La I-Combustion Theory ihambisana nenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ekuxhumaneni kwesici sikaphethiloli nomoya-mpilo. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi lapho ososayensi bekushaya indiva lokho okwakuyikho ngempela, ekugcineni umFulentshi wakwazi ukumnikeza incazelo efanele.
Iyini i-Combustion Theory?
Ake siqale nge-oxidation, okuwukusabela lapho enye isakhi esiyinhlanganisela ihlangana nomoya-mpilo, sikhuluma ngamakhemikhali kuthiwa ngale nqubo isakhi silahlekelwa ama-electron.
Ngakho sithi ukusha kulapho lokhu kusabela kwenzeka khona futhi uphethiloli ohilelekile ukhulula amandla okushisa okudala ilangabi elikhanyayo noma i-flare edlulayo. Izikhathi eziningi ingase ingafaki ngisho umlilo, kungase kube igesi ekhipha ukushisa.
Umoya-mpilo unomthelela ekuphenduleni nge-elementi ebizwa ngokuthi i-oxidizer, okuyiyona evumela ukuthi i-oxidation yenzeke ngokushesha futhi uphethiloli ungakhulula amandla. Uphethiloli kumele ube ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ukuze ufinyelele iphuzu, elibizwa ngokuthi i-flash point futhi kuzo zonke izibaseli kunezimo ezihlukene, konke lokhu ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu kusabela.
Ngokuvamile uphethiloli ungowomsuka wezinto eziphilayo, ungavela ezilwaneni noma ezitshalweni futhi zicutshungulwe ngezindlela ezihlukene ukuze zibe imikhiqizo ewusizo ezosetshenziswa umuntu ekuphileni kwakhe kwansuku zonke.
Akudingeki ube umuntu ohlakaniphe kakhulu ukuze wazi yonke into emele umlilo empilweni, iyisici esenza izici eziningi zempilo yethu yansuku zonke, njengezokuthutha, ukupheka, ukukhiqizwa kwezinto, usihlinzeka ngogesi kanye ezinye izinjongo eziningi eziyisidingo esiyisisekelo ukuze kulondolozwe ukuphila njengoba kunjalo namuhla.
Umlando Wethiyori Yokuvutha
Ngokomlando i ithiyori yokuvutha Ihambisana nenqubo ukuthi ama-primitives ayibheka njengempicabadala, ngemva kwamakhulu eminyaka amaningi ocwaningo, ukuhlolwa nokubhekwa kwaba yindaba yempikiswano phakathi kososayensi abakhulu abazama ukuthola ukuthi iyiphi inqubo ngemuva kwalokhu kusabela.
Ngonyaka ka-1718 umJalimane waqamba into okwakucatshangwa ukuthi iyimbangela yalokhu kusabela, ngoba wathi phakathi nale nqubo inhlanganisela ekhishwa yi-oxidized futhi ingumthombo welangabi, yayiqukethe into okuthiwa yi-element eyakhishwa lapho ithintana. nge-oxygen, uma ukusabela kwathatha isikhathi esifushane kwakungenxa yokuthi yonke into yayivele ikhululiwe.
Yanikezwa igama elithi phlogiston futhi yasetshenziswa eziphakamisweni ezahlukene mayelana nokusebenzisana komoya-mpilo nezinye izakhi ezingashi, kodwa ezingase zibe ne-oxidized. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva kwatholakala ukuthi lesi siphakamiso sasingalungile, nokho, ososayensi abambalwa basiyeka singanakwa futhi baphakamisa izimpikiswano ezithethelela ukuba khona kwe-phlogiston emafutheni.
Cishe ngonyaka ka-1788 u-Antoine Lavoisier, usokhemisi ongumFulentshi, wawulahla umqondo we-phlogiston futhi wahlongoza ukuthi phakathi kwabaningi. Izinhlobo zokuphendula kwamakhemikhali, lapho umoya-mpilo uxhumana nesici bese kuba nokusabela okubizwa ngokuthi i-oxidation, ngakolunye uhlangothi uma inqubo ingenye indlela kuthiwa ukunciphisa, lapho esikhundleni sokulahlekelwa ama-electron atholwa.
Kodwa-ke, kwakubonakala sengathi ngaleso sikhathi wonke umuntu wayevumelana nenkolelo-mbono ye-phlogiston, ngakho-ke umFulentshi, enkampanini yozakwabo, wasungula umagazini lapho banyathelisa khona ucwaningo lwabo, kwakungaleso sikhathi lapho wonke umuntu echitha i-phlogiston njengento.
Kwakungaleso sikhathi futhi lapho anikezwa khona isihloko esithi "ubaba we-chemistry yesimanje", njengoba naye zonke izakhi kule sayensi zaqala ukwaziswa.
Ososayensi abaningi bangaleso sikhathi bakushaya indiva ukubaluleka komoyampilo njengengxenye, kuze kube yilapho u-Antoine efika ezophakamisa inkolelo-mbono yakhe mayelana ne-oxidation yezakhi, ukuthi imibuzo eminingi mayelana nemibono yangaphambilini (esekelwe ku-phlogiston) yachithwa.
Amakilasi Omlilo
Ngokuya ngendawo ezungezile kanye nesici esibandakanyeka ekushiseni, lokhu kungaba ngamakilasi amathathu ahlukene, sizowabala ngezansi:
ukusha okungaphelele
Kwenzeka lapho i-oxygen ingekho eyanele ekuphenduleni ukuze i-elementi ifake i-oxidize ngokuphelele, isibonelo; esimweni se-carbon, ngeke ikwazi ukuba yi-carbon dioxide (okuyinto engenzeka uma i-oxidation iphelile), kodwa iyohlala njenge-carbon monoxide.
Kuya ngaphandle kokusho ukuthi isici esihilelekile sizoshiswa uhhafu, ngaleyo ndlela, kubhekwa ukuthi siphakathi nendawo futhi ngenxa yaleso sizathu sibizwa ngokuthi ukuvutha okungaphelele, umkhiqizo obangelwa lokhu kusabela ubizwa ngokuthi unburned, ngoba izizathu ezisobala.
Complete Combustion
Ngokungafani nokushiswa okungaphelele, kulokhu inqubo ye-oxidation iqedwa ngempumelelo, konke sibonga iqiniso lokuthi uphethiloli owasetshenziswa uyakuvumela nokuthi imvelo iyakwazi ukungenisa umoya-mpilo owanele, ngisho nensalela, kusukela ama-Combustion afinyelela ubukhazikhazi bawo obukhulu futhi anike amandla. i-oxidation yenzeke kulo lonke ukwakheka kwe-elementi, uma kungenzeka, hhayi kuphethiloli kuphela.
Kubalulekile ukuthi umoya ube yi-surplus factor ukuze lokhu kusha kubangele, ngaphandle kwalokho kuzoba phakathi nendawo, njengasekushiseni okungaphelele.
I-Neutral noma i-Stoichiometric Combustion
Zingakhiqizwa ngamabomu kuphela endaweni elungele le nqubo futhi ihlanganisa ukuhlola izakhi ezifanele ukuze isici esithile sokubunjwa kwazo singeqiwe futhi sigcine sesivutha ngokuphelele.
Lokhu, kanye nenani elifanele le-oxygen, kuzokwanela ukukhiqiza ukusabela oksijisa izakhi, okuvumela ukuguqulwa okuphumelelayo hhayi okukhulu.
Izigaba ze-Combustion Theory
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, ukushiswa empeleni kuwukusabela okusheshayo futhi kuyamangaza ukucabanga ukuthi kunezigaba, kodwa uma kwenzeka, kwenzeka nje ngokushesha kangangokuthi kunzima kakhulu ukukufanisa, kubonakala kuphela endaweni elawulwayo. futhi njengento yokufunda.
Inqubo yethiyori yokushiswa iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kusukela kweyokuqala kuya kweyokugcina, kuleyo mizuzwana emifushane kunezinqubo eziningi zamakhemikhali ezenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa, nokho, lezi zigaba Izinjongo zocwaningo ezifundweni eziningi kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali akhiqizwa kule nqubo, kusalokhu kumangalisa izingqondo zososayensi abaningi abahlakaniphile.
Izigaba ze ithiyori yokuvutha Yilezi:
- ukusabela kwangaphambili: Kulesi sigaba ama-radicals akhiwa ngokuhlakazeka kwezingxenye ze-hydrocarbon, kamuva aqala ukuxhumana nomoya-mpilo. Ama-radicals amayunithi ashintshashintsha kakhulu futhi ngesikhathi senqubo avame ukukhula futhi ahlakazeke ngokushesha okukhulu, uma ukusha kungazinzi kakhulu futhi isivinini okukhiqizwa ngaso ama-radicals singafani nenqubo, ukuqhuma kungenzeka.
- Isigaba sesibili: Kulapho zonke izingxenye zenqubo zihlangana khona futhi zikhiphe i-oxidation, kuba khona ukushintshana okukhulu kwama-electron phakathi komoyampilo nophethiloli. Kuphinde kube yisiteji sokusha lapho kukhiqizwa khona ukushisa okwengeziwe, okunikeza indlela yokwakheka kwelangabi.
- Isigaba sokugcina: Ngokuya ohlotsheni lomlilo, izonquma ukuphela kwayo, kodwa ngokuvamile yilapho inqubo ye-oxidation iqedwa futhi kwakhiwa amagesi angumphumela wokusabela.
Umphumela Wethiyori Yomlilo
Lolu hlobo lokusabela lukhiqiza ukwakheka kwezinsalela eziwumphumela we-oxidation yezakhi zikaphethiloli, ngokuvamile amanye awo amagesi ayingozi kakhulu empilweni yabantu, kanye nokungcolisa umoya, okuthinta nezilwane futhi ziyanyakaza. kubheke emkhathini kubhebhethekisa umphumela we-greenhouse, lokhu kubangele ezinye izinkinga emvelweni.
Lolu hlobo lukadoti lungahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili esizibalula ngezansi:
- Ugesi: Ngaphandle kwalokho leli gama elikumelelayo kwabaningi, empeleni amanye ala magesi awakwazi ngisho nokubonwa ngekhala lomuntu, kodwa yonke into iyohlale ihambisana nophethiloli ohilelekile ekuphenduleni.
Phakathi kwamagesi angaba yingozi, i-carbon monoxide, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-silent killer, njengoba ingabonakali nganoma yimuphi umqondo futhi lapho le gesi ihogelwa ngokweqile, ingena emaphashini bese idlulela emithanjeni, ithathe indawo yomoya-mpilo. igazi, elidala ukufa isikhathi eside.
- intuthu: Intuthu iyisakhiwo esakhiwe ngamagesi ahlukene kanye nezici ezihilelekile ekushiseni, futhi inezinhlayiya ezithile ezikhishwa kuphethiloli futhi zihlakazeke emoyeni. Umusi uwumphumela wokushiswa okungaphelele lapho i-oxidation ingazange yenzeke ngokuphelele futhi ukubola kwezakhi kwahlakazeka emoyeni.
Umbala wefu ungatshela okuningi mayelana nokwakheka kwamagesi ahlakazekayo, isibonelo; Uma umbala ulula, lokho kusho ukuthi ingxenye eningi kakhulu i-oksijeni futhi ayinabo ubuthi, kodwa ingacasula kakhulu ikhala nomphimbo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma kumnyama noma kunemibala ehlukene, kufanele uqaphele, ngoba lokho kubonisa ukuthi kunenhlanganisela yamagesi ayingozi kakhulu.
