Liyini Iwindi Le-Atmospheric?

I-Universe ikhipha imisebe kuzo zonke izikhombisi-ndlela ze-longitudinal namagagasi e-electromagnetic spectrum. Le misebe ikhona kuzo zonke izici zokuphila futhi ivumela ukusebenza kweningi lezinto eziphilayo zeplanethi futhi iyasifudumeza ngokudlulisa amandla. Nokho, kukhona indawo emkhathini evumela ukudlula kwemisebe ethile emhlabeni futhi ibizwa ngokuthi Iwindi Lomkhathi.

Liyini Iwindi Le-Atmospheric?

Kungamandla akhethekile omkhathi womhlaba ukuba obala emisebeni ethile evela emkhathini bese yona ivimbele ukudlula kweminye imisebe ebusweni obungenza ukuba khona kokuphila emhlabeni kungenzeki. Ngokuvamile, imisebe evunyelwe ukungena ebusweni bomhlaba isuka e-Cosmos amaza omsakazo nokukhanya okubonakalayo. (kanye nengxenye encane ye imisebe ye-infrared kanye ne-ultraviolet) ezihambisana nalokho okuthiwa amawindi optical nomsakazo.

iwindi lomkhathi

Iwindi le-Optical neRadio

Umkhathi womhlaba unamandla okumunca imisebe ye-electromagnetic evela endaweni yonke kumaza awo amaningi. Kunamabhendi lapho umkhathi ucishe ube sobala, futhi ezimbili zazo zibanzi ngokwanele ukuba zibe nesithakazelo sezinkanyezi futhi zibe izisulu zocwaningo oluqhubekayo.

Eyaziwa kakhulu "Ifasitela Lokukhanya", elivumela ukudlula kwamagagasi kagesi ngokuvamile aziwa ngokuthi i-spectrum ebonakalayo: ubude bamaza kusuka cishe kuma-nanometers angu-300 kuya kwangu-1.000 (0,3 kuya ku-1 picometer). Eyesibili yaziwa ngokuthi "Ifasitela Lomsakazo" elinwebeka ngamaza amaza ukusuka ku-1 millimeter ukuya kumamitha ayi-15, (300 Ghz - 20 Mhz).

Endaweni ephakathi kwefasitela le-optical kanye nefasitela lomsakazo, ukumuncwa komkhathi kubangelwa ikakhulukazi amanzi kanye ne-carbon dioxide, (amanye amabhendi abonisa ngale ayabonakala lapha). Ngokuphathelene namaza amade amade (phakathi kuka-1 mm no-1 cm), banesibopho sokumuncwa, ikakhulukazi, umoya-mpilo kanye nomhwamuko wamanzi.

IWindows ye-Atmospheric kuya ku-Electromagnetic Spectrum

I-Electromagnetic Spectrum ibizwa ngokuthi ukwabiwa kwamandla kwesethi yamagagasi kagesi akhishwa noma amuncwa into ethile. I-Spectra ingabonwa kusetshenziswa ama-spectroscope ukuthi, ngaphezu kokunikeza ithuba lokubona i-spectrum, kuvumele ukuba kwenziwe izilinganiso kuyo, njengobude begagasi, imvamisa kanye nobukhulu bemisebe.

I-Electromagnetic Spectrum inwebeka isuka emisebeni emifushane yamaza, njengemisebe ye-gamma nama-X ray, ngokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, ukukhanya okubonakalayo nemisebe ye-infrared, iye kumaza kagesi amade amaza, njengamaza omsakazo. Kungenzeka ukuthi umkhawulo we-wavelength encane kakhulu ubude be-Planck nokuthi umkhawulo omkhulu uzoba ubukhulu be-Universe, nakuba isayensi igomela ngokusemthethweni ukuthi i-electromagnetic spectrum ayinamkhawulo futhi iyaqhubeka.

I-spectromagnetic spectrum

I-Spectrum Range

I-spectrum ihlanganisa amandla amaza kagesi anobude obuhlukahlukene. Amafrikhwensi angama-30 Hz nangaphansi avame ukukhiqizwa ama-stellar nebulae athile futhi ahambisana nocwaningo lwawo. Kutholwe amaza aphezulu kakhulu afana no-2.9 * 1027 Hz. Amagagasi kagesi aphezulu anobude obufushane begagasi namandla aphezulu, kuyilapho amaza efrikhwensi ephansi enobude obude namandla aphansi.

Kodwa-ke, noma nini lapho amagagasi kagesi esendaweni ephakathi (indaba), ubude bawo begagasi buyancipha. Ubude begagasi bemisebe kazibuthe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahamba yiphi indlela, ngokuvamile bacashunwa ngokuya ngobude begagasi ku-vacuum. Imisebe ye-electromagnetic imvamisa ihlukaniswa ngokuya nge-wavelength: amaza omsakazo, ama-microwave, isifunda se-infrared nebonakalayo, esiyibona njengokukhanya, imisebe ye-ultraviolet, i-X-ray nemisebe ye-gamma.

Amagagasi omsakazo

Amaza omsakazo ngokuvamile asetshenziswa izimpondo ezinobukhulu obufanele (ngokuvumelana nomgomo wokuzwakala kwe-resonance), ezinamaza amaza asukela kumakhulu amamitha kuya cishe kumilimitha. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuyasebenza ekudluliselweni kwedatha, ngokushintshashintsha. Kusuka kumanethiwekhi angenawaya, ucingo oluphathwayo, umabonakude kanye nokuthwebula kwe-resonance kazibuthe, kungenye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "Amagagasi Omsakazo".

Amagagasi omsakazo

I-Microwave

Amagagasi aphakeme kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho anobude obufushane kakhulu begagasi, yingakho igama lawo. Isici sazo siwukujabulisa ama-molecule amanzi futhi atholakala phakathi kwemisebe ye-infrared namaza omsakazo avamile. Inobude obulinganiselwa ku-1 mm ukuya ku-30 ​​cm. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kufakazelwa kuhhavini we-microwave ukushisa ukudla okuqukethe uketshezi.

i-milky kuhhavini ye-microwave

amagagasi e-infrared

I-infrared amaza e-electromagnetic spectrum ephakathi kokukhanya okubomvu okubonakalayo namagagasi okuqala esifunda samagagasi omsakazo. Esikhaleni se-Electromagnetic Spectrum kuyaqondakala ukuthi le misebe yiyona esiyibona njengokushisa.

Isithombe se-infrared se-Andromeda

indawo ebonakalayo

Kuyimisebe ye-electromagnetic ene-wavelength ecishe ibe ngu-400 nm no-700 nm. Kulolu hlu iLanga nezinkanyezi ezifana nalo kukhiqiza imisebe eminingi futhi imvamisa yazo ingaphezu kwe-infrared. Ukukhanya esikubonayo empeleni kuyingxenye encane ye-electromagnetic spectrum. Uthingo luyisampula yengxenye ebonakalayo ye-electromagnetic spectrum.

I-Andromeda ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo ne-infrared

Imisebe ye-Ultraviolet

Eyaziwa nangokuthi imisebe ye-UV, imisebe enobude obufushane begagasi kunomkhawulo we-violet we-spectrum ebonakalayo. Ngenxa yamandla ayo, imisebe ye-ultraviolet inganqamula izibopho zamakhemikhali, yenze amangqamuzana asebenze ngendlela engavamile noma awafake i-ioning, okungaba isiqiniseko soshintsho ekuziphatheni kwawo, ngenxa yalesi sizathu ukushiswa yilanga ngisho nomdlavuza kubangelwa imisebe ye-UV yesikhumba.

M101: Ukubuka ku-ultraviolet

Imisebe ye-X

Ama-X-ray afika ngemuva kwe-ultraviolet. Ama-X-ray aqinile anobude beza beza obufushane kune-X ray ethambile. Ukusebenziseka kwayo kuyasebenza ukubona ngokusebenzisa ezinye izinto. Ukukhishwa kwama-X-ray ezinkanyezini ze-neutron namadiski e-accretion yikhona okuvumela ukucwaninga kwalawa maza kagesi. Ama-X-ray awusizo kwezokwelapha nasezimbonini. Izinkanyezi futhi ikakhulukazi ezinye izinhlobo ze-nebulae yizona ezihamba phambili ze-x-ray.

I-X-ray

Imisebe yeGamma

I-Gamma Rays iza ngemva kwama-X-Rays futhi angama-photon anamandla kakhulu, futhi umkhawulo ophansi wobude bayo be-wavelength awaziwa. Zihlinzeka ngosizo kosonkanyezi ekufundeni izinto noma izifunda ezinamandla amakhulu, futhi ziwusizo kochwepheshe befiziksi ngenxa yekhono labo lokungena kanye nokukhiqizwa kwazo kwama-radioisotopes. Ubukhulu begagasi bemisebe ye-gamma bulinganiswa ngokunemba okuphezulu kusetshenziswa ukusabalalisa kwe-Compton.

Imisebe yeGamma

I-Emission and Absorption Spectra

I-Atomic Emission Spectrum ye-elementi isethi yamaza amaza kagesi kazibuthe akhishwa ama-athomu aleyo elementi, esimweni segesi, lapho amandla adluliselwa kuyo. I-spectrum ekhishwayo ye-elementi ngayinye ihlukile futhi ingasetshenziswa ukukhomba ukuthi leyo elementi iyingxenye yenhlanganisela engaziwa.

I-spectrum yokumuncwa ibonisa ingxenye yesigameko semisebe kazibuthe kagesi into emunca phakathi kwebanga lamafrikhwensi. I-elementi yamakhemikhali ngayinye inemigqa yokumunca kwamanye ama-wavelengths, iqiniso elihlobene nomehluko wamandla we-orbitals yawo ehlukene ye-athomu. Eqinisweni, i-spectrum yokumuncwa isetshenziselwa ukukhomba izingxenye zengxenye yamasampuli athile, njengoketshezi namagesi; ngale, ingasetshenziswa ukunquma ukwakheka kwezinhlanganisela eziphilayo.

Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi, kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi IWindows ye-atmospheric, kukhona ukumuncwa okuncane kakhulu noma akukho nhlobo noma ukukhishwa kwemisebe kazibuthe izingxenye zomoya phakathi kwento ezokalwa nezisetshenziswa zokulinganisa.


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