Ezigidini zamakhulu eminyaka, kube nomphakathi oye wanikela ngokungapheli emlandweni wesintu, lokhu bekuyiGreece Yasendulo. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe mayelana izakhiwo zamaGreki, imvelaphi yayo, izici nokunye okwengeziwe, ungangabazi ukuhlala nokufunda nathi.
Iyini i-Greek Architecture?
Izakhiwo zamaGreki zibizwa ngokuthi isitayela sezakhiwo esakhiwe futhi sathuthukiswa abantu abavela eGreece Yasendulo, njengabantu baseGreece, isibonelo. Isiko labo lachuma enhlonhlweni yasePeloponnese, eziqhingini zase-Aegean, nasemakoloni ase-Asia Minor nase-Italy phakathi nenkathi esuka ku-900 BC. C. kanye nekhulu lokuqala AD. c.
Kodwa-ke, uhlobo lwemvuselelo yamaGreki kanye nemvelaphi ngokwemisebenzi yezakhiwo, lwenzeka kusukela ngonyaka ka-600 BC. Izakhiwo ezaziwa kakhulu zalesi siko kwakungamathempeli alo ahlaba umxhwele, okumbalwa kuwo ahlala eqinile, njengoba iningi namuhla liyincithakalo. .
IParthenon iyisibonelo esicacile sezakhiwo zayo ezingaphezu kwemvelo, ezibhekwa njengethempeli elingcwele elidume kakhulu nelifanekisela lesizwe. Isikhundla sesibili njengohlobo olungcono kakhulu lwesakhiwo sihlala amathiyetha avulekile, okulondolozwa kwawo kusesekhona kuwo wonke umhlaba wamaGreki futhi umsuka wawo usukela cishe kuma-350 BC.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezakhiwo ezingabonakala namuhla, singabala umnyango omkhulu onamakholomu, obizwa nangokuthi i-Propylaea, izigcawu zomphakathi lapho izakhamuzi zazivame ukubuthana khona (ama-agora), izakhiwo ezakhiwe ngokulandelana kwamakholomu (lezi), phakathi kwezinye. .
Kodwa-ke, kunezinye ezivame ukutholakala, njengamahholo edolobha (i-bouleuterion), izikhumbuzo zomphakathi noma amathuna esikhumbuzo (ama-mausoleum) kanye nezindawo zezemidlalo ezibalulekile (izinkundla). Ngamunye waba, ngendlela yawo, izici ezisezingeni eliphakeme ezijwayelekile zaseGreece Yasendulo, kokubili ngesakhiwo nangokuhlobisa.
Leli phuzu liyiqiniso ikakhulukazi endabeni ethile yamathempeli, njengoba kubonakala sengathi isakhiwo ngasinye sacatshangelwa njengento ephilayo ebaziwe ngaphakathi kwezindawo. Kwakuyinto evamile ukuba babekwe endaweni ephakeme kakhulu, ukuze bathole imiphumela engcono.
Ukuphakama kwaletha ubunkimbinkimbi obukhulu ngokulingana kwayo, kanye nemiphumela yokukhanya ephakeme kakhulu kuzo zonke izindawo zayo, ukuze zibonakale kunoma iyiphi i-engeli. Isazi-mlando saseJalimane-saseBrithani, umgxeki kanye ne-theorist, u-Nikolaus Pevsner, ubachaza njengemisebenzi enobukhona obubonakalayo obunamandla obuphakeme kunabo besimanje.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izakhiwo zamaGreki, ngokungafani nalezi zamanje, kusukela ekuqaleni zakhulelwa ukuba zihlonishwe ngaphandle. Ngale ndlela, ukuhambisana okukhulu kwanikezwa ngaphandle, kunalokho okutholakala ngaphakathi. Yingakho kwaba nomzamo ophakeme ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zomphakathi, amathempeli nezindawo ezingcwele.
Isiko lamaGreki lalingabalulekile kangako ezindlini zezakhamuzi ezivamile, ngoba zazinezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziza kuqala. Isibonelo salokhu ukuthi bahlela ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwabo kwenziwe ngesilinganiso somuntu, ngaso sonke isikhathi kusekelwe emcabangweni wakho wonke.
Ngokwayo ngokwayo, ngokusemthethweni isilulumagama saseGreece yasendulo, ikakhulukazi ukuhlukaniswa kwesitayela sezakhiwo, sichazwa ngama-oda amathathu amiswe kahle: i-Doric, i-Ionic ne-oda laseKorinte, ngalinye linomthelela ojulile ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zaseNtshonalanga.
Kangangoba ukwakhiwa kweRoma Yasendulo nakho kwathatha izakhi ezingapheli ezivela esiGrekini, kodwa njalo igcina ithonya layo elicacile lase-Italy kuze kube namuhla. Eqinisweni, kusukela enkathini yeRenaissance, kwakukhona ukuvuselelwa okuningi kwe-Classicism art movement, eyasebenzisa ingxenye yayo.
Lezi zazigcina izinhlobo ezinembile, kanye nokuhleleka kwemininingwane izakhiwo zesiGreki zasendulo ezazinazo. Ngokunjalo, ukwamukelwa komqondo wobuhle bezakhiwo okusekelwe ebhalansi nasekulinganiseni kuyengezwa. Izitayela ezintsha ze-Renaissance ne-neoclassical ezalandela ziqhubekile nalezi zinhlaka futhi zajwayela ngendlela yazo.
Origen
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ingxenye enhle yolwazi lwamanje lwezakhiwo zamaGreki luvela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi isikhathi se-archaic sekwephuzile, phakathi kuka-550 no-500 BC. C., ikhulu leminyaka Pericles phakathi kuka-450 no-430 a. C., kanye nesikhathi sakudala saseGreece phakathi kuka-430 no-400 BC
Izibonelo ezinikeziwe zifundwa enkampanini yezikhathi ezidumile zamaGreki namaRoma, njengoba izakhiwo zamaRoma ziwukuchazwa nje kwesiGreki, kanye nemithombo ebhalwe sekwephuzile, njengaleyo yomakhi waseRoma, umlobi, unjiniyela kanye nomlobi we-XNUMXst. ekhulwini leminyaka BC. C., Vitruvius.
Njengomphumela wemodeli enjalo, kwakukhona ukuthambekela okubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamathempeli, okuwukuphela kwezakhiwo lapho inani elikhulu lazo lisaphila nanamuhla. Ukuze sijule ngesihloko, singahlukanisa ukukhula kwayo kube izigaba ezimbalwa, ikakhulukazi ezintathu. Lokhu okulandelayo:
Isikhathi se-Archaic Sakamuva
Isihloko sesigaba sokuqala sazo zonke sibangelwa isikhathi se-archaic sekwephuzile, esakhiwe izigaba ezihlukahlukene ezinezici ezimakwe impela. Lokhu kuqala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka ngaphambi kukaKristu, futhi kuphetha ngokufika kwengxenye yesithathu yokuqala yekhulu lesihlanu BC. c.
Ukwakheka kwayo, okuye kwachazwa njengezakhiwo ezenziwe ngesisekelo sokuklanywa kobuhle obunengqondo, kuyilapho yahlala iyinkathi yomlando ebonakala ngokukhiqiza okungapheli. Yanyamalala eGreece ekupheleni kwenkathi yeMycenaean (cishe ngonyaka we-1200 BC) kanye nekhulu lesikhombisa BC. c.
Ukunyamalala kwalokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi impilo yasemadolobheni kanye nokuchuma kwemiphakathi eyakha lesi sifunda ithola amandla kangangokuthi yonke imiphakathi yase ikwazi ukwakha izakhiwo ezizosetshenziswa njalo.
Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, inani elikhulu lezakhiwo zamaGreki phakathi nesikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi ikoloni (ikhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX BC), lenziwe ngokhuni, i-adobe noma ubumba. Akukho okusele kulokhu, ngaphandle kwezinhlelo ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo, kanye nemithombo embalwa ebhaliwe emayelana nezakhiwo zakuqala nezincazelo.
Cishe ngo-600 BC, izinsika zokhuni ezaziyingxenye yeThempeli lasendulo likaHera e-Olympia zathathelwa indawo ngamakholomu amatshe. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi "Petrification". Kancane kancane ezinye izindawo zethempeli nazo zashaqeka kwaze kwaba yilapho ekugcineni yonke into yenziwa ngamatshe.
Lapho ukuguqulwa kwezinto ngale nqubo kwenziwa kwezinye izindawo ezingcwele, kokubili amathempeli nezakhiwo ezibalulekile, kusukela ngekhulu lesithupha B.C. C. kusukela manje, zazakhiwe kakhulu ngamatshe. Kulokhu, izibonelo ezimbalwa kuphela ezikwazile ukusinda phakathi neminyaka edlule.
Ngokufanayo, ukonakala kwezindonga zamatshe emhlabeni wezokwakha wamaGreki kwaholela ekushintshweni kophahla ngotshani ngothayela. Ngale ndlela, amathayili asebenza njengendlela entsha yokuthuthukisa ukumelana nomlilo.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, phakathi nalesi sikhathi i-oda likaDoric lakhula, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo i-Ionic order yaqala. Isibonelo esihle sesigaba soguquko phakathi kwezikhathi zakudala nezakudala yiThempeli le-Poseidon e-Paestum, elaziwa nangokuthi iThempeli likaHera II, elakhiwe ngohlelo oluwunxande, lwe-peripteral kanye ne-hexastyle.
Isikhathi sakudala
Lesi sigaba sesibili sihambisana nesikhathi esiphakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu. Njengomdwebo nesithombe esiqoshiwe sangaleso sikhathi, izakhiwo zesiGreki ezavela engxenyeni yokuqala yomnyakazo wasendulo wezobuciko zasendulo zazingelona nje "i-ars gratia artis" noma "ubuciko ngenxa yobuciko" ngomqondo wesimanje wokukhuluma.
Nakuba namuhla leli binzana lisikisela ukuthi umuntu ngamunye kanye nenkululeko yobuciko abanayo, ngaleso sikhathi, umakhi wayemane nje eyingcweti eyayiqashwe uhulumeni noma ikhasimende elithile elicebile elizimele. Awukho neze umehluko phakathi komklami nomakhi.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko womdwebi wamapulani kwakuwukuklama izakhiwo nokuqasha izisebenzi nezingcweti ezizozakha. Ngokunjalo, nabo kwakumele babhekane nesabelomali sabo sokugcina nokuqedwa kwaso ngesikhathi. Le ndlela yokuthola lo msebenzi yaqhubeka ezwenikazi laseYurophu kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi.
Esikhathini esidlule, ochwepheshe kulo mkhakha babengenaso isimo esiphakeme abaklami besimanje namuhla. Ngokuphelele, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ulwazi olushiwo, kungenzeka ukugcizelela iqiniso lokuthi ngaphambi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. C., amagama abaklami bezakhiwo ababalulekile ayengaziwa esewonke.
Umdwebi wezakhiwo ohlonishwayo njengo-Ictinus, ophethe imisebenzi emithathu eyisisekelo yamaGreki (kuhlanganise neParthenon yase-Athene), namuhla obhekwa njengomdwebi odumile noyingqayizivele, ekuphileni wayebhekwa njengomthengisi olula nje olula. Ngalesi sikhathi ukukhuphuka kwe-Doric ne-Ionic oda kwenzeka.
Isikhathi se-Hellenistic
Yisigaba sesithathu nesokugcina sobuciko baseGreece Yasendulo, eqala ngekhulu lesithathu BC. C. futhi iphela phakathi nekhulu lesi-146 BC. C. Kulenkathi yesikhathi, unyaka ka-XNUMX ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu uthathwa njengosuku olungokomfanekiso lokuqedwa. C., ngasona leso sikhathi lapho amaRoma ekwazi ukunqoba umuzi waseKorinte.
Umthwalo onzima wokuthuthukiswa kwezobuciko wathuthela ikakhulukazi eMpumalanga. Ngalesi sikhathi, izakhiwo ezivamile ezabonwa ngeNkathi Yakudala zazisenziwa, kuphela ngezinto ezintsha ezimbalwa, ezifana:
- Ukusetshenziswa kweKorinte njengohlu lwezifanekiselo kakhulu.
- Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwenhlanganisela yama-oda, kuphela ngabaseKorinte ababusayo.
- Ukuguquguquka okukhulu kokutolika kobuciko bezakhiwo.
- ukunqwabelana kuvela.
- Ukuthuthukiswa okukhethekile ezinhlonhlweni zase-Asia Minor.
Ngokufika kwezakhiwo zamaGreki, kwaba nokunwetshwa kwezakhiwo ezihlaba umxhwele e-Athene (I-Olimpeion kanye noMbhoshongo Wemimoya), ePergamoni (i-altare likaZeus), i-Alexandria (i-Lighthouse yase-Alexandria) naseRhodes (iColossus yaseRhodes). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Mausoleum emangalisayo yaseHalicarnassus yadalwa.
Ngokufanayo, izisekelo zabekelwa amaphrojekthi avelele asemadolobheni afana nalawo aqhutshwa u-Hippodamus waseMiletus, lapho ukuhlelwa kwayo kugridi kugqama, izici eqhubeka nokuzisebenzisa emakhulwini eminyaka alandela. Kodwa-ke, isitayela esiqinile sikaDoric sashiywa ngokuphelele futhi ukusetshenziswa kwesitayela saseKorinte kwaba yinto evamile.
Izici
Ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi kanye nokusha, ukwakheka kweGreece Yasendulo kunezici ezimbalwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uhlole kabanzi kuzo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlukanisa amaphuzu amaningana. Phakathi kokubaluleke kakhulu sithola okulandelayo:
Ama-oda wezakhiwo zamaGreki
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kusenezingxabano eziningi mayelana nalolu daba, impucuko yamaGreki yayinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthuthukisa ikakhulukazi umsebenzi wokuhlobisa wamakholomu, izakhi zezakhiwo ezazivele zikhona kusengaphambili.
Lezi kwakuyizandulela eziyinhloko zokusungula izimiso zokwakheka kwezakhiwo noma ama-canon ngezitayela ezintathu ezihlukene, ezibuye zibizwe ngokuthi ama-oda wakudala: I-Doric Order, i-Ionic Order kanye ne-Corinthian Order. Nakuba ababili bokuqala babehlale bengama-protagonists, ngamunye waba nomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zaseNtshonalanga ngaleso sikhathi.
Kuyo yonke inkathi yamaGreki kuvela inhloko-dolobha eyinhlanganisela, uhlelo lwakudala oluxubile olwalungeyona ingxenye yeqembu elishiwo ngenhla. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, umphakathi wamaRoma wamukela lesi sifaniso ngokwaso, kuphela abafaka ukuhluka okuthile kuso.
Amakholomu ahlanganisa isisekelo, ikhephithali kanye ne-shaft, izingxenye eziyinhloko ezakhayo. Kuzo kwakuhlezi i-entablature, eyayihlanganisa i-architrave, i-cornice ne-frieze. Ngaphezu kwama-facade amakhulu, akhiwe ngophahla lwe-gable, kwakukhona ama-pediments.
Izitayela ezinjalo zaqashelwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene zamakholomu. Nokho, kukhona ukungezwani okuthile ezingxenyeni eziningi zedizayini nezokuhlobisa phakathi kwama-oda, njengesilinganiso phakathi kobude nobubanzi bekholomu namafomu ayo e-entablature.
Kwaba ngisho namaGreki ngokwawo asebenzisa amagama athi Doric ne-Ionic, ngaleyo ndlela ebonisa inkolelo yokuthi izitayela zaziyinzalo yamaGreki amaDorian nama-Ionian enkathi yeNkathi Yobumnyama, okungenzeka ukuthi ngeke kube yiqiniso.
Ngokulandelayo, izici zale miyalo zisungula izinto eziyisisekelo ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo zamaGreki kanje:
i-doric order
I-oda likaDoric lalingelokuqala kwezitayela ezintathu ezazalelwa eGreece Yasendulo. Lokhu, ngaphezu kokuba endala futhi elula, ibonakala ngokuba nekholomu esekelwe ngokuqondile phansi ethempelini ngaphandle kwesisekelo. Njengenhloko-dolobha ethafeni ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuhloba, ukuze kugcinwe ukuqina okukhulu kakhulu.
U-Doric uphendula omunye wezimpande ezimbili zobuciko bendabuko yamaGreki ebizwa ngokuthi i-Doria, ehlobene eduze namasiko ensimbi ezwekazi laseYurophu. Inama-grooves angama-longitudinal ayi-16 kuye kwangama-20 anemiphetho ebukhali. Kusukela phansi, ikholomu iyancipha ububanzi ize ifike enhloko-dolobha, ukuze iphrofayili ye-entasis yakhiwe.
Isisekelo sayo sakhiwe ngosizo lwezitebhisi ezintathu, eziphansi eziqanjwe ngokuthi “ama-stereobates” kanye nephezulu ngokuthi “i-stylobate”. Ngokunjalo, yaziwa ngekhola yayo enempango ku-shaft, ebuye ibe ne-equinus kanye ne-abacus eyisikwele.
Ngaphezulu kwamakholomu kusekelwa i-entablature eyenziwe yi-architrave, i-frieze ne-cornice. Okwacatshangwa njenge-architrave ye-Doric imelelwa njengenduku enkulu ebekwe phezu kwamakholomu, kodwa engenawo umhlobiso.
I-frieze yakhiwe ngama-triglyphs nama-metopes ashintshana. Ngokuphathelene ne-cornice yayo, iphuma ku-frieze futhi ivame ukuhlotshiswa nge-mútulos, okungukuthi, ngama-slabs amatshe angama-rectangular anesibopho sokuhlobisa ngemigqa yamaconsi amathathu noma ayisithupha.
Abantu abaningi banenkolelo yokuthi umsuka walo usukela ezakhiweni ezenziwe ngokhuni, izinhlobo zazo ezandulela itshe. Ngale ndlela, ama-triglyphs ayezophendula amakhanda emishayo ephambanayo kulezi zakhiwo zokhuni.
Ngenxa yokuthi kwakuyisitayela esihlelekile nesiqinile, sasisetshenziswa kakhulu emathempelini onkulunkulu besilisa. Lokhu kwavela e-Continental Greece futhi kancane kancane kwasakazekela kumakoloni amaGreki e-Italy. Ingxenye enhle yamathempeli angaleso sikhathi, asagcinwe eqinile noma engaphelele, angawalolu hlelo.
Phakathi kwazo singabala iThempeli likaHera e-Olympia (600 BC), iThempeli lika-Apollo eKorinte (540 BC), iThempeli likaHera I no-II ePaestum (ngekhulu lesi-437 BC), iThempeli lika-Apollo eDelphi (432th. ekhulwini leminyaka BC) kanye neThempeli laseHephaestion kanye nePropylaea e-Athens (XNUMX-XNUMX BC).
Ochwepheshe bacabanga ukuthi isitayela siphetha ngomvuthwandaba weParthenon yase-Athene ngo-432 BC, ithempeli elinikezelwe kumvikeli wedolobha, u-Athena Parthenos, kanye nenye ye-octostyles eyinhloko kanye nama-peripters lapho ukusetshenziswa kwe-oda kuboniswa ngendlela engcono kakhulu. .
Ekwakhiweni kwayo, u-Ictino onamakhono wabamba iqhaza, ehambisana nomsizi wakhe onekhono, uCalícrates. Ngokuqondene nokuhlobisa kwayo, i-frieze eyenziwe kahle kakhulu kanye ne-pediments ivelele, umsebenzi womdwebi owaziwa kakhulu waseGreece Yasendulo, uPhidias. Ngenxa yokuqhuma kweMpi YeNhlangano Engcwele ngo-1687, ingxenye enkulu yethempeli yacekelwa phansi.
I-Ionian Order
Kulabo abangazi, uhlelo lwe-Ionic lunomsuka kwenye impande yobuciko besiGreki, kanye nesifunda esisogwini esimaphakathi ne-Asia Minor, e-Ionia. Kule ndawo, manje ogwini olusentshonalanga yeTurkey neziqhingi ezimbalwa zase-Aegean, kwatholakala izindawo zokuhlala eziningana zasendulo zamaGreki.
Lo myalelo wathuthukiswa e-Ionia phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC, futhi wathuthela e-Continental Greece ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. Wawunokwethenjelwa okukhulu phakathi nenkathi yamaGreki, ngoba wawuhlotshiswe kakhulu futhi ujwayelana nobuhle bawo, ngokungafani neDoric eqinile. .
Izinsalela ezihlukahlukene zibonisa ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwe-Ionian kwahlangabezana nokuphikiswa ezifundazweni eziningi zamaGreki, njengoba zaziqondwa njengokumelela isizinda sase-Athene. Phakathi kwezibonelo zokuqala ezikhona zenhloko-dolobha yase-Ionian kukhona ikholomu yevoti eqoshiwe ku-Naxos, ehlehlela emuva ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC.
Isici esifanekisela kakhulu isitayela inhloko-dolobha yaso, enemiqulu emibili noma ama-spiral akha i-equinus. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-entablature igqamisa iqiniso lokuthi i-architrave yayo ivamise ukuboniswa ihlukaniswe ngamabhendi amathathu avundlile, aziwa kangcono ngokuthi ama-platband.
I-frieze enayo ibhendi eqhubekayo, engenalo uhlobo lwama-metopes noma ama-triglyphs. Amakholomu avame ukuba mncane kakhulu, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ashintshwa nemifanekiso yamantombazane ebizwa ngokuthi ama-caryatids, njengoba kwenzeka e-Erechtheion. Uma kuqhathaniswa nohlelo lwe-Doric, lena inesisekelo esisekela ikholomu.
Ithempeli eliyisikhumbuzo elinikezelwe kunkulunkulukazi uHera esiqhingini saseSamos, elenziwe umakhi ohlaba umxhwele uReco, libhekwa njengesakhiwo sokuqala esikhulu sase-Ionian, naphezu kokuba labhujiswa esikhathini esithile kamuva ukuzamazama komhlaba okubi kakhulu.
Ngokufanayo, amanye amathempeli amabili akhiwe e-Acropolis yase-Athene angawalolu hlelo: Ithempeli lika-Athena Nike (427-424 BC) kanye ne-Erechtheion (421 BC). Izakhiwo zamaGreki ezigcinwe kangcono kuze kube namuhla, njengeLabhulali edumile yaseCelsus, zingabonakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zaseTurkey.
Eziyinhloko yimizi yasePhergamoni ne-Efesu. Ekugcineni sifika eThempelini lika-Arthemisi noma u-Artemision, elaziwa njengelungu lezimangaliso ezingu-7 zomhlaba wasendulo, ngenxa yesitayela salo sokwakha esimangalisayo nomcabango wobunjiniyela bomuntu.
Ngokufanayo, bangabizwa ngokuthi iThempeli LamaGreki lika-Apollo e-Didyma kanye neThempeli lika-Athena Polias e-Priene. Nokho, emadolobheni abalulekile namakhulu obuGreki njenge-Alexandria, e-Egypt, cishe akukho lutho olusele lwezakhiwo ezake zakhiwa.
Ukujula e-Athene, lapho i-Ionic order izothonya izici ezimbalwa ze-Parthenon, ikakhulukazi i-Ionic frieze ezungeze ingqamuzana lethempeli. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, amakholomu e-Ionic nawo asetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwesango elikhulu eliya e-Acropolis, iPropylaea.
I-Order yaseKorinte
Uma sikhuluma ngohlelo lwaseKorinte, sibhekisa kusitayela sakamuva nesithuthuke kakhulu semithetho yakudala yezakhiwo zamaGreki. Kokubili kulokhu nakweyamaRoma, yayisetshenziswa kakhulu, kodwa ngokuhlukahluka okuncane, okwathi kamuva kwabangela ukuhleleka okuhlanganisiwe.
Umsuka wayo uhlehlela emuva ezikhathini zasendulo, emadolobheni amaGreki aseKorinte. Kuzo zonke izinhloko-dolobha zaseKorinte ezaziwayo, eyokuqala isuka eThempelini lika-Apollo Epicurus e-Bassae, elihlehlela emuva ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-427 BC, cishe ngonyaka wama-XNUMX BC.
Kuzo, ngokomdwebi wamapulani ongumRoma, umlobi, unjiniyela nomlobi, uVitruvius, umdwebi onekhono nomqophi wezithombe uCalimachus, wadweba uchungechunge lwamaqabunga e-acanthus azungeza ubhasikidi wokuvotela. Isitayela saseKorinte esihlotshiswe kakhulu kukholakala ukuthi sasiwukuthuthuka sekwephuzile kwe-Ionic kuleli khulu leminyaka.
Okuphawula ukuhleleka kwaseKorinte inhloko-dolobha eqoshiwe esezingeni eliphakeme neyinkimbinkimbi, ehlanganisa izingxenye zezitshalo eziningi kakhulu kunohlelo lwe-Ionic. Eduze kwe-acanthus, abadwebi babangela ukuba kukhule amaqabunga esihlahla se-acanthus enziwe ngesitayela esihle kakhulu, esiqongweni saso esasihlala ngaphansi nje kwe-abacus.
Kule ngxenye, lapho sithola khona umugqa ophindwe kabili wamaqabunga e-acanthus, kuvela amacembe amancane noma iziqu ezimbalwa ezigoqeka kancane kancane emagumbini amane, njengoba injalo, nokuthi imiqulu ikwenza kanjani ku-Doric, kanye nase-Doric. izikhungo . Ngaphezu kwalokho, iKorinte, njenge-Ionic, isetshenziswa ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwamathempeli anikezelwe konkulunkulu besifazane.
Ngokuphathelene ne-frieze, ingahlotshiswa noma cha, konke kuye ngokuthi yini umakhi ayifunayo. Imisebenzi emele kakhulu yohlelo yiThempeli lika-Olympian Zeus (174 BC) kanye neLantern of Lysícrates (335-334 BC), yomibili eyakhiwe e-Athens. Esesibili yisikhumbuzo esiyisikhumbuzo esajutshwa imbongi uLisícrates ukuthi iveze izindebe zayo.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ezikhathini zasendulo, amaRoma ayethambekele ekusetshenzisweni kwesimiso saseKorinte ekwakhiweni okungenakubalwa. Lokhu mhlawumbe kwakungenxa yezindawo zayo ezizacile. Phakathi kwezikhumbuzo zayo eziningi zezakhiwo singabala iThempeli le-Mars Avenger, i-Pantheon of Agrippa kanye ne-Maison Carrée e-Nimes, e-France.
Izinto zokwakha
Ngokungangabazeki, impucuko yamaGreki yayiyithanda ngokukhethekile imabula, esetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ezakhiweni zayo zomphakathi. Imabula engcono kakhulu yayivela emazweni afana neNaxos, iParos neMount Pentelikon, eduze nedolobha lase-Athens.
Kodwa-ke, izinkuni ekuqaleni zazingasetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ekudaleni izakhi eziyisisekelo zokwakha njengamakholomu, kodwa futhi nokuklama okuphelele kwezakhiwo. Kusukela kuwo kanye namakhono ababazi, ezinye izakhi zokuhlobisa zezihloko zezinsika zamatshe kanye ne-entablature zathuthukiswa.
Izinkuni zazisetshenziselwa ukwakha isisekelo kanye nophahla, i-adobe yezindonga, ngokuyisisekelo eyezindlu, kanye ne-limestone ne-marble yezinsika, izindonga nezingxenye ezingaphezulu zamathempeli nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Ngokuqondene ne-terracotta, lokhu kwakusetshenziselwa ukwenza imihlobiso, kuyilapho izinsimbi (i-bronze preponderant) ngemininingwane yokuhlobisa.
Abadwebi bezakhiwo, ezikhathini zakudala nezakudala, basebenzisa lezi zinto zokwakha izakhiwo zomphakathi, ezifuywayo, ezenkolo, zemingcwabo ngisho nezokungcebeleka. I-adobe ibigcinelwe kuphela izindlu zezigaba zomphakathi eziphansi futhi ngaphandle kokubaluleka.
Maqondana nethayela, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izinsalela ezindala kakhulu ze-Archaic Greece zibhalwe endaweni elinganiselwe kakhulu ezungeze iKorinte, indawo lapho amathayela ayethatha indawo yophahla lotshani phakathi kuka-700 no-650 BC, ikakhulukazi emathempelini ase-Apollo nase. I-Poseidon.
Ngokukhulu ukushesha, lesi simo sasabalala eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu ezayo, sisebenza ezindaweni eziningi ezizungeze iMpumalanga Mediterranean, okuhlanganisa nezwekazi laseGreece, entshonalanga ye-Anatolia, kanye neningizimu namaphakathi ne-Italy.
Amathayili okuqala afika eGreece Yasendulo ayemise okwe-"S" futhi ayemaningi impela, enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-30 lilinye. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, babebiza kakhulu ukukhiqiza kunophahla olulula lotshani, ngakho-ke, ukuqaliswa kwabo kuchazwa kusukela ekuphikisaneni nomlilo, okunikeza ukuvikeleka okukhulu kwamathempeli.
Ukusabalala kophahla olunamathayela kumele kubonakale maqondana nesikhathi esifanayo sokuqhakaza kwezakhiwo ezinkulu e-Archaic Greece. Ngaleso sikhathi, izindonga zamatshe kuphela ezazivela, ezithatha indawo yezindonga zangaphambili zokhuni nodaka, zase ziqine ngokwanele ukuba zikwazi ukusekela isisindo sophahla lwamathayela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, angeke kube nganoma yisiphi isizathu ukukhohlwa ukuthi, ngokuvamile, ukubukeka kwezakhiwo kwakuhluke kakhulu endleleni ezibukeka ngayo namuhla. Esikhathini esedlule, zazipendwe ngemibala egqamile njengobomvu neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ukuze zidonse ukunakwa okwengeziwe hhayi nje ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo, kodwa nangenxa ye-polychromy yazo.
Eqinisweni, into eyayithandwa yiwo wonke umuntu kwakuyi-limestone, eyayibe isimbozwa ungqimba oluthambile lwe-stucco yothuli lwemabula noma, ngokwezinga elincane, imabula emsulwa emhlophe. Futhi, itshe eliqoshiwe lalivame ukupholishwa nge-chamois ukuze linikeze ukumelana kwamanzi okuphakeme futhi linikeze lokho kuthinta okukhazimulayo.
Amathempeli
Umphakathi waseGreece Yasendulo udume emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yamathempeli awo ahlaba umxhwele e-Doric kanye ne-Ionic, njengoba ebonakala emelwe eParthenon e-Athens. Lokhu kwakhiwe maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC ukuze kugcinwe umfanekiso omkhulukazi kankulunkulukazi u-Athena, futhi kumenyezelwe ukuthi i-Athene yayikhazimula futhi iyinhle kangakanani kubo.
Ngisho nanamuhla, isikhumbuzo esinjalo sisabhekwa njengesizotha e-acropolis yedolobha. Ngokufanayo, kuye kwaba namanye amathempeli angavamile afanelwe ukuqashelwa okukhulu, kodwa ayingxenye yezakhiwo zakudala zamaGreki.
Phakathi kwawo kugqama iThempeli elikhulukazi likaZeyus wama-Olympian e-Olympia (elakhiwa phakathi kuka-470-456 BC), iThempeli lika-Arthemisi noma i-Artemision e-Efesu (elakhiwa phakathi kuka-575-560 BC), elifanele ukubizwa ngesinye sezimangaliso ezingu-7 Ithempeli lasendulo, kanye neThempeli elivusa amadlingozi lasePoseidon eCape Sounion (elakhiwa phakathi kuka-444-440 BC), limi emaweni abheke oLwandle i-Aegean.
Lesi sokugcina esaqanjwa, sibonisa ngokusobala isifiso samaGreki sokuthi izakhiwo zomphakathi ezinjalo zingafezi nje kuphela umsebenzi oyisisekelo, lowo wokwakha isifanekiso esilula sobunkulunkulu, noma esokunconywa kuphela eduze noma ngaphakathi, kodwa futhi nokuthi kube ukubukwa kude kunoma ubani osondela esiqhingini.
Ochwepheshe bangaleso sikhathi, benza umzamo omkhulu ukuze ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamaGreki zomphakathi kube nomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha amathempeli ezindaweni ezithile ezibalulekile, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwejometri eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenhloso eyinhloko yokwenza isakhiwo sibukeke siqonde ngokuphelele futhi sivunyelaniswe kude, abaklami bathatha umsebenzi wokwenza amaqhinga ahlukahlukene okubona.
Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu, amaqhinga asetshenziswa abadwebi abahlakaniphile yilawa amathathu: qinisa izinqe zawo wonke amakholomu, ujiye amakholomu akhona ngokulinganayo, futhi ubeke amakholomu ngaphakathi kancane.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yalokhu kulungiswa ayikwazi ukubonakala kalula. Eqinisweni, okwamanje, izisetshenziswa zokulinganisa ezimbalwa ezithuthukile kuphela ezinekhono lokubona umehluko omncane kakhulu wama-engeli nobukhulu obukhona.
Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuyizinkomba ezicacile zokuthi amathempeli amaGreki ayengaphezu kwezakhiwo ezisebenzayo ezilula. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, isakhiwo ngokwaso, sisonke, sasifanekisela okuthile okungokomfanekiso kanye nengxenye edlulayo kulokho okwakucatshangwa njengendawo yomphakathi.
Amathiyetha
Njengoba sizazi namuhla, izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zamaGreki zavela ngekhulu lesine BC Naphezu kwalokhu, zase zakhiwe eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambili, ekhulwini lesikhombisa nelesithupha kuphela zazingakalungiswa ngokugcwele. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukubuyela emuva eminyakeni eyikhulu.
Kungenzeka ukuthi ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC, sase sibonisiwe kakade ingxenye enkulu yalokho okwakuzoba izinkundla zemidlalo yeshashalazi zekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. Nokho, izinkuni zazisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwazo, nakuba imililo yayivame kakhulu, ngenxa yalokho. akusindiwe neyodwa.
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, izakhiwo zazivame ukusekelwa emithambekeni yamagquma noma izintaba, ukuze kusetshenziswe ithuba lokungalingani komhlaba. Nokho, zikhona nezindawo ezakhiwe efekthri. Ngokwayo, babeneqoqo lezingxenye ezingashintshi, lezi ezilandelayo:
- I-Orkestra: Kusukela ku-Greek 'orcheisthai' (ngeSpanishi ukudansa), i-orkhestra indawo eyisiyingi noma eyi-semicircular, etholakala ngaphandle engxenyeni engezansi yetiyetha. Kulapho ikhwaya idansela khona futhi icula.
- Skene: indawo engaphambili enesimo esingunxande nencane, lapho abadlali benza khona. Inamakholomu futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, amakamelo aqukethwe ngaphakathi, asebenza njenge-backstage kanye namakamelo okugqoka. Itholakala ngemuva nje kwe "orchestra".
- I-Proskenion: uvame ukuba phambi kwenkundla, ngoba yilapho nabalingisi belinda khona benze umsebenzi wabo. Kungenzeka ukuthi esikhathini esidlule ingxenye engezansi yayenziwa ngamatshe, kuyilapho ingxenye engaphezulu yenziwe ngezinto ezibuthakathaka, yingakho izingxenye ezingezansi kuphela zigcinwa.
- I-Koilon: Ngokuma kwe-semicircular, i-koilon ngokuyisisekelo yayiyindawo yetiyetha egcinelwe umphakathi, ngakho-ke, izitendi. Abantu ababalulekile (iziphathimandla nabapristi bakaDionysus) kanye nomphakathi ophakeme babevame ukuhlala emigqeni yokuqala, izindleko zabo zaziphezulu. Izihlalo ezimbalwa zaze zaba izihlalo zezinga eliphezulu, ezenziwe ngemabula ngokuphelele, ezihlotshiswe ngemibhalo yomuntu siqu.
- i-parody: yaziwa ngokuthi yiphaseji noma indawo yokungena yababukeli kanye nekhwaya, ephakathi kwe-proskenion ne-koilon.
Kwakungavamile ukuba izithombe eziqoshiwe ezihlukahlukene zivele ngezikhathi ezithile engxenyeni engenhla noma emnyango wenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Ngokuqondene nezakhiwo zamaRoma, lezi zazivame ukufana, ngaphandle kwezici ezithile ezihlukile.
Izici ezinjalo zaziyisimo se-orkhestra nezitezi, ngoba azizange zisekelwe entabeni noma egqumeni, kodwa yonke into yayiyifektri. Izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini ezivelele kakhulu ezisagciniwe nanamuhla yilezo zase-Epidaurus, eDelphi, ePriene naseSegesta, zonke ezingekhulunyaka lesi-XNUMX BC.
Izinkundla zemidlalo
Izinkundla zingezinye zezakhiwo eziningi amaGreki ayehamba phambili kuzo. Lezi bezihloselwe imibukiso yezemidlalo futhi zinesimo esibude, nezitendi ezibanzi ezazivame ukusekelwa eceleni kwegquma.
Imidlalo ebikade igijinywa khona bekuyimijaho yezinyawo nokudonsekana. Inkundla yezemidlalo i-Olympia ithathwa njengendala kunazo zonke, enobude obungamamitha angama-600, ethathwa njengaleyo, njengenkundla yezemidlalo, njengoba iyunithi yokulinganisa yavela kuleyo ndawo eqondile.
Inkundla yezemidlalo iPanathinaikó, eyaziwa nangokuthi iKallimármaro, ese-Athens, yakhiwa kabusha ngo-1896 ukuze kube uhlelo lokuqala lweMidlalo Yama-Olympic Yesimanje. Ngokufanayo, lezo ze-Epidaurus, Delphi, Milero kanye ne-Priene zisekhona.
I-Delphi, bekuyindawo yeMidlalo yePythian kusukela ngonyaka ka-528 BC, futhi yaziwa ngokuba sendaweni ephakeme kakhulu esigodini sendawo engcwele. Ukuba lapho, kukuvumela ukuthi ubone indawo engcwele ye-Apollo kanye ne-Delphic landscape. Ukudalwa kwayo kuhlehlela emuva engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-279 BC, ngemva nje kokuhlasela kwabaseGalathiya ngo-XNUMX BC.
Ezezindlu nokuhlela amadolobha
Ngaphandle kwalokho esikucabangayo njengezakhiwo ngazinye, iqiniso liwukuthi ukuhlangana kwamadolobha emadolobheni ahlukene kanye nezifunda ezakha iGreece zazingenalo uhlobo oluthile lohlelo oluthile. Imigwaqo yesizwe yayiwumngcingo ngokwedlulele futhi emazombezombe, kunenqwaba yezakhiwo ezimpintshana zodwa.
Umakhi, umhleli wamadolobha, isazi sezibalo, isazi sezulu kanye nesazi sefilosofi, u-Hippodamus waseMiletus, ubizwa ngesihloko sikayise wokuhlela amadolobha, njengoba imibhalo ehlukahlukene igomela ukuthi nguye owayenomqondo wokudala uhlelo lwamadolobha emadolobheni. igridi, i-"Hypodamic Plan".
Ngamanye amazwi, le ndoda, eyaphila kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. C., wayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwedolobha olulawulayo lwaseGreece Yasendulo, ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lwegridi noma igridi, nemigwaqo esika njalo ngama-engeli angakwesokudla.
Naphezu kwalokhu, ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwalokhu kuhlela kwakungenzeka kuphela emadolobheni asanda kwakhiwa, njengalawo kamuva awahlelela uPiraeus noThuril. Idolobha lesisekelo sekwephuzile, i-Olinto, liyindaba engavamile kakhulu yedolobha lasendulo elinesakhiwo esivamile, ngenxa yokuthi libonisa ithonya le-Hippodamus ngokufana kwemigwaqo namabhulokhi ayo.
Kwase kungokwenkathi ye-Hellenistic lapho kwakungenzeka ukuguqula ukuqondiswa, futhi kwanqunywa ukuqhubeka nokujwayelekile kohlelo. Isibonelo esicacile sale ndlela emisha ukwakhiwa kabusha okwaziwayo kwe-Priene e-Anatolian peninsula yase-Asia.
Lapho lokhu kwenzeka, kwaba nokululazeka okukhulu kwe-Agora, ngoba yayivalwe nhlangothi zozine. Ngokufanayo, kwaba khona ukuthuthukiswa kwezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi ngaleso sikhathi, njengovulandi odumile nomkhulukazi owawubusa yonke i-Agora, i-Stoa yase-Attalus, umnikelo wayo owawuyingxenye yenkosi yasePhergamoni, u-Attalus II.
Ngokuphathelene ne-typology yezindawo zokuhlala, phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX BC. C., izici ezimbili zazidume kakhulu. Izindlu ezivame kakhulu e-Olynthus phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kanye nalezo zekhulunyaka lesi-XNUMX e-Delos, zazinamagumbi amancane ayehlelwe ngephethini elingunxande azungeze igceke elingaphakathi elakhiwe ngamakholomu.
Uhlobo lwesibili lwendlu lutholakala ePriene, lapho ukwakhiwa nakho kwakusekelwe kuvulandi elingaphakathi, kodwa ngepulani elihlukile lesitezi. Esikhundleni sokuba nochungechunge lwamakamelo aminyene, indawo yokuhlala eyinhloko yayiyikamelo elikhulu elingunxande eliholela kuvulandi onemipheme ekugcineni.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, lapho singena endlini, ezinhlangothini zevulandi sathola amanye amakamelo amancane, kokubili kwenkonzo, kanye nezindawo zokugcina izimpahla namakhishi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izindlu zenkathi yamaGreki zazinezinhlobonhlobo eziphakeme ezazibonakala ngeso lenyama.
Ukwenza isibonelo salokhu, kungashiwo ukuthi abantu abacebile baseGreece babenezindlu eziningi ezazinemibundu, amakholomu neminyango eyakhiwe ngemabula ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphansi lalo lakhiwe ngamatshe aqoshiwe amelela izigcawu zabantu noma zezilwane, futhi zanamekelwa futhi zenziwe izindonga ukuze zibukeke njengetshe.
izikhumbuzo zomngcwabo
Ngokuvamile, izikhumbuzo zemingcwabo yamaGreki zazilula. Nokho, uma bebenamafomu athile ashiwo ngezansi:
- Edolobheni lase-Athene, kwakungesakhe isitebele esilula esinezithombe zosizo.
- Ku-peninsula yasePeloponnese, leyo yethempeli elincane.
- Isifunda saseMakedoniya sanikezwa isihloko semigede embiwe, kungaba sedwaleni noma phansi, enazo zonke izinhlobo zezindlu zangasese nemidwebo.
- Ekugcineni, ukuya enhlonhlweni yase-Asia Minor, njengasePeloponnese, amathempeli noma ngezinye izikhathi i-hypogea, njengaseMakedoniya.
Phakathi kwakho konke, yagqama kakhulu nge-mausoleum ewubukhazikhazi ye-Ionic oda ehlotshiswe ngemidwebo ehlukahlukene nezithombe, eyakhuliswa edolobheni lasendulo laseHalicarnassus kukhunjulwa uMausolus, iNkosi yaseCaria. Lokhu kwakuthunywe umkakhe u-Arthemisi ngo-353 BC Ngezikhathi ezithile abantu babeshiswa futhi umlotha wabo ugcinwe emigqonyeni noma ezitsheni.
Uma ngabe le ndatshana ubuyithanda, ungashiyi ngaphandle kokuyifunda kuqala: