Izici ze-bismuth nezici zayo

Kuzo zonke izinsimbi, i-bismuth ingenye yezinto ezivame kakhulu osukwini lwethu nosuku, nakuba singazi. Njengoba ingenye yezinto ezinobuthi obuncane kithi, akumangazi ukuthi isetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Kodwa ingabe uyazi ngempela ukuthi iyini le elementi? Futhi yiziphi izici ze-bismuth?

Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizochaza ukuthi iyini ngempela le nsimbi futhi yini ukusetshenziswa kwayo kanye nezakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizonikeza ulwazi mayelana nokuthi singathola kuphi lesi sici ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Qhubeka ufunda uma ufuna ukwazi kabanzi mayelana nezakhiwo ze-bismuth!

Iyini i-bismuth nokusetshenziswa kwayo?

Ngaphambi kokukhuluma ngezakhiwo ze-bismuth, ake siqale sicacise ukuthi iyini. Hhayi-ke, iyinsimbi esindayo emhlophe-emhlophe enombala obomvana owatholwa nguClaude François Geoffrey ngo-1753. Itholakala ngokwemvelo eMhlabeni ngamanani amancane, ikakhulukazi kumaminerali afana ne-bismutite ne-bismuthine. Nokho, kuyivelakancane ukuyithola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-bismuth iyikhemikhali enophawu u-Bi kanye nenombolo ye-athomu engu-83 ku- ithebula lesikhathi.

Ngokuqondene nokusetshenziswa kwale nsimbi, kunezimbalwa embonini futhi kufaka phakathi ukwenziwa kwama-alloys nezinye izinsimbi ezifana nensimbi, ithusi nethini. Ibuye isetshenziselwe ukukhiqizwa kwezimonyo, i-pigment, imithi, namanye amakhemikhali. Enye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu ze-bismuth yilokho inobuthi kancane kumagciwane, kodwa hhayi kubantu, okwenza kube isithako esidumile kweminye imikhiqizo yenhlanzeko yomuntu siqu kanye nemithi.

Ngokungeziwe ekusebenziseni kwayo okungokoqobo, i-bismuth iphinde ibe nezinto ezithakazelisayo emkhakheni wesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Isibonelo, le nsimbi ine-conductivity kagesi ephansi kakhulu kanye nokukhanya okuphezulu kwe-infrared, okwenza kube usizo kwamanye amadivaysi optical and electronic. Kuyaziwa nangokuthi ikhono layo lokwakha amakristalu anamaphethini ejometri athakazelisayo, asetshenziswe ebucwebeni nakwezinye izinto zokuhlobisa.

Itholakala kuphi i-bismuth ekuphileni kwansuku zonke?

Uma sicabanga ngezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa i-bismuth enazo, akumangazi ukuthi siyithola emikhiqizweni eyahlukene yokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ngezansi sizoklelisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbalwa zale elementi:

• Imithi: Ikhona kweminye imithi efana ne-bismuth subsalicylate, esetshenziselwa ukwelapha isifo sohudo nezilonda zesisu.
• Izimonyo: I-Bismuth itholakala kwezinye izimonyo ezifana ne-eye shadow, impushana yobuso, ne-lipstick.
• Imibala: Ibuye isetshenziselwe ukukhiqizwa kombala opende, oyinki, namapulasitiki, njengoba ikwazi ukumelana nokubuna nokugqwala.
• Ama-alloys: Okunye ukusetshenziswa okunikezwa i-bismuth ukukhiqizwa kwama-alloys nezinye izinsimbi ezifana nensimbi, ithusi nethini. Ngale ndlela kungenzeka ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zayo zemishini.
• Ukushisela: I-Bismuth isetshenziswa kwamanye ama-alloys e-solder ngoba inephuzu eliphansi lokuncibilika futhi kulula ukusebenza ngayo.
• Amadivayisi we-elekthronikhi: Olunye uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-bismuth lukwezinye izinto zikagesi, njengamasekhethi ahlanganisiwe, amaswishi, nezinzwa. Lokhu kungenxa yekhono layo lokumelana nokugqwala kanye ne-oxidation.
• Amakristalu okuhlobisa: Okokugcina, kusala ukugqamisa ikhono layo lokwenza amakristalu ngamaphethini wejometri, athandwa kakhulu ebucwebe.

Yiziphi izici ze-bismuth?

Manje njengoba sesiyazi ukuthi iyini le nsimbi, ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izakhiwo ze-bismuth. I izici eziyinhloko yalesi sici yilezi ezilandelayo:

• Valencia: I-3 ne-5
• Inombolo ye-athomu: 83
• Isimo se-oxidation: +3
• Ubunzima be-Atomic: I-208,980 g / mol
• Ubuningi: 9,8 g / ml
• Iphuzu lokubilisa: I-1560ºC
• Iphoyinti lokuncibilika: I-271,3ºC
• Ukucushwa kwe-elekthronikhi: [x] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³

I-athikili ehlobene:

Izakhiwo Zemvelo Nemakhemikhali Yezinsimbi

Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-bismuth inezindawo eziningi okufanele zigqanyiswe. Isibonelo, ezingeni lokushisa elijwayelekile nokucindezela, i-bismuth isesimweni esiqinile, kungaba sesimweni esimsulwa noma njengengxenye yamanye amaminerali. Ngaphandle kwalokho, Inevolumu eyengeziwe esimweni esiqinile kunesimo se-liquid. njengamanzi nje.

Kumele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi i-bismuth iyi-molecule ye-monatomic. Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Nokho, kusho ukuthi kwakhiwa i-athomu eyodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inama-isotopes angama-41 angazinzile ukusuka ku- ¹⁸⁴Bi al ²²⁴Bi. Nokho, kunenye ehlala izinzile, njengoba ingxenye yokuphila kwayo ilinganiselwa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane ubudala bobudala bendawo yonke. Lona isotope ²⁰⁹Bi. Kufanele kushiwo ukuthi i-bismuth inesisindo se-athomu esiphezulu nenombolo ye-athomu yazo zonke lezo zakhi ezingenayo imisebe. Mayelana nesigamu sempilo yale nsimbi, ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20. Ngakho-ke akumangalisi lokho Ngokuqinisekile iyisici sokugcina ukuhlakazeka endaweni yonke.

Ufunda okuthile okusha nsuku zonke, akunjalo?