Izici ze-Baroque Architecture nezitayela

Kulo mcimbi sikulethela ngalesi sihloko esihle kakhulu izakhiwo ze-baroque eyaqala edolobheni laseRoma ngonyaka we-1605, okuyinhlangano eyathuthuka kwaze kwaba phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili ikakhulukazi ekuhleleni amadolobha, ama-cathedrals nokunye okuningi. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!

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Iyini i-Baroque Architecture?

Kufanele wazi ekuqaleni ukuthi i-Baroque Architecture iyinhlangano yobuciko esukela ngonyaka we-1605 inemvelaphi yayo edolobheni laseRoma futhi yasakazeka kulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu nelaseMelika kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-XNUMX.

Leli gama elithi baroque lisuka egameni lesiPutukezi elithi barocco elihambisana neparele elimise ngendlela engavamile futhi lalisetshenziswa njengendlela ecasulayo yokuqamba lolu hlobo lwesitayela olungahleleki lapho kwakusetshenziswa khona ukuqanjwa lapho ingqikithi enkulu yayingamaphoyinti, ama-ellipses, amajika kanye imimoya.

Ngisho nakulo mdwebo we-Baroque Architecture, izithombe ze-polycentric ziboniswa lapho i-motifs ehlukahlukene ifakazelwa ukuthi ibhekene nomunye nomunye, ngakho-ke isiyalo sezakhiwo sihambisana nobunye ubuciko obufana nokudweba, umsebenzi we-stucco kanye nokubaza.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nhlangano kwezinye izizwe ezakha izwekazi laseYurophu, njengeNgilandi, iFrance neNyakatho Yurophu, yayisebenzisana nenhlangano yobuciko eyaziwa ngokuthi i-baroque classicism.

Njengoba ikhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili esizweni saseFrance lapho i-Baroque Architecture yasungulwa ngenxa yobuningi bayo bemihlobiso yokuhlobisa eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Rococo ethonya izizwe ezihlukahlukene zaseYurophu.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Kufanele uqaphele ukuthi i-Baroque Architecture isuka ku-Renaissance Late, kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX omunye wabadwebi abakhulu balesi sikhathi babikezela ukunyakaza kweBaroque ngokusebenzisa i-dome ye-St. Peter's Basilica edolobheni laseRoma nguMichelangelo.

Ngokunjalo, okunye ukwakhiwa kuyagqama, okufana nezitebhisi ezivumela ukufinyelela e-Laurentian Library yaleli dolobha laseRoma futhi elakhiwe umbhali wangaphambili, okuwumanduleli we-Baroque Architecture.

Lesi sitayela esisha senyuka sisuka edolobheni laseRoma saya kwezinye izizwe zezwekazi laseYurophu kusukela ngonyaka we-1630 kuya ku-1670 futhi safinyelela ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalombili lapho kwasungulwa khona uhlobo olusha lobuciko olwaziwa nge-rococo, olunganqunywa njengesigaba sokugcina sezakhiwo zeBaroque. . .

Izikole zeBaroque Architecture

Khumbula ukuthi lesi sitayela se-Baroque Architecture sadelelwa Umlando Wesimanje njengoba le nhlangano yobuciko yayibhekwa njenge-anticlassical, efana kakhulu ne-Gothic, kodwa ekhulwini lama-XNUMX abaculi abaningi be-avant-garde baluthathe ngokungathi sína lolu hlobo lwezakhiwo.

Sesike sakutshela ukuthi igama elithi Baroque lihlobene nokungahambi kahle, okusho ukuthi lolu hlobo lwesakhiwo aluhambisani futhi lwalusetshenziswa kakhulu ezizweni lapho amandla aphelele obukhosi ayekhona.

Lapho umphakathi uhlukaniswe ngamaqembu futhi uMbuso kuyiwo ongenelayo ezenzweni okufanele zilandelwe futhi isici esingokwenkolo siyingxenye yalobu buciko, njengoba inkolo ihlukene ngamaProthestani namaKhatholika, ngakho ngamunye uyokwakha ngokuvumelana nesithakazelo sakhe.

Ngokwalokho okutholakala ku-Baroque Architecture izinhlobo ezahlukene zezikole ezikhombisa ukwehluka kwazo okukhulu kwezobuciko obuhle yilezi ezilandelayo:

I-Absolutist Baroque Architecture

Kuvame kakhulu esizweni saseFrance ngokubusa kukaLouis XIII, XIV kanye no-XV ngenxa yokukhula komnotho ngaleso sikhathi.

ISonto LamaKatolika liseduze noMbuso, ngakho libonisa amandla alo amakhulu ngezakhiwo ze-Baroque Architecture lapho lalibonisa khona ubuhle balo.

i-bourgeois baroque

Lolu hlobo lwe-Baroque Architecture luyanqoba ezizweni zamaProthestani ikakhulukazi esizweni samaDashi ngokuba noshintsho olukhulu ekuvukeleni konxiwankulu ngenxa yomdwebo lapho umdwebo weqembu uvezwa khona futhi lokhu kwaba intuthuko enkulu emphakathini.

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Ngenxa yokukhula komnotho kwalesi sizwe esasizimele, benza izinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo ezihlobene ne-Baroque Architecture.

I-Architecture ye-Baroque yamaKatolika

Ngokwakhiwa kwe-Baroque Architecture, iveza ukunqoba kweSonto LamaKatolika phezu kweSonto LamaProthestani futhi ibonise amandla alo, isebenzisa ukunethezeka nengcebo enakho ukuklama amathempeli amakhulu enkolo.

Ikhombisa amandla eBandla lamaKhatholika futhi yakha izakhiwo ezintsha ukuze kufinyeleleke kakhulu amakholwa, yakhiwe e-Italy, esizweni saseSpain naseningizimu yeJalimane.

Izitayela zalo mnyakazo wobuciko

Ngokufanayo, ezinye izinhlobo zezitayela zeSikole seBaroque Architecture zingabizwa ngokuvumelana nomzuzu ongokomlando owavela, njengokulandelayo:

I-Solomon Baroque Architecture

Ibizwa ngaleli gama ukuze inikeze ukwakhiwa ukukhanya okukhulu ngamakholomu amakhulu. Yaziwa nangokuthi i-helicoidal. Isibonelo sayo Ezweni Elisha yiKhathedrali laseZacatecas kanye ne-San Luis.

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Linganisa isitayela seBaroque

Lapha kwakhiwa ama-vertices aphezulu ku-Baroque Architecture ngendlela ehlanekezelwe kusetshenziswa izakhi ezine okuyisisekelo, ikhiyubhu, i-stipe kanye nenhloko-dolobha.

Iphiramidi ephezulu ye-vertex isetshenziswa kodwa ngendlela ehlanekezelwe.Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhiwo esisetshenziswa emathempelini enkolo phansi isiphambano sesiLatini.

I-Purist Baroque Model

Usebenzise izakhi zezakhiwo zakudala kanye namajika nezinye izakhi ezifana ne-Plateresque ezakhiweni.

Kulo modeli, babephethe ukuhlanekezela izakhi zesibili ezifana ne-pediments, entablatures kanye nama-finials. Yasetshenziswa engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-XNUMX.

I-Talaveresque Baroque

Isebenzisa izinto ezinjengamathayili nobumba ngaphezu kwengilazi emisebenzini yayo yezakhiwo ukumboza amadome nama-facade ngemidwebo eyavumela kamuva ukuthi imisebenzi yezithombe yengezwe ezindongeni nasekufeni kwamathempeli enkolo.

Isitayela se-Stucco

Lesi sithombe se-Baroque Architecture sihlobisa kakhulu futhi siyafundisa njengoba sifunda ukwenza izingoma ezintsha zokuhlobisa izakhiwo ngokuhlola.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo kuyindlala, kwasetshenziswa ukuphindaphinda okukhulu phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, ikakhulukazi emsebenzini wokukhonkolo phakathi kwamadolobha asePuebla nase-Oaxaca.

I-Baroque yaseMexico

Ngalesi sitayela, i-cube geometric figure isetshenziswa, ijwayele ukusetshenziswa ngendlela engenisiwe futhi yenza i-altare ihehe ukubuka kombukeli ngokuphathelene nezakhiwo, ezivulekile, ezihluzekile kanye nokuhamba akuvezi kakhulu.

Isitayela se-Mobile Groove

Lapha ama-shaft amakholomu ngokusebenzisa i-optical illusion athola ukunyakaza ngendlela e-wavy noma e-zigzag.

I-Baroque Checkered

Ama-pilaster asetshenziswa lapho umphini udinga ibhodi, ngaphezu kwalokho izinguqulo zamatshe zenziwa eminyango kanye namahlamvu ekhabethe noma ifenisha.Isibonelo salo modeli sibonwa esizweni saseMexico eKhathedrali laseMorelia.

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Isitayela se-Tritostyle

Lapha ingxenye yesithathu yamakholomu ivame ukugcizelelwa, njengoba kungabonakala esontweni lombhishobhi lase-Oaxaca ezweni lama-Aztec.

Izici ze-Baroque Architecture

Njengoba wazi kakade, i-Baroque Architecture yazalelwa esizweni sase-Italy futhi kusukela lapho yasakazekela eFrance futhi kusukela kuleli zwe yasakazekela kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ngakho le nhlangano yachuma ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. .

Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Baroque Architecture isatshalaliswa kwezinye izizwe, ifika eSpain lapho omunye wemindeni eyayibhekene nokusabalala kwalesi sitayela, isibongo esifanayo kwakunguChurrigueresco, yingakho le nhlangano yaziwa ngaleli gama emlandweni wobuciko. .

Ukusuka eSpain, i-Baroque Architecture idluliselwa eZweni Elisha, ikakhulukazi eLatin America, lapho lo mthombo wezakhiwo wasetshenziselwa ukubonisa amandla eSonto LamaRoma Katolika phezu kwamandla eSonto LamaProthestani.

Yayisetshenziselwa futhi ukubonisa amandla ababusi bayo emisebenzini yomphakathi, ngakho i-Baroque Architecture yasebenzisa lolu hlobo lokwakha ukuze ibonise amandla amakhosi okuqala angamaKhatholika njengoba umlando ubonisa. Phakathi kwezimfanelo ezivelele kakhulu ze-Baroque Architecture yilezi ezilandelayo:

Amandla

Kulolu hlobo lwe-Baroque Architecture, ukunyakaza kunikezwa ekwakhiweni ngokusebenzisa imigqa egobile eshintshana nemigqa eqondile kanye ne-convex.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Ukuvumela ukwakhiwa kwama-facade asontekile kanye ne-Baroque Architecture, imisebenzi yezakhiwo ipheleliswa ngenxa yokuhluka okumbaxambili okufana nokukhanya - Okumnyama, Ijika - Okuqondile kanye Nokuvala - Kude emiklamweni eyenziwe.

Ukweqisa kwemigqa egobile kanye nemininingwane yokuhlobisa njengomhlobiso wezakhiwo enikeza umuzwa wokunyakaza esakhiweni kusetshenziswa emadomini, emadomini nasemibhoshongweni emiklamo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamafomu e-classical

Ku-Architecture ye-Baroque, amafomu e-classical asetshenziswa, kodwa inhloso yabo ihluke kakhulu, banenhloso yokuhlobisa kuphela.

Njengoba kunjalo ngama-entablatures aphukile, ama-pediments, amakholomu e-classical kanye ne-Solomonic ane-shaft esontekile ukuze nje akhonze njengomhlobiso ekwakhiweni kwangaphakathi futhi ngisho nokuthandwayo kunikezwa i-oval esikhundleni sokusebenzisa umbuthano.

Igcine ukufana kwezakhiwo zeRenaissance ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwamakholomu agwegwile njengendawo yokuhlobisa hhayi njengesisekelo njengaseGrisi naseRoma lasendulo.

Ukusetshenziswa kweVault kanye neDomes

Ekwakhiweni okuhlukahlukene kwamathempeli enkolo nemisebenzi yomphakathi, ngaphezu kwezigodlo, i-dome ne-vault kwakungcono ukuthi isetshenziswe, kukhethwe ama-oval.

Enye yezimfanelo ezabonakala ku-Baroque Architecture ukuchichima kwamafasitela emisebenzini yezakhiwo ezinama-nave amakhulu lapho kusetshenziswa khona obunye ubuciko obuhle, obufana nokubaza nokudweba, okudala ama-optical illusions.

Ubuningi bezinto zokuhlobisa

I-Relief isetshenziswe ezakhiweni ze-Baroque Architecture ngaphezu kokuqhathanisa kanye nokubili osekushiwo ngenhla njengokukhanya - okumnyama.

Ngaphezu kokuqaliswa kwezingadi njengengxenye ye-landscape, ukungena ezintweni ezihlobene ne-botany kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamapuleti angama-rectangular ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ze-Baroque Architecture.

Ngokufanayo, umhlobiso wezinto zangaphakathi zezakhiwo ezinamafresco amahle ophahleni nasezindongeni, eziningi zazo ezinezinkolelo zenkolo, zibonwa ku-Baroque Architecture.

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Ukufuna Ingokomoya

Nge-Baroque Architecture, wayenentshisekelo yokuveza imizwa ikakhulukazi kumakholwa emfundiso yamaKatolika, ngenxa yalokhu inani elikhulu lokwakhiwa kwamathempeli enkolo.

Zazisekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwe-chiaroscuro, ukumelwa kokunyakaza ngemigqa egobile ukuze kugcizelelwe umbono kumbukeli.

I-Baroque Architecture yayisekelwe kumafomu kanye nokusetshenziswa kokulinganisela kanye nokusetshenziswa kokukhanya ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zayo.

Izinto ezihlanganisa izakhiwo ze-baroque

Ku-Architecture ye-Baroque, izakhi zokuhlobisa ziyingxenye yesakhiwo sangaphandle nangaphakathi sezakhiwo, lapho kusetshenziswa khona inqwaba yamagama abonisa ubuhle, injabulo, yaseshashalazini, imikhosi, inkanuko, ngisho nokuziqhenya nokunqoba.

IBandla kufanele libonise ukunqoba kanye namandla alo ngokumelene neBandla lamaProthestani kanye nababusi abakholelwa ngokuphelele ezizweni ezinjengeFrance, Austria, phakathi kwabanye.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Kufanele bakhombise ukunotha kwabo ngaleyo ndlela banikeze ukubonga kwezombusazwe ekwakhiweni okuningi okwenziwe kulesi sikhathi somlando.

Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezakhi zokuhlobisa zibonwa ku-Baroque Architecture, kunjalo nezingelosi zomculo ezandiza ophahleni lwezakhiwo.

Njengokwenziwa kwezimbali ezinezithelo ezinoshukela nezimbali zobuhle obuchichimayo ezazibonisa ukuchuma nobugagu, hhayi nje kwesonto kuphela kodwa nobukhosi.

Kuqashelwa ukuthi ezitsheni, kanye nasezitsheni zokubeka amakhandela, kwaphuma ilangabi, elibonisa ukukhanya okwakufunwa ukuhlangana nale ndoda eyinkimbinkimbi ehlala edolobheni eliyinkimbinkimbi eligcwele ubuhle.

Izitshalo zezakhiwo azisekho isiyingi kodwa ziyi-elliptical, okubonisa ukuthi kukhona njalo ukunyakaza kuzo zonke izinto kanye nama-facade abo futhi ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya kwakungenye indlela yokudala amafasitela, izindonga, i-domes nokudlala ngokukhanya kwemvelo.

Ngokuqondene nesembozo, bekuyi-arched futhi i-domes ifuna ukungafani nemibhoshongo yobukhulu obuhlukene namaphrofayili nasezindaweni ezihlukene ukuze idlale ngombono wombukeli usebenzisa ifantasy njengengxenye yesakhiwo.

Ngokuphathelene nodonga, luyisekelo eliyinhloko futhi enye yezimpawu zalo ukuthi kufanele libe namandla, okuvumela ukuthi uhlelo lwephansi lukwazi ukuguquguquka.

Ngokuqondene nama-arches ayesetshenziswa ku-Baroque Architecture, ahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-elliptical, oval, semicircular, phakathi kwabanye. amakholomu ethulwa ngendlela egwegwile futhi ahlotshiswe ngezithelo futhi ikholomu kaSolomoni iyazalwa.

Ngokuqondene namagugu epulasitiki, abonisa ukukhululwa kwamafomu kanye nokunyakaza kwamanje ngaphezu kokudlala kwamavolumu ezindaweni zangaphakathi, ukuhlinzeka ngomkhathi waseshashalazini nongaqondakali.

Umongo Wezomlando kanye Nendawo

Njengoba wazi, i-Architecture yaqala e-Italy ngezibalo ezimele kakhulu ezifana noGian Lorenzo Bernini noFrancesco Borromini, naseSpain ngenxa yokushoda kwezomnotho okwase kuvele, le nhlangano yangena kodwa ngaphandle kokuhlobisa.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Ngakho-ke, isitayela sesizwe saseSpain sisangulukile futhi silinganisiwe, sithambekele ekuqondeni kwakudala futhi ukusuka lapho badlulisela i-Baroque Architecture ezwenikazi laseMelika kanye nobuciko bangaphambi kwe-Columbian, lapho kwasetshenziswa khona imibala ekhanyayo.

Ukugqamisa imisebenzi yezakhiwo zesitayela seBaroque saseMexico, sasePeru naseCuba ukuze kusetshenziswe izakhi ezintsha ezijwayelekile zezwe laseMelika kanye nokufakwa kwamasu abomdabu besifunda.

Ngokuphathelene nezizwe zaseJalimane ne-Austria, i-Baroque Architecture i-Italy neFrance eyayithi yathonya, lapho amandla obukhosi abonwa khona, ngakho-ke izakhiwo ezinemihlobiso ejabulisayo zadalwa ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwazo.

Badlale ngokukhanya kwemvelo okudala ukukhanya okungavamile emakamelweni okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwadedelwa enye inhlangano eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Rococo, njengoba imibala egqamile, ecacile futhi ethambile ihlanganiswa kuyo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eNgilandi ibhalansi yezakhiwo kanye ne-austerity ekwakhiweni kwazo kwanqoba futhi ukusetshenziswa okuncane kwemihlobiso ezakhiweni ezenziwa.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Izindawo lapho i-Baroque Architecture yathuthukiswa khona

Lolu hlobo lwe-Baroque Architecture lwakhiwe ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zokwakha, lubonisa kuzo zonke izakhiwo zalo ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kanye nemihlobiso emihle eyaboniswa ekuqanjweni kwayo, njengoba sizochaza kabanzi kulesi sihloko esithakazelisayo.

Urbanism

Ngenxa ye-Baroque Architecture, uguquko lubonwa endleleni yokuqonda idolobha njengenhloko-dolobha yoMbuso efanekisela amandla emkhakheni wezombangazwe kanye nezakhi ezisemthethweni ziphila lapho kubhekwa umbono wamaGreki.

Ngakho-ke, ku-Baroque Architecture, izakhiwo zifanekisela ubukhulu bombusi wazo kanye nezakhiwo ezinkulu, ezingcono kakhulu ezizokwakhiwa, eziguquguqukayo futhi zivuleleke emikhawulweni evimbelayo, okwenza kube iphuzu lokubhekisela endaweni yendawo.

Nokho, emgudwini weRenaissance idolobha lalizivalele ngaphakathi kwezindonga ezazivikela izakhamuzi zalo futhi izindawo zomphakathi zaziyindlala, kuyilapho eBaroque Architecture idolobha libonakala lilonke lapho izikhala zomphakathi zibalulekile.

Ngakho-ke, i-Urbanism iyingxenye yezwe, ihlanganisa nengaphandle, yakha izakhiwo ezintsha lapho idolobha livezwa khona endaweni yemvelo ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezenziwe kule nkathi yobuciko.

Amasonto amakhulu

Ama-cathedrals ayindlunkulu yababhishobhi emhlabeni omusha futhi bafuna ukuwahlanganisa nesimo sasemadolobheni ngokusebenzisa umthamo wesakhiwo esasifanekisela amandla kaNkulunkulu ezandleni zezakhamuzi kuwo wonke umlando we-Baroque Architecture.

Maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, kwavela indlela yokuhlobisa eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Las Yeserías, lapho kwenziwa khona imifanekiso yemibhalo.

Sibonga lezi zingcweti ezinekhono ezivela eSpain futhi zizinza emhlabeni omusha, ikakhulukazi ePuebla eshumini lesine leminyaka le-XNUMX.

Umsebenzi wakhe wasakazeka kulo lonke izwekazi laseMelika namanye amasu ayevela, kunjalo nge-Mortar, okuyingxube yesihlabathi nomcako.

Okwasetshenziswa kumafreyimu futhi kwagqokisa ingaphakathi lamathempeli enkolo ngenxa ye-Baroque Architecture ehlanganisa amatshe ezindongeni nasezindlini.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Ukuhlobisa izindawo zezakhiwo ngekhwalithi enhle kakhulu, ukudala inkulumo entsha phakathi kwepulasitiki, ukufanisa imvelo nokuqeda ukulinganisa kwezakhiwo, ukwakha ukuhamba okusha ekwakhiweni kwe-Baroque Architecture.

Amasonto noma Amathempeli Ezenkolo

Elinye lamasonto okuqala akha iphuzu lemvelaphi ye-Baroque Architecture lihambisana neSonto leGesú elisedolobheni laseRoma, lakhiwa ngo-1568 ngokusho komklamo womdwebi omkhulu uJacopo Vignola.

Lesi sakhiwo sibonisa umklamo omusha we-Baroque Architecture ngokuvumelana nokuhlelwa kwe-longitudinal yendawo ukuze inani elikhulu lamakholwa likwazi ukuhlangana.

Ayexhunyaniswe nesiphambano sesiLatini sezindlu zesonto ezaziwazungezile, ebonisa umkhuba woMkhandlu WaseTrent. Ukuba umuntu obaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezenkolo ukhadinali ogama lakhe linguBorromeo.

Ukumelwa kwedome kubonise inyunyana noMninimandla Onke ngokuhlangana kwazo zombili izindawo ezakhiwe ezifana nelongitudinal kanye nemaphakathi.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Ngisho ne-facade eyenziwe ku-Baroque Architecture yabonisa ukwakheka kwezakhi zayo njengoba kufakazelwa esontweni laseSan Andrés del Valle neSanta Susanna.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukwakhiwa kwamathempeli enkolo kwanwetshwa lapho zombili izikhala zahlanganiswa khona, i-longitudinal nephakathi nendawo lapho yenziwa khona ngedome, okuyingxenye yokuhlanganisa ye-Baroque Architecture.

Iphuzu okufanele licatshangelwe ku-Baroque Architecture ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo kanye ne-facade yamasonto okudala umbono omusha wendawo eyakhiwe.

Yebo, ama-facade ayengasewona ukuqhubeka okunengqondo kwengaphakathi lethempeli, kodwa kunalokho indalo eyingqayizivele lapho izakhi zepulasitiki zazisetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukuguqulwa kusuka ngaphakathi kuya ngaphandle kwesakhiwo ngenxa ye-Baroque Architecture.

Hhayi-ke, endaweni yangaphakathi, ukwakheka kohlu lwezibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi lapho ama-ellipses nemigqa egobile ehlangana khona, okubonisa ukunyakaza endaweni edalwe lapho kungekho ukulinganisa ekwakhiweni okwenziwe.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Ezigodlweni noma Ezinqabeni

Mayelana nokwakhiwa kwezigodlo zasebukhosini, izakhiwo ze-Baroque nazo zasetshenziswa, lapho kwakhiwa khona izigodlo emadolobheni nasezindlini ezisemaphandleni ukuze kujabulele yonke imindeni yobukhosi.

Enye yezinto ezazihlaba umxhwele kakhulu kwakuyizakhiwo zezigodlo zase-Italy, ezakha uhlobo olusha lokuhlala esizweni sase-Italy.

Ngokuphathelene nalezi zakhiwo, ipulani lephansi laklanywa ngendlela yezinhlamvu H, ngokuphathelene nokungena, kwakuse-atrium ejulile, lapho behamba, beba mncane kakhulu, bafinyelela ekamelweni eliyi-elliptical elafeza umsebenzi abe yinkaba yesigodlo.

Ngokuphathelene nesizwe saseFrance, lesi sigodlo esisha sasemadolobheni esakhiwe izakhiwo ze-Baroque saziwa kuleli zwe ngegama elithi Ihhotela, kodwa kulesi sici sagcina ukubonakala kwezinqaba zenkathi ephakathi, ekubeni isimo sezulu esinamandla, ukukhanya kwelanga kwakudingeka ezindaweni ezinkulu. .

Ngenxa yalokhu, ngenxa ye-Baroque Architecture, ama-facade ayedinga ukunyakaziswa futhi anamaphiko abanzi ahlangene avela lapho indawo emaphakathi yayivikelwe ngenxa yesikhala esivumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwenqaba nedolobha.

Lokhu okwamanje kungafakazelwa eSigodlweni saseLuxembourg edolobheni laseParis, elakhiwa ngo-1615, umakhi walo msebenzi wezakhiwo zeBaroque unguSalomón de Brosse.

Lapho kungagqanyiswa khona amapheshana angama-angular adalwe amahholo amakhulu esitezi ngasinye sesakhiwo senqaba.

Ngokunjalo, i-Baroque Architecture igqama ekwakhiweni kwezinqaba emasimini njengezindlu zokuhlala ezaziwa ngegama elithi Chateaux, zakha izindawo zokuhlala ezinhle kakhulu ezazi-odwe ngokwendawo ezungezile.

Phakathi kwazo, iVaux-le-Vicomte Palace, eyakhiwa phakathi kuka-1656 no-1659 futhi yaklanywa umakhi uLouis Le Vau, kukhulunywa ngayo ngobuhle bayo obungavamile.

Njengesigodlo saseVersailles, esaba ummeleli omkhulu kakhulu wamandla aseFrance ngaleso sikhathi, eyenziwa yiLe Vau ngaphansi kwemiyalo yeNkosi uLouis XIV.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Ukwakheka kwezwe ku-Baroque Architecture

Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi le nhlangano ithole ukuphindaphindeka kwayo okukhulu engadini yaseFrance, ikakhulukazi endalweni eyenziwe ngu-André Le Notre.

Lolu hlobo lwendawo lucatshangelwa kulesi sizwe njengendawo engapheli eyalwa ngokusetshenziswa kwezibalo zejometri ezigxile esigodlweni.

Ukunikeza ukubukeka okungapheli nokubonisa ubukhosi benqaba ekhona ukuba ezinye izakhi ezihlobene nezwe elihlanganisa imihlaba emibili: owasemadolobheni odalwe izandla zomuntu nomhlaba wemvelo.

Esinye sezibonelo ezinhle ze-Baroque Architecture yiSigodlo saseVersailles lapho ingqikithi yemvelo imelwe esakhiweni esenziwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX lapho ukubusa, ukuvuleka kanye namandla kubonakala khona.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ekupheleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, kwenziwa izinguquko ezibonisa uhlelo oluphakathi nendawo kanye nezwe elinwetshiwe ngokungapheli eduze kwezakhiwo ezakhiwe, okubonisa amandla enkosi emkhakheni we-landscape kwabakhileyo esifundeni.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Ngenxa yalokhu, idolobha liyingxenye yokuhlelwa kwemvelo kwedolobha ngenxa yesimo sezwe, ukuhlanganisa ingaphandle nengaphakathi lezakhiwo, okwenza ingxenye yesikhala.

Hhayi-ke, izakhiwo zivulwa ngenxa ye-Baroque Architecture eyenza ukuxhumana phakathi kwemvelo kanye nokwakhiwa komuntu ngokusebenzisa indawo.

Ubuqili be-Baroque Architecture ngokombono obucayi

Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi i-Baroque Architecture ayizange idalwe ngenjongo yokuqondwa ngemibono yolwazi.

Kodwa ukuze kubonakale ngezinzwa ezidala kumbukeli ukuzwa okungokomzwelo hhayi okuphusile njengakweminye iminyakazo yobuciko.

Ngakho-ke le nhlangano yazalwa ezimweni ezimbili ezichazwe kahle umlando ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa okokuqala intuthuko yesayensi sibonga iRenaissance kanye ne-classicism engakwazi ukucacisa okungaziwa okubhekene nabantu ngaleso sikhathi.

I-Universe eyayaziwa kuze kube yileso sikhathi yayingasafani ngoba umhlaba wawunwetshiwe futhi abantu base befuna ukuhlolwa phakathi kobuNkulunkulu kanye ne-metaphysical.

Kulapha lapho i-Baroque Architecture ibamba iqhaza ekuqanjweni kwendawo ngokusebenzisa ama-ellipses, ngaleso sikhathi okwakuyinto entsha futhi ephikisana ne-Euclidean, eyimpendulo ezidingweni nezithakazelo zangaleso sikhathi.

Ngokuphathelene nomunye umongo, ivumelana ne-Counter-Reformation, eyakhuthazwa iSonto LamaKatolika, njengoba emsuka wobuProthestani, izici ezintsha nemibono kubukwa ngaphambi kokubheka okungcwele.

Ngakho iSonto LamaKatolika kwadingeka lizivuselele ukuze lingalahlekelwa amakholwa alo ngomkhakha wezobuciko, ngakho i-Baroque Architecture yakhuthazwa ngenxa yeSonto Ezweni Elisha.

Abacwaningi abanjengoRevilla Manuel G., u-Diego Ángulo kanye noJosé Juan Tablada babona ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Baroque Architecture yekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Umbhali oyinhloko u-Revilla uphawula ukuthi ngekhulu le-XNUMX ukwakhiwa kwe-Baroque kuyavuthwa, lapho kunomhlobiso wama-pilaster namaphaneli.

Ukubonisa ukuthi imigqa iphukile kunikeza ithuba lokungapheli ekwakhiweni kwamafomu ahlanganisa izithombe eziqoshiwe njengengxenye yokuhlobisa izakhiwo zenkolo.

Kunenkulumo eMexico nge-Baroque Architecture eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Churrigueresque yaseMexico, ejwayeleke kakhulu ekhulwini le-XNUMX, lapho kubhekwa khona ukwakhiwa kwezindlu nemibhoshongo emikhulukazi yezinsimbi, lapho izindawo ezingcwele zibonisa ubungako be-Basilicas.

Ukusabalala kwe-Baroque Architecture ngekhulu le-XNUMX

Njengoba besesishilo, umsuka weBaroque Architecture wazalelwa e-Italy, ikakhulukazi edolobheni laseRoma, engomunye wabanduleli balo mnyakazo uMichelangelo ngenxa yedome ayakhela i-Saint Peter's Basilica.

Italia

Izakhi ze-Baroque Architecture zisabonakala ebusweni baleli thempeli lenkolo elakhiwa phakathi kuka-1607 no-1626, lapho iMaderno neBernini yahlanganiswa khona.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izakhiwo zeBaroque ezakhiwa kulokho esikwazi namuhla njengenhlonhlo yase-Italy, eminingi yala madolobha yayingaphansi kwamandla angaphandle, njengeSpain, kusukela ngo-1559 kuya ku-1773.

Khona-ke i-Austria yathatha amandla phezu kwamadolobha ase-Italy kusukela ngo-1713 kuya ku-1796. Ngakho-ke, edolobheni laseRoma kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX, futhi ukusuka lapho yathuthela kwezinye izizwe ezakha izwekazi laseYurophu futhi ngenxa yeSpain yathuthela Izwe Elisha.

Njengoba wazi kakade, i-Baroque Architecture iyigama elihlambalazayo ngenxa yokuntula ukuhleleka kanye nokujwayelekile ekubunjweni kwemisebenzi yayo nezakhiwo lapho abavikeli be-Classicism ababethonywe ukuKhanya ngenxa ye-rationalism babona ukuntula kulolu hlobo lokunyakaza kwezobuciko. yokunambitha..

Ngakho-ke, izimfanelo ezibalulekile ze-Baroque Architecture zihambisana nomhlobiso kanye nemidlalo yaseshashalazini yemigqa egobile ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo ze-polycentric lapho ukuxhumana kwabonwa okunzima ukukuchaza.

Nokho, zonke izakhiwo ze-Baroque Architecture kwadingeka zinikeze izibukeli ukumangala ngokujabula kokuhlobisa.

Ngokusetshenziswa kobunye ubuciko obuhle obufana nokudweba, ukubaza kanye ne-Etruscan yokwakheka kwesikhala, okubonisa umdlalo owanele phakathi kwezibani nezithunzi endaweni ezohlotshiswa.

I-Baroque Architecture ayizange isetshenziswe iSonto LamaKatolika kuphela, ngisho namaProthestani aseNyakatho Yurophu kanye nezizwe zama-Orthodox Slavic nazo zasebenzisa izindlela zalesi siyalo sokuhlobisa ekwakhiweni kwabo.

Le Baroque Architecture iqondana nokuzalwa kwemisebenzi yezakhiwo okungeyeNhlangano KaJesu eyasungulwa ngo-1537, isiza ekuthuthukiseni izisekelo zeSonto LamaKatolika kanye nokushumayela izakhamuzi zeZwe Elisha.

Kanye noMkhandlu waseTrent phakathi kweminyaka ka-1545 no-1563 ulungisa ukweqisa kwemfundiso yeBandla lamaKhatholika eyafiphazwa yihlazo elidalwe yizono nokudala imiyalo emisha njengamaJesuit, amaBarnabite, amaTheatine kanye namaOratorian.

Okwakufuna izindawo ezingcwele zenkolo ezintsha ezazivumela amakholwa ukuthi athole umdlandla kanye nokumangala ekusakazweni kwenkolo yamaKatolika futhi imihlobiso yayiyanda kulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Ngakho-ke, ku-Baroque Architecture, izakhi eziyisisekelo zezakhiwo ze-Renaissance zathathwa, njengezindlu namakholomu.

Zaziklanywe ngendlela yokuthi zibe zinde futhi zibe ngokubabazekayo kakhulu, zihlotshiswe kangcono futhi zinezinga eliphezulu laseshashalazini ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela endaweni yangaphakathi, umdwebo we-Quadrature noma we-trompe-l'oeil wawusetshenziswa kanye nesithombe esiqoshiwe.

Isibukeli kwakudingeka sibheke ophahleni lwezakhiwo lapho okwakungabonwa khona iqembu lezingelosi ezibaziweyo, kanye nezithombe ezipendwe ophahleni lwala masonto, ukuze ukukhanya kwemvelo kube yingxenye yesehlakalo ngokusebenzisa i-domes evamile ye-Architecture. i-baroque

Lapho ubuhlungu begolide buvame khona ngaphandle kokukhohlwa amakholomu asontekile ukuze anikeze umuzwa wokunyakaza ngenkathi ebuka phezulu ethempelini lenkolo, izitebhisi ziyingxenye eyinhloko yalobu buciko ekwakhiweni kwayo.

Lesi sitayela se-Baroque Architecture sifakazelwa emisebenzini kaCarlo Maderno, njengoba kunjalo ne-facade ayidala e-Santa Susanna phakathi kuka-1585 no-1603, kanye nasongaphambili kanye nengxenye ye-nave yaseSan Pedro del Vatican phakathi kweminyaka ye-1603. futhi 1626.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Amanye amathempeli enkolo esingeke sehluleke ukuwabala iBasilica yaseSant' Andrea della Valle phakathi kuka-1608 no-1625. Le façade yaqedwa ngenxa yobuhlakani bukaCarlo Rinaldi phakathi kuka-1655 no-1665.

Kukhona futhi enye i-façade egqamile ku-Baroque Architecture eyenziwa nguMartino Longhi, owayaziwa ngo-El Joven phakathi kuka-1644 no-1650, i-façade yethempeli lezenkolo njengeChurch of Saints Vincent kanye ne-Anastasius.

Lapho i-axis emaphakathi ye-facade igqama ngokusetshenziswa kwama-pilaster kancane kancane kanye namakholomu amancane namakholomu. Ngenxa yalokhu, lokhu kunyakaza kweBaroque Architecture kwafinyelela ekukhuphukeni phakathi kweminyaka ye-1625 ne-1675 ezandleni zikaGian Lorenzo Bernini. UFrancesco Borromini noPietro da Cortona.

Lapho bavumela khona ukuthuthukisa ku-Baroque Architecture ukunwetshwa kolimi okubhekiselwe kulo mnyakazo wobuciko lapho amathempeli enkolo eyingxenye yokukhuphuka okukhulu kokwakhiwa kwalowo mzuzu emlandweni.

Njengezigodlo nokuguqulwa kwendawo yasemadolobheni ngenxa yokusekelwa uPapa Sixtus V kanye nemisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe ye-Domenico Fontana eyavumela ukuguqulwa kokuqala kwedolobha ledolobha laseRoma.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, imigwaqo emisha kanye nokufuduka kwakhiwe ezimbazweni ukuze zakhiwe ngendlela eqondile, okuvumela ukucaciswa kwezindawo zomphakathi ngenxa yezakhiwo ze-Baroque, njengoba kwenzeka ePlaza del Popolo, Navona kanye neSan Pedro ngisho nezinye zomphakathi. izakhiwo.

Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwe-Baroque Architecture yeqa imingcele yedolobha yafinyelela edolobheni laseTurin lapho iNkantolo yaseSavoy yayifana kakhulu nale nhlangano yokusungula.

Lokho kwamvumela ukuba athuthukise amandla akhe ezombangazwe ngokusebenza kwabakhi abalandelayo uFilippo Juvarra, Bernardo Vittone noGuarino Guarini.

Okwandiswa yidolobha kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zezakhamizi zendlu yasebukhosini yaseSavoy kanye nezindawo zokuhlala kanye nezigodlo edolobheni laseTurin, okukhona phakathi kwayo isonto le-Holy Shroud, isigodlo saseCarignano kanye neBandla laseSan Lorenzo. eGuarini.

Izakhiwo ze-baroque zazimangalisa kangangokuthi zasakazekela edolobheni laseMilan nasedolobheni laseVenice lapho kugqama khona imisebenzi yezakhiwo, njengeBasilica yaseSanta Maria della Salute.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Idalwe ngu-Baldassare Longhena lapho kubonakala khona uhlelo lwesitezi esiyi-octagonal eliseduze nendawo engcwele ezungezwe ama-apses amabili.

Edolobheni laseNaples, umsebenzi wezakhiwo zikaCosimo Fanzago, uFrancesco Grimaldi noFerdinando Sanfelice ungabonakala, okufakazela isonto lasebukhosini loMgcinimafa waseSan Gennaro kanye nePalazzo dello Spagnolo kanye nesonto likaSanta Maria Egiziaca.

Lapho kubonakala khona ukuhlanganiswa kwemihlobiso evela e-Spanish Plateresque, elinye lamadolobha elakhangwa ukwakhiwa kweBaroque yidolobha laseSicily ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba okwenzeka ngo-1693.

Lapho kwakhiwa khona amathempeli enkolo amaningana anezici ze-Baroque Architecture, okuyiKhathedrali laseSant'agata eliseCatania kanye neKhathedrali laseSan Giorgio edolobheni laseRagusa.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, idolobha laseTuscany okwamanje lahlala ligxilile ekuqhubekeleni phambili kweMannerist njengoba kufakazelwa ukwakhiwa kweChapel of the Princes futhi mayelana nokwakhiwa kweBaroque Architecture, baqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Mayelana nesigaba sokugcina sezakhiwo zeBaroque esizweni sase-Italy, sisungulwa edolobheni laseNaples ngenxa yeSigodlo saseCasetas esenziwe nguLuigi Vanvitelli.

Owalandela imodeli yezinye izigodlo zaseBourbon, njengeSigodlo saseVersailles kanye neRoyal Palace yaseMadrid, ezigcina ukuxhumana kwazo nendawo ezungezile.

España

Ngesikhathi i-Baroque Architecture ifika esizweni saseSpain, yahlangabezana nokushoda kwezomnotho ekubuseni kukaFelipe III futhi ngekhulu le-XNUMX yangena kodwa ukwakhiwa kwayo kwakungabalulekile kakhulu.

Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kakhulu kwenziwa ekuhlobiseni amathempeli enkolo, athathwa ngokushesha kakhulu izakhamuzi ezingafundile futhi abe nokudlula kwawo eZweni Elisha.

Phakathi kwezakhiwo ezimele ukwakhiwa kweBaroque eSpain yisonto laseSan Isidro edolobheni laseMadrid phakathi nekhulu le-1629, elaqala ngo-XNUMX.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Singaphinde sikhulume ngeSonto laseSanta María Magdalena elitholakala edolobheni laseGranada elaqala ngonyaka we-1677, elifana kakhulu nesakhiwo sezakhiwo endaweni yase-Italy, ngaphezu kwe-Basilica ye-Virgen de los Desamparados etholakala endaweni yase-Italy. idolobha lase Valencia. eliqukethe isitshalo esimaqanda.

Izigaba ezakha i-Baroque Architecture eSpain

Lezi zigaba zakhiwa esizweni saseSpain ngezikhathi ezintathu, kube yilezi ezilandelayo emlandweni we-Baroque Architecture:

I-Post Herrerian noma i-Purist Period

Kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili zokuqala ezintathu zekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa ngenxa yokushoda kwezomnotho ekubuseni kukaFelipe III ukwakhiwa kukhombisa ubulula, ubulukhuni kanye nokuhluzeka.

Ngokusobala, i-liquidity ephansi yezinto ezibonakalayo abuvumeli ubuhle kanye nokuchichima kwezinto zokwakha njengakwezinye izizwe futhi ubumpofu bezinto ezisetshenziswa ku-Baroque Architecture buyabonwa, njengoba kunjalo ngezitini, ukhonkolo kanye nomhlabathi we-rammed.

Kusetshenziswa umugqa oqondile esikhundleni sejika futhi amathempeli anesakhiwo seBandla lamaGesu enkampani kaJesu, ubuso bawo obungaphambili bubonisa ubulula obufanayo obukhona esakhiweni.

Isibonelo salezi zakhiwo sibonakala eSontweni LamaKholeji laseSan Isidro edolobheni laseMadrid, elakhiwa inkampani kaJesu.

Uhlelo lwayo lwaphansi lwakhiwe ngendlela yesiphambano sesiLatini esifana nesikaGesú, kukhona neBandla Lokuzalwa Kwabantu nalo elitholakala edolobheni laseMadrid.

Kukhona ngisho neJele laseMadrid, namuhla elikhona kulesi sakhiwo soMnyango Wezangaphandle, kanye nendlu yeVilla de Madrid.

Ngaphezu kwe-Plaza Mayor eMadrid, lapho isitayela se-Escorial sibonakala ngenxa yobucayi bokuqaliswa kwemigqa evaliwe.

Isikhathi esihambelana nokuphela kwekhulu le-XNUMX

Ekugcineni, i-Baroque Architecture iqala ukuthatha inkambo yokwakhiwa kweSpanishi lapho amafomu okuhlobisa edlula amakholomu amakhulu kaSolomoni avumela umnyakazo omkhulu ekwakhiweni nasekufeni.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Amafomu avumela ukunyakaza ekwakhiweni kwe-Baroque Architecture afakiwe, njengezitshalo eziyisiyingi noma ze-concave lapho i-facade ye-Cathedral yaseGranada igqama, enziwe umakhi u-Alonso Cano, lapho kwethulwa khona amakhothamo angama-semicircular.

Omunye wemisebenzi yezakhiwo ongashiwo utholakala eSpain yiBell Tower kanye neClock Tower eyenziwe nguDomingo de Andrade, itholakala edolobheni laseSantiago de Compostela.

I-National Current of Baroque Architecture eyaziwa kangcono nge-Churrigueresque

Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwathuthukisa i-Baroque Architecture phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, kwathatha imisebenzi eyenziwa isizwe sase-Italy.

Lapho ukwakhiwa kwezitshalo eziyinkimbinkimbi kwethulwa lapho kusetshenziswa ijika nengxenye yejika, kanye namadomu afana naleyo eyenziwe umakhi uFrancisco Bautista kuleli khulu leminyaka lomlando.

Lapho kuvezwa idome eliphindwe kabili lapho kusetshenziswa khona ukhuni nokhonkolo futhi ngaphandle kuboniswa ukuphakama kwetshe lesikhumbuzo, okuvumela umthethosisekelo omkhulu wezindawo ezakhiwe futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo izikhala zamakholwa emfundiso yamaKatolika zinkulu.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Umhlobiso omkhulu ubonakala ekwakhiweni kwe-Baroque Architecture kuya ngokweqile, ukufeza isitayela esisha esaziwa ngegama elithi Churrigueresco, okuyigama lokugcina lomndeni owawuphethe ukucacisa inombolo enkulu yemisebenzi yezakhiwo.

Phakathi kwezakhiwo ezigqamayo kulesi sikhathi seBaroque Architecture kukhona iColegio de Anaya y Calatrava esedolobheni laseValladolid kanye nePlaza Mayor esedolobheni laseSalamanca.

Iphinde igqamise iPuente de Toledo edolobheni laseMadrid elidalwe nguPedro Ribera kanye neHospice yaseMadrid kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezijwayelekile zokwakhiwa kweBaroque eSpain njengeSan Telmo edolobheni laseSeville.

Ngokufanayo, izithombe zemfundiso yamaKatolika zingena ku-Baroque Architecture, njengamarosari, izinsalela, amatabernakele, ama-sacristies nezithombe ezivumela ukuzinikela okukhulu kumakholwa ngokusebenzisa ukuqaliswa kwezakhi ezifana nokukhanya kwemvelo, ukudweba nemifanekiso.

Ngokwalokho okuboniswa ekwakhiweni kwetiyetha ye-Baroque Architecture ngabadwebi bezakhiwo abanjengoRemigio del Mármol, uJosé Álvarez Cubero, uJuan de Dios Santaella, phakathi kwabanye.

Isitayela se-Bourbon

Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi uhlu lozalo lwama-Bourbon lukhona ekwakhiweni kwe-Churrigueresque kodwa lungowomsuka wesiFulentshi osondelene nowakudala futhi lusuka kude nokweqisa kwezakhiwo zaseChurrigueresque.

Ngakho uzobona ukuthi i-Bourbon Baroque Architecture ithanda izikhala ezibanzi ezinokwakhiwa okuhlelekile phakathi kwezakhiwo ezimele lesi sitayela.

Esikhathini sokuqala, i-Granja de San Ildefonso, eyaphathiswa u-Teodoro Ardemáns, ungakwazi futhi ukwazisa i-Palacio de Aranjuez eyenziwe ngu-Santiago Bonavía kanye ne-Palacio Real de Madrid eklanywe u-Giovanni Battista Sacchetti no-Filippo Juvara.

isizwe saseFrance

Izakhiwo zeBaroque kulesi sizwe zaziwa nangegama elithi French Classicism futhi zachuma kuleli zwe ngaphansi kokubusa kukaLouis XIII phakathi kweminyaka ye-1610 kuya ku-1643.

Kwathi ngokulandelana enye inkosi uLouis XIV phakathi kuka-1643 no-1715, kanye nasekubuseni okwalandela kukaLouis XV phakathi kuka-1715 no-1774.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kwenziwa izakhiwo ezimangalisayo ezazibonisa ubukhulu bobukhosi be-absolutist.

Ikakhulukazi ekubuseni kukaFelipe XIV owaziwa ngokuthi iNkosi iLanga edlulisa ukuhlakanipha nokukhanya kuzo zonke izifundo ekhanyisa isizwe sonke ngamandla ayo.

Isigodlo saseVersailles siyisibonelo sobukhulu bakhe njengeNkosi yaseFrance, okukhombisa ukuthi unamandla aphelele ngenxa yokukhula komnotho leli lizwe elikuthokozele ngalesi sikhathi somlando.

Ngenxa yalokhu, ukwakhiwa okuhlukahlukene kwe-Baroque Architecture kuhlanganiswe ne-Renaissance classicism kungenziwa futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX i-neoclassical architecture yathuthukiswa.

AmaFulentshi anquma ukubiza i-classic ngokuthi i-Baroque Architecture eyenziwa ekubuseni kukaLouis XIV nabalandela esikhundleni sakhe ukuze bangasebenzisi igama elilulazayo elithi Baroque.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Ngakho-ke, iSigodlo saseVersailles siyisibonelo esicacile sethonya lamasiko ase-Italy esizweni saseFrance, okuyinkathi yokuguqula leyo ehambisana nenyanga ka-April wonyaka ka-1665 ngokwenqatshwa komdwebi uBernini ukuze akhe umpheme waseLouvre. .

Ngokumangazayo, umakhi odume kakhulu wale nkathi wenqatshwa yinkantolo yaseFrance kodwa waba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwezinye izizwe zaseYurophu ngekhulu le-XNUMX.

Phakathi kwezakhiwo zokuqala zeBaroque Architecture eFrance kukhona lezo ezakhiwa umakhi uJacques Lemercier eSorbonne Chapel ngo-1635, kanye nalezo zikaFrançois Mansart owakha iChâteau de Maisons - Laffitte phakathi kweminyaka ye-1624 kuya ku-1626.

Ngemuva kwalokho baba nentshisekelo yokwenza i-facade ye-Louvre Palace phakathi kuka-1667 no-1670, benomthwalo wemfanelo uLouis Le Vau noClaude Perrault.

Ngokunjalo, imisebenzi yomphakathi yathuthukiswa ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa konxiwankulu njengomphakathi wezicukuthwane lapho ama-chateaux ethulwa emaphandleni.

Njengoba kunjalo ngeChateau de Dampierre, eyalungiswa ngomyalo woMbusi waseChevreuse, njengoba kwakunjalo neChâteau de Blois, kodwa evelele kunazo zonke iSigodlo saseVersailles kusukela ngo-1669 kuya ku-1685, iLe Vau ephethe futhi. bese uJules Hardouin Mansart eqeda umsebenzi.

Intshisekelo ye-Baroque Architecture ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo namandla enkosi yaseFrance lapho amakamelo akhe kufanele abekwe phakathi nendawo yesigodlo ukusuka eksisi empumalanga-ntshonalanga futhi amahholo esigodlo anikezelwe kunkulunkulu bamaRoma noma emhlabeni.

Ngakho-ke iSigodlo saseVersailles, ngenxa ye-Baroque Architecture, iba uphawu lwamandla nokukhangisa kwezombangazwe lapho kuboniswa khona injabulo nemfucuza, okusakazeka ezizweni ezihlukahlukene zaseYurophu ngenxa yobuhle bezingadi zayo kanye nobukhosi beSigodlo.

I-Baroque Architecture inothiswa ngobuhlakani nobuqambi bezakhiwo zaseFrance ngokwakhiwa kwemikhawulo, izitebhisi kanye negalari yangaphakathi, okuyiSigodlo saseLuxembourg esakhiwe phakathi kweminyaka ye-1615 ne-1631.

Kusukela kumdwebi wamapulani u-Salomón de Brosse, imodeli ezolandelwa enezakhiwo ezintathu zokwakha isigodlo ezihambisana nophahla olwehlelayo kanye nokuhlotshiswa nge-facade yamatshe njengePitti Palace.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

E-England

Ngisho nesizwe samaNgisi sacwila ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zasendulo futhi yiNdlu Yendlovukazi eseGreenwich ebeka iphuzu loshintsho ngaseBaroque Architecture.

Zingamabhulokhi amabili angunxande ahlanganiswe ibhuloho.Namuhla isiyiNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba ngenxa ye-UNESCO.Lokhu kwakhiwa kukhuphuka ukusuka esitezi esikhulu esivulela engadini ngegalari yamakholomu kaDoric.

Phakathi kwabaklami bezakhiwo okumelwe sibalule kulesi sikhathi kukhona u-Iñigo Jones kanye no-Isaac de Caus ophethe ukufeza i-Wilton House lapho ubuhle bamagumbi akhiwe ngamabhokisi abizwa ngokuthi i-cube kanye ne-double cube ingabonwa.

Omunye wabadwebi bamapulani ababonisa ubuciko ngezakhiwo ze-Baroque kwakunguSir Christopher Wren, owabeka i-Roman classicism ngemva komlilo omkhulu owenzeka kuleli dolobha ngo-1666, futhi wethula imibono emisha yokwakha kabusha idolobha laseLondon.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi egqamayo endaweni yaleli dolobha lamaNgisi iKhathedrali likaSaint Paul, kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezingamashumi amahlanu zamathempeli enkolo ezakhiwe yilo mklami omkhulu.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Kukhona ngisho nobufakazi bokwandiswa kweSigodlo saseHampton okwathunywa iNkosi uWilliam III yaseNgilandi phakathi kuka-1689 no-1692.

Abanye abadwebi bezakhiwo abebefuna ukukhetha isitayela sikaWren uJohn Vanbrugh noNicholas Hawksmoor abajutshwe ukuthi benze izakhiwo ezinkudlwana ezihlotshiswe ngemidlalo yaseshashalazini.

Kusukela ngonyaka we-1699 babephethe ukwakhiwa kweHoward Palace etholakala eNyakatho Yorkshire lapho uphiko olwakhiwe ngamakamelo amaningana lungabonakala phakathi kwengadi ne-patio.

Phakathi neminyaka engu-1715 no-1717 babephethe ukuhlanganisa imiqulu emibili ye-Vitruvius Britannicus lapho kuqoshwa khona ukuqoshwa kwezakhiwo zaseBrithani kanye nokuhunyushwa kweZivumelwano ezine zika-Andrea Palladio, okwaletha uguquko olusha ku-Baroque Architecture.

Kudalwa umnyakazo omusha esizweni samaNgisi okwaziwa ngegama elithi neo-Palladianism kudala ukujikela emithethweni emihle yakudala njengoba ilotshwe nguPalladio kanye no-Iñigo Jones.

Njengoba ingumlingiswa oyinhloko wale nhlangano, u-Lord Burlington wakha i-Chiswick House, efana kakhulu nemisebenzi edalwe nguPalladio.

Okufanayo kuyagqama endaweni okuhlala kuyo iDukes of Devonshire Baroque Architecture efana neChatsworth etholakala eDerbyshire eNgilandi eyakhiwe umakhi uWilliam Talman ngonyaka we-1694.

Omunye umsebenzi ogqamile kulesi sizwe samaNgisi maqondana neBaroque Architecture yiBlenheim Palace, eyakhiwa ngo-1710 ngumdwebi wezakhiwo uJohn Vanbrugh wenzelwe uDuke Marlborough njengesipho esivela kuNdlovukazi u-Anne.

Mayelana neNetherlands

Lapha uzobona ukwakhiwa okwenziwa ekwakhiweni kwe-Baroque ngenxa yalokhu kunyakaza okubonise amandla ezombusazwe, ezenhlalakahle nezomnotho ababusi bawo, ngakho ungangabazi ukuqhubeka nokufunda lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo.

I-Netherlands esendaweni eseNingizimu

Kulezi zizwe, ukuguqulwa kwezakhiwo zeBaroque kwenziwa, kanye nemibono yamaFlemish, ngoba yayingaphansi kwamandla eFlanders.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Nakuba abasohlangothini olusenyakatho babezimele futhi benokungezwani ngokwemibono yezombangazwe kanye nezici zenkolo.

Ngakho-ke ohlangothini oluseningizimu olwalubuswa amaFlanders kwakungamaKhatholika kanye nomphakathi wamafa ngenkathi ohlangothini oluzimele olusenyakatho inkolo yayingamaProthestani kwase kuqala imibhikisho yonxiwankulu.

Ngokufanayo, ubuciko obuhle behluke phakathi kwe-Flemish Baroque ne-Dutch Baroque, ikakhulukazi ekudwebeni, ingasaphathwa yezakhiwo ze-Baroque.

Engxenyeni eseningizimu yeNetherlands, ngenxa ye-Counter-Reformation, kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezintsha lapho ukuthokoza kwemininingwane yokuhlobisa kwabonwa ngokuphathelene nesakhiwo, ngaphandle kobuningi.

Ngokomlando, phakathi konyaka ka-1596 no-1633, ngaphansi kokubusa kuka-Archdukes Alberto no-Isabel Clara Eugenia, kwabonakala uguquko ezindlini zezindela ezintsha ezazakhiwe kulesi sizwe.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Ngaphandle kokukhohlwa izakhiwo zomphakathi lapho Isikhungo Somlando saseBrussels ngonyaka we-1695 sakhiwe kabusha futhi abadwebi abaningi bezakhiwo bathuthela e-Italy ukuze bafunde nge-Baroque Architecture.

Isandiso sendawo saseNyakatho yeNetherlands

Lesi sakhiwo seBaroque saziwa kule ngxenye yensimu ngegama le-Dutch Baroque, le ndawo yayibizwa nangokuthi izifundazwe ezihlangene.

I-Netherlands iyisizwe esichuma kakhulu nesinabantu abaningi kulezi zindawo, eyathola ukuzimela phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX.

Ukubhekana neHabsburg eMpini Yeminyaka Engamashumi Ayisishiyagalombili eyaziwayo eyaba phakathi kuka-1568 no-1648 futhi yahluka e-Southern Netherlands ngoba yayingaphansi kwemiyalo yobukhosi.

Nokho, iningizimu yayingaphansi kwemiyalo yombuso wamakhosi kuyilapho uhlangothi olusenyakatho lwaluzimele futhi lungonxiwankulu ngaphezu kokuqhuba inkolo yobuProthestani kanye nenkolelo-mbono yesiko lamaKatolika ohlangothini oluseningizimu.

Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo ze-Baroque e-Southern Netherlands zagqugquzelwa yi-Counter-Reformation yase-Bernini kanye ne-Borromini, kuyilapho ohlangothini olusenyakatho ukukhiqizwa okunamandla kwabonwa ezindaweni zokuhlala ezifana ne-Orange House kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi.

Njengasesizweni samaNgisi, kwenziwa umsebenzi ngePalladianism, ekhombisa ukuhluzeka nokuzithiba ezakhiweni, amanani e-republic axhumene ne-Antiquity of the Classic.

Imiklamo eyenziwe umakhi uHendrik de Keyser ikhombisa ithonya laseVenice ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-1620, lapho iBandla laseNyakatho ligqama phakathi kuka-1623 no-1620, kanye ne-Westerkerk, okuyiSonto LaseNtshonalanga phakathi kuka-1631 no-XNUMX edolobheni. e-Amsterdam..

Maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX leminyaka ye-Dutch Baroque architecture abadwebi abakhulu kwakunguJacob Van Campen kanye noPieter Post bathatha imibono kaKeyser.

Kanye nezakhi zokwakheka kwe-eclectic ezifana nama-pilaster ama-oda amakhulu kanye nophahla olunama-gable, ama-pediments aphakathi nendawo kanye nemibhoshongo yensimbi.

Ngakho-ke, indalo yakhe ilindele intuthuko ezobonwa eNgilandi ngokusebenzisa i-English Classicism yomdwebi wezakhiwo uChristopher Wren.

Emabhilidini, okugqama kakhulu yiHholo Ledolobha lase-Amsterdam ngo-1646, namuhla eliyiRoyal Palace, kanye neMaastricht ngo-1658, zombili zaklanywa umakhi uCapen.

Endabeni yeNdlu ye-Orange, yindlu yonxiwankulu hhayi isigodlo lapho kungashiwo khona uHuis ten Bosch noMauritshuis, okuyizakhiwo ezilinganayo ezinamafasitela amakhulu kodwa ezingenawo umhlobiso owubukhazikhazi, okungenye yezimfanelo zezakhiwo zeBaroque.

Ngakho-ke, ukuqina kwejometri kubonakala ekwakhiweni okwenziwa endaweni ehlala ehlobo yase-Estatúder e-Het Loo.

Ngakho abaningi babaklami bayo baqashwa eJalimane ukuze benze izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu kanye naseScandinavia naseRussia, okwenza isitayela sabo sibe nomthelela kwezinye izizwe.

Izakhiwo zamaDashi zasakazeka ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene njengase-Hudson River Valley lapho kwakhiwa khona izindlu zezitini ezibomvu ezinamagalaji futhi zisabonakala eCuraçao kodwa ezinemibala enemibala ehlukene kodwa isakhiwo esifanayo.

EYurophu Ephakathi

I-Baroque Architecture e-Central Europe ibonakala esizweni saseJalimane phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX namaphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX lapho kwenziwa ukufana noMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma.

Ngaphezu kwempahla yabakwaHabsburg, okuyizinto lezi zizwe, le nhlangano yenziwa sekwephuzile ngenxa yempi yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu eyaqala ngonyaka ka-1618 kuya ku-1648.

I-Baroque Architecture Ezweni Elisha

Lapho i-Baroque Architecture idluliswa isuka eZwenikazi LaseYurophu iyiswa Ezweni Elisha, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezintsha ekwakhiweni nasekudalweni kwezakhiwo ezenziwa ngaleso sikhathi somlando kuyabonwa.

Maqondana namathempeli enkolo, kwakhethwa i-Baroque Architecture e-New World ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezinohlelo lwe-Latin cross floor, oluvame kakhulu ezifundeni nasemathempelini azoba ama-convent for friars.

Ngendlela efanayo, izakhiwo ze-single-nave zenzelwe ukwakhiwa kwamathempeli enkolo lapho izindela zizohlaliswa khona, kuyilapho ezakhiweni zomphakathi ngokusho kwezakhiwo ze-Baroque, izakhiwo ezine-quadrangular zenziwa eduze kwe-patio, eyaba yinto evamile kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. .

Ngokuqondene namadomu nemibhoshongo, kwakuyizinto ezigqamile ku-Baroque Architecture, kanti iMexico ingelinye lamazwe abonisa ubunye obukhulu kakhulu mayelana nalezi zakhi ekwakhiweni kwazo.

Phakathi kwezisetshenziswa kakhulu kwakuyidome eyi-octagonal egcina ngesibani esincane, isibonelo sayo i-Santa Prisca de Taxco, kodwa usengabona izinhlobonhlobo zazo.

Mayelana nemibhoshongo ye-Baroque Architecture, imibhoshongo yayibaluleke kakhulu njengokwakhiwa kwezindlu, yayiphakanyiswe maqondana nokuphakama kwethempeli lezenkolo, ngokungafani nezindawo ezazinokuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu, njengendaba yase-Oaxaca. .

Ukuhlobisa kufanele futhi kucatshangelwe, okungeyona ingxenye yesakhiwo kodwa kunalokho izakhi ezidlulanayo, okwenza isakhiwo sithole izinhlobonhlobo zemihlobiso kusukela ekubukeni kwendabuko kanye neSpanishi.

Izimpawu ze-Baroque Architecture kuleli zwekazi

Ngokuphathelene ne-Baroque Architecture ezwenikazi laseMelika, ukuphakanyiswa kwenziwa okusha futhi ikakhulukazi kobuhle bemvelo kanye nobunikazi bamasiko ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kanye nekoloni.

Ngokuphathelene nemisebenzi yezakhiwo, imihlobiso enenani elikhulu lemininingwane ibonakala kokubili ngaphandle, okuyi-facade yamasonto, nangaphakathi.

Amafacade aveza imigqa egobile ku-American Baroque Architecture kanye nemininingwane eminingi eyethula isigaba sezenkolo seSonto LamaKatolika ngemihlobiso emihle yaseYurophu kodwa idluliselwe esikweni laseMelika.

Abameleli Abayinhloko be-Baroque Architecture

Ngalesi sihloko sizokwethula kubadwebi bezakhiwo abane-trajectory enkulu kunazo zonke ku-Baroque Architecture, ngakho-ke sizochaza mayelana nomunye walaba balingisi emlandweni wobuciko.

UPietro Berrettini da Cortona

Wayengomunye wabamele i-Baroque Architecture, eqala umsebenzi wakhe enkonzweni yomndeni wakwaSacchetti ophethe i-villa yasePigneto, wabonakala engumsunguli ekudaleni umklamo wangaphakathi ngamafresco.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi yezakhiwo yalo mmeleli omkhulu we-Baroque Architecture, ama-façades e-Santa María della Pace agqamile, kanye nekaSanta María e-Vía Lata.

UGian Lorenzo Bernini

Uyisazi se-Baroque Architecture futhi wayeyindlalifa enkulu yokufunda kukaMichelangelo, omunye wemisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu iColonnade of Saint Peter.

NjengeSigodlo saseChigi - Odescalchi, esinethonya elikhulu kwezinye izizwe zaseYurophu, esingesinye sezakhiwo zomphakathi ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Francesco Borromini

Ungomunye wobaba be-Baroque Architecture, wasebenzisa izinto ezihlukahlukene ukuze abonise le nhlangano, ebonisa ukuhlangana okuhle kakhulu phakathi kwezakhi azisebenzisile.

Kwaba nenkulumo ezakhiweni zakhe mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-eccentric ukudlala ngokukhohlisa ngoba izikhala azidalile zahlangana ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi zixhumene kuphi. Umsebenzi wakhe wobuciko wobuciko omkhulu i-façade yaseSan Carlino.

louis le vau

Omunye wabadwebi bezakhiwo abavelele ekhulwini le-XNUMX kuBaroque Architecture wayengumakhi nomeluleki weNkosi uLouis XIV yaseFrance. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe kuneSigodlo SaseVersailles.

Wayekhathazeke ngomphumela wemisebenzi yezakhiwo hhayi ngemininingwane yayo, wahlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwedolobha nezakhiwo zasengadini edala ubuciko obusha obukhulu kulesi sigodlo saseVersailles.

UJules Hardouin Mansart

Umakhi omkhulu waseFrance nommeleli ofanelekayo we-Baroque Architecture, igama lakhe laziwa ophahleni lwe-Mansart, okuwuphahla olwehlelayo ngemva komthambeka omfushane.

Wayengumklami wokuqala wamafasitela aseFrance, eyingcweti enkulu ekwakhiweni kwemiklamo ethonya ezinye izizwe zezwekazi laseYurophu.

UJohann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach

Ungomunye wabamele i-Baroque Architecture yemvelaphi yase-Austrian, imibono yakhe yayiyizandulela e-Habsburg njengoba kufakazelwa kuHlelo Lomlando Nokwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo zonyaka we-1721.

Wavakashela e-Italy futhi wafunda le nhlangano entsha futhi wabuyela ezweni lakubo nesikhundla somdwebi wezakhiwo zenkantolo enkonzweni yamakhosi amathathu, enza ukunambitheka kobukhosi besizwe sase-Austrian, edala i-Winter Palace yeNkosana u-Eugene waseSavoy.

UBartolomeo Rastrelli

Wayeyindodana yomdwebi omkhulu wezakhiwo nomqophi wamapulani wase-Italy ogama lakhe linguBartolomeo Carlo Rastrelli, kodwa esikhundleni sokuhlala e-Italy wathuthela eRussia lapho athonya khona izakhiwo nge-Baroque Architecture.

Lapho waqokwa esikhundleni sokuba umakhi weNkantolo YaseRussia, phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe eyinhloko i-Annenhof Palace eMoscow.

I-Winter Palace yesithathu e-St. Petersburg, i-Summer Palace endaweni efanayo, kanye neminye imisebenzi emikhulu yezakhiwo.

UJuan Gomez de Mora

Imele iPurism yesizwe saseSpain.Phakathi kwemisebenzi yayo yokuqala yezakhiwo kukhona i-El Convento de la Encarnación edolobheni laseMadrid, lokhu kwakhiwa kunengqondo kakhulu futhi kuxhumene ne-El Escorial.

Ngenxa yokuqaliswa kwe-façade emide kanye ne-pediment ekhonjiwe, ibonisa izimfanelo ezithile ezijwayelekile ze-Baroque Architecture.

Phakathi kweminye imisebenzi, singabala iMeya yasePlaza kanye neHholo Ledolobha laseMadrid kanye neRegium College, eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi iClerecía.

UPedro Sánchez

Lo mklami omkhulu wale nhlangano uqashelwa emlandweni yi-Collegiate Church yaseSan Isidro el Real. Lesi sakhiwo sakhiwa ngo-1620 futhi sisenkabeni yomlando yedolobha laseMadrid.

UFrancisco Bautista

Ekupheleni kwenkathi yokwakhiwa kwe-Herrerian, i-Baroque Architecture ibonakala ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamafomu amasha kanye nemihlobiso.

Lolu hlobo lwe-Baroque Architecture luyajabulisa ekwakhiweni kwama-facade kanye nomklamo wangaphakathi Lo makhi wayazi indlela yokusebenza ngama-oda amakhulu ngaphezu kokuqaliswa kwe-chiaroscuro ukuze adale imizwa ethinta imvelo.

Phakathi kwezakhiwo ezakhiwe yilo mdwebi wezakhiwo kuneCathedral yaseSan Isidro futhi iyingxenye yombono wethempeli eliphikisana nezinguquko. Kuyi-nave enepulani lesiLatini elimise okwesiphambano elinedome elikhulu futhi igumbi lomfundisi alishoni. .

Kulokhu kwakhiwa wasebenzisa amakholomu e-Doric ayisithupha ngaphezu kwama-pilaster amakhulu futhi i-façade yayo iyamangaza ngoba isungule ngesixhumanisi emaketangeni ukusuka phezulu kuya phansi kokubili ngaphandle nangaphakathi kwesakhiwo.

Alonso Carbonell

Wayengummeleli ofanelekayo wezakhiwo zeBaroque, ephethe iPalacio del Buen Retiro kanye neHermitage yaseSan Antonio.

Alonso Cano

Wayengomunye umdwebi wezakhiwo owabonisa ukuguqulwa kwe-Baroque Architecture phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa esebenzisa amafomu abstract kanye nama-cubes, isibonelo salokhu kwakuyi-Puerta de Guadalajara Arch edolobheni laseMadrid.

Omunye wemisebenzi yakhe emikhulu kwakuyiKhathedrali laseGranada, okwenza umehluko phakathi kwengaphandle nengaphakathi lesakhiwo senkolo, okuvumela inkululeko yokudala kanye namakholomu abonisa izindondo esikhundleni sosonhlamvukazi abavamile ababesetshenziswa.

Sebastian Herrera Barnuevo

Wayephethe ukwakha isonto nesigodlo saseSanta María la Real de Monserrat edolobheni laseMadrid, engomunye wabamele izakhiwo zeBaroque.

Umndeni wakwaChurriguera

Kwakungumndeni wabadwebi bezakhiwo, uJosé, uJoaquín no-Alberto ababengabameleli abafanelekayo be-Baroque Architecture.Basebenza ndawonye esakhiweni esisodwa ngakho-ke kunzima ukucacisa ukuthi yimuphi umsebenzi owenziwayo.

U-José de Churriguera uyinhloko yalo mndeni obeka ikholomu kaSolomoni njengesici kanye nokuhleleka okungahleliwe isibonelo saso.

Bekuyi-altare laseSan Esteban de Salamanca lapho asebenzisa khona amakholomu amakhulu kaSolomoni, imihlobiso yegolide kanye nokuma okugobile ukuze enze umnyakazo.

U-Joaquín de Churriguera udale i-Colegio de Calatrava kanye no-Alberto i-Plaza Mayor de Salamanca lapho kungase kubonakale khona amakhothamo amakhulu nalapho imigwaqo emikhulu yaleli dolobha laseSpain ihlangana khona.

Umsebenzi wabo wawumkhulu kangangokuthi ngesikhathi somlando we-Baroque Architecture izakhiwo abazenzayo zaziwa ngegama elithi Churrigueresque.

Peter waseRibera

Ulinganisa amagama asetshenziswa yiChurrigueresque kodwa uwanikeze incazelo yawo ku-Baroque Architecture, akagcini nje ngokuphatha imihlobiso kodwa futhi ngendawo nokuklanywa kwezakhiwo zangaphakathi.

Wathunywa ukuba enze i-facade ye-Hospice yaseMadrid, namuhla i-Municipal Museum yaleli dolobha, ukusetshenziswa kwemigqa enengqondo kubonakala, okubonisa ubuhlakani bakhe nokudala ekuthuthukiseni lesi sakhiwo.

I-Daffodil Tome

Omunye wabameleli be-Baroque Architecture ngumsebenzi wakhe omuhle kakhulu, i-Transparent ye-Cathedral yaseToledo lapho kusetshenziswe khona ukubaza, ukudweba kanye nezakhiwo.

Ezintweni ezifana nemabula, ithusi ne-alabaster kanye nocwaningo lokukhanya kwemvelo okugqamisa ukunyakaza kwamafomu enziwe.

UFernando Casa noNovoa

Wenza i-facade ye-Obradoiro ye-Cathedral yase-Santiago de Compostela. Kulesi sithombe se-Baroque Architecture, izindiza ezihlukahlukene zingabonakala ngokulandelana, okuveza i-optical illusion.

Ukwenza kubonakale sengathi imibhoshongo ingemuva komzimba ophakathi wesakhiwo, idlala nezinye izakhi zokuhlobisa.

ULeonard de Figueroa

Ingomunye ummeleli we-Baroque Architecture edolobheni lase-Andalusia, phakathi kwezibonelo zayo ezinkulu iSonto LaseSan Luis kanye neKolishi - Seminary yaseSan Telmo edolobheni laseSeville.

Imisebenzi ye-Baroque Architecture ibaluleke kakhulu

Miningi imisebenzi yale nhlangano yobuciko eyasusa umsindo ngaleso sikhathi futhi namuhla ivakashelwa inqwaba yezivakashi.

Ngenxa yobuhlakani nokudala kwabaklami bayo ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwayo futhi kulesi sigaba salesi sihloko sizochaza ngokuningiliziwe ngale misebenzi emikhulu yomlando weBaroque.

Italia

Izakhiwo ze-Baroque zazalelwa edolobheni laseRoma futhi kusukela kulo muzi abakhi bezakhiwo abaya ezizweni ezihlukahlukene ukuze bakhe izakhiwo.

Okuhlobene nalo mnyakazo wobuciko obalulekile owawukhombisa ukunotha namandla ababusi balezo zizwe ezifana neRussia, Austria, phakathi kwezinye.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi yokuqala ye-Baroque Architecture engajatshulelwa esizweni sase-Italy Isonto laseSan Carlo alle Quattro Fontane yaklanywa umakhi uFrancesco Borromini.

Ngolimi lweSpanishi lihumusha ngokuthi iSonto LaseSan Carlos de las Cuatro Fuentes lakhiwa phakathi kuka-1638 no-1646. Ingaphambili lenziwe umshana kaBorromini ogama lakhe linguBernardo Borromini ngo-1670.

Isonto likaSt Peter's basilica I-facade yaleli thempeli yenziwa nguCarlo Maderno kanye nedome nguMichelangelo odumile maqondana neSaint Peter's Square.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AXkJvHuIB9Q

Yaklanywa umakhi u-Gian Lorenzo Bernini lapho ungabona khona amakholomu amakhulu ayikhulu namashumi amane futhi kulowo nalowo ungabona isifanekiso sikasanta.

Elinye ithempeli elikhulu lezenkolo iBandla lamaGesu elakhiwa ngo-1568 ngumakhi uGiacomo Vignola kanye noGiacomo della Porta laqedwa ngo-1584.

EFrance

Omunye wemisebenzi emikhulu ye-Baroque Architecture i-Hospital des Invalides edolobheni lase-Paris.Iningi lalesi sakhiwo lakhiwa umakhi u-Bruant owayenenkululeko futhi idome lendlu yesonto lenziwa nguJules Hardouin Mansart.

Yakhelwe njengesibhedlela samaqhawe ezempi phakathi kuka-1671 no-1678. Njengamanje iyiMnyuziyamu Yezempi YaseFrance kanye Nomlando Wesimanje. Kule ndawo ebiyelwe kukhona izinsalela zoMbusi uNapoleon Bonaparte.

Omunye wemisebenzi ebabazekayo ekhombisa ukunethezeka kweBaroque Architecture iSigodlo saseVersailles, esanikezwa iNkosi uLouis XIV.

Ngonyaka we-1660, iningi lalo msebenzi, kanye nehholo elimangalisayo lezibuko, lenziwa umakhi uJules Hardouin Mansart.

Kusukela ngo-1837 lo msebenzi wokwakha ubulokhu uvulelekile emphakathini njengomnyuziyamu.Abanye abaklami bezakhiwo abanjengoLouis Le Vau, uCharles Le Brun, u-André Le Nôtre, uJacques Gabriel noRobert de Cotte nabo benza ingxenye yale misebenzi.

Austria

Kulesi sizwe, omunye wemisebenzi ye-Baroque Architecture yiSonto laseSan Carlos Borromeo eVienna, elanikezwa uMbusi uCharles VI ngemva kokugqashuka kokugcina kwesifo kuleso sizwe ngekhulu le-XNUMX.

Umuntu owayephethe lo msebenzi wobungcweti kwakungumakhi uJohann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, owashona ngaphambi kokuqeda lesi sakhiwo ngo-1723, futhi saqedwa indodana yakhe uJoseph Emanuel.

Omunye wemisebenzi yiSchönbrun Palace eVienna, kwakuyindawo yokuhlala yasehlobo yamakhosi aseHabsburg, inguqulo yase-Austrian yeSigodlo saseVersailles futhi yenziwa ngumdwebi ofanayo uJohann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach.

Ngemuva kokuwa kweHabsburgs ngo-1918 yaba indawo yase-Austria futhi njengamanje iyimnyuziyamu evulekele umphakathi.

Hungary

Kulesi sizwe amaJesuit ayephethe ukwakhiwa ebhekisela ekwakhiweni kweBaroque phakathi kwezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu.

I-Jesuit Church of Nagyszombat eyenziwe nguPietro Spozzo, itiyetha yaseVaszinhaz eyenziwe nguFarkas Kempelen ngo-1786 kanye neGrassalkovich Castle okwakuyinqaba yasebukhosini kaGodollo eyakhiwa u-Antal Grassalkovich ngonyaka we-1700.

Rusia

Iphinde yathola ithonya Italian Baroque izakhiwo phakathi izakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu kule nhlangano wobuciko kukhona.

I-Smolny Cathedral kanye ne-Winter Palace kokubili e-Saint Petersburg futhi yenziwa umdwebi ofanayo u-Bartolomeo Rastrelli.

Enye yale misebenzi yezakhiwo yiKunstkammer eyenziwa eSaint Petersburg ngabadwebi bezakhiwo uMikhail Zemtsov, uGeorg Johann Marttarnovi, uNicolaus Herbel noGaetano Chiaveria.

Alemania

Kulesi sizwe ungabona iSansSouci Palace eyenziwe ngaphansi kwemiyalo kaFrederick II ukuthi ibe yindawo yokuphumula yomndeni wasebukhosini kanye neSigodlo sokuhlala esisedolobheni laseDresden.

América

Ngenxa yokutholakala kweNew World, i-Baroque Architecture ayizange isakazekele kulo lonke elaseYurophu kuphela kodwa futhi yafinyelela ezwenikazi laseMelika ngokusebenzisa iSpanishi, njengoba kubonakala emisebenzini eminingi yezakhiwo, kuhlanganise neLa Capilla de Pocito eGuadalupe esizweni saseMexico.

Lesi sakhiwo saklanywa umakhi uFrancisco Guerrero y Torres ekupheleni konyaka we-1700, okungomunye wemisebenzi yokuqala yezakhiwo ezoqhubeka nokwakhiwa kuleli zwekazi.

Ifa leBaroque Architecture

Lokhu kunyakaza bekungenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zesitayela kwezobuciko obuhle okuhlanganisa nezakhiwo ze-Baroque kanye nomhlobiso wezakhiwo phakathi kokuphela kwekhulu le-XNUMX namaphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX.

Lesi sakhiwo se-Baroque Architecture sasisungulwa ngesikhathi nje kwakhiwa izifundazwe zikazwelonke, eziyinhloko eYurophu kube ama-monarchies aphelele, kanye nokukhula kwezinkampani ezikhiqizayo ezathuthukisa onxiwankulu baba yisigaba esisha senhlalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuKatolika baqiniswa ngenxa yenguquko ephikisayo, ngakho-ke i-Baroque Architecture yayisezingeni eliphezulu ngenxa yamandla obukhosi, i-aristocracy kanye neMfundiso yamaKatolika eyavumela ukusabalala kwalezi zakhiwo ezinhle.

Ukubonisa amandla nobukhosi njengenkulumo-ze yezombangazwe eyayikhazimulisa amandla futhi yaxhumana nawo ngokusebenzisa indawo ukuze kwakhiwe i-urbanism ehlukile eyayivulekile futhi igcwele ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo.

Izakhiwo zeBaroque zithatha indawo yeRenaissance nezimfanelo zayo zokuhleleka, ngakho le nhlangano entsha yabonisa ukuthi umuntu wayengaseyona isikhungo sendawo yonke.

Kunalokho, wayengumuntu oyinkimbinkimbi ofakwe ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi nokuhlangenwe nakho okusha okwamvumela ukuba avuleleke ekuguquleni nasekungqubuzaneni ayengakuthola ngemvelo, ngaphezu kokuhlubuka kwama-bourgeois revolutions, ukunyakaza kwama-plebeian kanye nabalimi ukuthi. yayi-anti-feudal..

Ukubonisa ukuguqulwa okwenziwe kusukela kulowo myalelo we-classicist we-Renaissance kuya ekushintsheni okusha kwe-Baroque Architecture lapho yonke into ivunyelwe inqobo nje uma ivumela ukuguqulwa kwemibono ebonisa amandla.

Isiphetho

I-Baroque Architecture ikhombisa imininingwane ehlukahlukene ngokwesifunda lapho umnyakazo yenzeka khona kodwa enezici ezigqamayo phakathi kwazo ukugqama kokukhanya kwemvelo emisebenzini yezakhiwo.

Ekupheleni kwenkathi ye-Baroque Architecture esizweni saseSpain, iChurrigueresque iyisitayela sokuhlobisa esihlotshiswe umndeni wabadwebi bezakhiwo uJosé, uJoaquín no-Alberto Churriguera owaletha emfashinini ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX.

Ngakho-ke, i-Architecture ibonisa ukuphumelela komhlobiso phezu komugqa kanye nokusetshenziswa kobunjwa bejometri usebenzisa ifantasy hhayi ukucabangela.

I-subjective ibhekwa phezu kwenhloso kanye nokuphazamiseka maqondana nesimo sokuvumelana semisebenzi, ukukhohlwa iRoma lasendulo kanye ne-Counter-Reformation ivame ukuba yingxenye yalolu shintsho lwezenkolo, lwezombusazwe kanye nokuhlakanipha ukuze kuliwe nenkolo yamaProthestani.

I-Baroque Architecture yasetshenziselwa ukuvuselela iSonto LamaKatolika ngobuciko ngenxa yamakhosi aphelele ezizwe zaseFrance naseSpain lapho imisebenzi yezakhiwo eyayibonisa amandla nobukhosi yayingenziwa.

Njengoba kwenzeka kuLouis XIV iNkosi yaseFrance kanye noPhilip III kanye no-IV nabo iSpain ingena ezinkingeni zezomnotho futhi iFrance ibhekene nezindaba eziphathelene nezombusazwe.

Ukushona kweNkosi uFelipe II kukhombisa ukwehlukana nokuwa kokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo maqondana nezohwebo ezisabalalisa amaciko ukuze azi izindawo ezintsha namasiko amasha ukuze afunde amasiko amasha.

Enye yezakhiwo ze-Baroque Architecture iyinkohliso eguqula amanga abe yiqiniso lapho izici zeshashalazi zazisetshenziswa ekuhleleni amadolobha lapho ubuciko babuhlangene khona ukukhombisa amandla amakhulu ababusi.

Inani le-ephemeral lengcebo laboniswa, yingakho umzuzu wokuzilibazisa waziswa, ukugqoka izenzakalo zezakhiwo ngobukhazikhazi, ukuhlobisa izakhiwo ukuze konke okwakungabonwa kube umbukwane ku-Baroque Architecture.

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