggenheim Museum
KuFrank Lloyd Wright, waseNew York, e-United States, (1959) wenzela umklamo onomqondo wokwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo, owawubona ngeso lengqondo isintu esixhumene eduze nendawo ezungezile.
Umnyuziyamu wakhiwe ngendlela yekhoni futhi uhlanganisa amagalari amaningi abaluleke kakhulu kanye namaqoqo obuciko. Ingaphakathi liwumklamo ovunguzayo, likuthatha ohambweni olungapheli liqeda zonke izithiyo phakathi kwezikhala. Amafomu ejiyomethri aqinile ayebusa izakhiwo zesimanje enza inkomba ecashile, ngokusho komklami, emicabangweni ethile, imizwa nemizwa, lapho abona khona ithempeli lomoya eGuggenheim.
I-Barcelona Pavilion
ULudwig Mies Van der Rohe waklama e-Barcelona, eSpain, lokho ekuqaleni okwakwaziwa ngokuthi inkundla yaseJalimane yoMbukiso Wezizwe Ngezizwe wango-1929 owawukulelo dolobha futhi owawunengxenye yaseJalimane yalo mbukiso.
Idizayini, eyathonywa ukunyakaza kwe-Bauhaus, ifaka izindonga ezisobala kanye nophahla oluyi-cantilevered futhi nakuba yayiyi-minimalist impela, umakhi wezakhiwo wenza ubude obukhulu ukuze asebenzise izinto zikanokusho ezifana ne-onyx ebomvu, imabula ne-travertine. Ibonisa inganekwane Usihlalo weBarcelona , enye yefenisha ewubukhazikhazi, eyakhelwe lesi sakhiwo.
Ingalls Ice Rink
UDavid S. Ingalls Skating Rink eNew Have, Connecticut, USA waziwa nangokuthi yiYale Whale, kubhekiselwa eYale University, athweswe kuyo iziqu. ero sarinen futhi indlela okuyiyo.
Idizayini inesiginesha yezakhiwo ehlukile kaSaarinen, owayevame ukusebenzisa ama-catenary arches. Irenki yehokhi inophahla lwe-cantilevered olwehlayo olusekelwa ukhonkolo oqinisiwe ongamamitha angu-90 ukuphakama.
Villa Dirickz
Kuklanywe ngu UMarcel Leborgne, eBrussels, eBelgium, lesi sakhiwo esiyisisekelo sezakhiwo zesimanje sakhiwa ngo-1933. Sinezici ezihlaba umxhwele, ingilazi nokhonkolo omhlophe, futhi sizungezwe uhlaza. Njengamanje inezindlu zangaphakathi zikanokusho kanye nezinsiza ezifana negumbi lewayini kanye nesinema.
U-Leborgne ungumdwebi wezakhiwo waseBelgium, umanduleli kanye nobaba wezakhiwo zesimanjemanje ezweni lakubo. I Villa Dirickz Yakhelwe uMnu. Dirickz, isikhulu semboni esasinentshisekelo kwezobuciko. Nokho, eminyakeni eminingi kamuva lokhu kwakhiwa kwalibaleka kuze kube umgqugquzeli u-Alexander Cambron wayithenga ngo-2007 wazinikela ekuyilungiseni.
Uma usithandile lesi sihloko, ungangabazi ukuxhumana nezinye izixhumanisi zebhulogi: