E-Pucará kwakukhona isiko langaphambi kwe-Inca elinegama elifanayo, elibusa ingxenye enkulu yalesi sifunda. Badume ngezakhiwo zabo, ulwazi lobunjiniyela bama-hydraulic kanye nethalenta labo njengababumbi. Zitholele nathi izimanga ze Pucara Culture, inkimbinkimbi yayo yokuvubukula, ithempeli laseKalasaya nokunye!
Pucara Culture
I-Pucará noma iPukará, iyisiko langaphambi kwe-Columbian ezindaweni eziphakeme eziseningizimu, endaweni esenyakatho yeLake Titicaca, emnyangweni wePuno, ePeru. Isikhungo saso esikhulu saziwa ngokuthi iPukará, namuhla eyisikhungo esikhulu semivubukulo.
Ayaziwa ngethempeli lawo elingajwayelekile elimise okwesicathulo samahhashi noma indawo yokukhulekela yamatshe, imifanekiso eqoshiwe yamatshe nezitsha zobumba, amaPucará ayisiko langaphambi kwe-Inca futhi athathwa njengabanduleli bezitayela zakudala ze-Tiwanaku. I-Pucará ngokuvamile iphakathi kuka-300 a. C. kanye no-300 d. C., Esikhathini Sasekuqaleni Esimaphakathi.
Lesi siko laba nethonya elikhulu endaweni esenyakatho yeLake Titicaca, kuhlanganise nemiphakathi yangaphambili kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Fluke ababephakathi kwempucuko yokuqala yasezindaweni eziphakeme zaseBolivia. Isiko lamaPucará lalibusa sonke isifunda sechibi cishe ngo-200 BC. c.
Ngokuvamile babezinikela kwezolimo, eklabishini nasekudobeni, beqoqana emadolobheni amancane namadolobhana, ayebuswa kusukela esikhungweni sawo esikhulu.
Njengamanje i-Pucará idume ngobumbi bayo, ikakhulukazi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-Toritos" yobumba, ilungele ukuchuma nezindwangu ezingabonwa futhi zithengwe endaweni yezigodi ezimaphakathi ne-Andes nogu lwasePacific.
Inkolo
Ukuphila komphakathi wamaPucará kwakugxile enkolweni yawo, eyayinezimpande zayo eziqinile. Izinkolelo zabo zokukhulekela onkulunkulu abaningi zazihlotshaniswa, njengakwamanye amasiko omdabu, nezakhi zemvelo, ukukhulekela onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene ababemelela imvula, ukuduma kwezulu nombani, umlilo, amanzi, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, phakathi kwezinye.
Unkulunkulu oyinhloko kwakuyiLanga, egameni lakhe kwahlelwa amasiko nemikhosi, kwakhiwa izindawo ezingcwele futhi kwenziwa izithombe eziqoshiwe nezicucu ze-ceramic.
inhlangano yezombangazwe nezenhlalakahle
Lesi siko lahlelwa ngokwezinkolelo zalo zenkolo, okungukuthi, impilo yezombangazwe nenhlalo isekelwe embusweni weNkosi, ekubeni ngabapristi, abaholi nabaholi bemiphakathi. Lesi sibalo sasibhekwa njengokuxhumana phakathi kwezwe laphezulu nelomhlaba, okungukuthi, babephethe ukulamula phakathi konkulunkulu nabantu.
Mayelana nokuhleleka kwemiphakathi yabo kanye nezindawo zokuhlala, kwakunohlelo oluqinile futhi lwaluhlotshaniswa eduze nesici somnotho, sihlukaniswe ngamazinga amathathu:
- Izinga lokuqala
Itholakala phezulu futhi ihlobene nabaholi nabaqondisi, isikhungo sasemadolobheni esihlaba umxhwele lapho kwenziwa khona imikhosi, amasiko nezinqumo, futhi kwakuyindawo lapho zonke izinsiza nokukhiqizwa kwakulawulwa khona.
- Izinga lesibili
Ezaziwa njengezikhungo zesibili, zinezakhiwo ezihlaba umxhwele kancane kunezinga lokuqala, kodwa zacwengwa futhi zachazwa kabanzi, kucatshangwa ukuthi zinemisebenzi yokuphatha kanye nokwabiwa kabusha kwemikhiqizo.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi lezi zikhungo zesibili ziqondiswe yisigaba sezenhlalakahle esisezingeni eliphezulu noma esihleliwe, esinamandla athile awavumela ukuba aqondise ukucaciswa kwayo yonke into ehlobene nezikhungo zemikhosi kanye nezinto zobuciko kanye nezinsiza ezidingekayo kumasiko nabaholi babapristi. Ngaphezu kokugcwaliseka kwe-monoliths ehlukene kanye ne-stelae.
Futhi ukunakekela abantu abaphansi, okwakungabakhiqizi abakhulu bezolimo nemfuyo, okudinga ukulawulwa nokugadwa, kodwa ngenxa yalomsebenzi onzima kungenzeka ukuthi babenabantu emsebenzini wabo, ngakho-ke babeyisigaba esinamandla ngqo, ngaphezu kwamandla okuthenga ngokusobala.
- Izinga lesithathu
Izakhiwo ezihlakazekile, ezingachazeki kangako futhi eziwubukhazikhazi zingabonakala kuleli zinga, kuthathwa njengokuxazululwa kwabantu abavamile kanye nesigaba sabasebenzi,
Izindawo zokuhlala ezazingengaphezu kwamadolobhana amancane eduze nemithombo yamanzi kanye nezindawo lapho ukuthola impahla eluhlaza kwakuyinto ehamba phambili, zazibonakala ngokuba yimiphakathi emincane noma amadolobha ahlakazekile, lapho kukhiqizwa khona ukudla kanye nempahla esetshenziswa imikhiqizo etholakalayo. Umphakathi we-Pucara udinga.
Umnotho wesiko le-Pucará
Kucatshangwa ukuthi isiko lamaPucará lalingelinye lokuqala lokuzinza nokubusa indawo yase-Andean, futhi kwadingeka livumelane nesimo esiyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba amanxiwa ezindawo zawo zokuhlala aphakathi kwamamitha angu-3000 kanye ne-3500 ngaphezu kolwandle. Ngakho-ke, imisebenzi yabo yezomnotho iyisampula impela yokuguquguquka nokudala kwale miphakathi, ake sifunde okwengeziwe ngayo:
Ezolimo
Indawo yezindawo zokuhlala yenza ukutshala kube nzima kakhulu, nokho ama-pucarás asebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene futhi amasha awavumela ukuthi athuthukise ezolimo futhi alondoloze ukukhiqiza okuqhubekayo, okwenza lo msebenzi ube yisisekelo somnotho wabo.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamagquma kwakuyindlela ehlukile yesiko lamaPucará, eyenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukutshala izikhukhula endaweni eseduze neChibi iTiticaca. Amagquma ahlanganisa ukumba imisele noma imigudu ehlanganayo kanye nomhlaba okhishiwe, yenze amasimu amancane aphakeme avumela ukuhlwanyela.
Amanzi anqwabelana emiseleni akhuphuka nge-capillarity kuya kulezi zimo futhi izimpande, ngomzamo wokuzithola, zikhulele phansi. Kuyindlela enhle kakhulu lapho umhlaba uvame ukugcwala amanzi futhi ivumela izitshalo ukuthi zitshalwe eduze kakhulu komunye nomunye.
Imikhiqizo abayitshala njalo futhi ngobuningi obukhulu, ehloselwe ukondla umphakathi wabo, kwakuyi: amazambane, i-cañihua noma i-kañiwa, i-olluco ne-quinoa.
Isu eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Qocha nayo yasungulwa, ehlanganisa ukumba imigodi ejulile ebusweni bomhlaba, ngokuvamile eyindilinga, kodwa kwakungeyona into evamile. Ubukhulu balokhu kubhobozwa bungahluka phakathi kwamamitha angamashumi amathathu namakhulu amabili ububanzi futhi phakathi kwamamitha amabili nayisithupha ukushona, ngokuvamile umhlaba wawunqwabelene uzungeze lapho uzika.
Lolu hlobo lwesakhiwo lungahlukaniswa noma luxhunywe nezifanayo futhi lwalusetshenziswa njengendawo yokugcina amanzi emvula, igama laso ngokuvamile lihlotshaniswa namachweba.
Ngezikhathi zokushoda kwamanzi noma imvula enkulu zaziwusizo, ngoba ekuqaleni yayisetshenziselwa ukusabalalisa izitshalo nemiphakathi, ngokuphambene nalokho, okwesibili, ngezikhathi zemvula enkulu basiza ukuvimbela ukukhukhula komhlaba. Amasistimu emisele nawo afakwa ukukhipha amanzi amaningi.
Nokho, awazange asebenze nje njengediphozithi yalolu ketshezi olubalulekile, njengoba emhlabeni ekhishwa futhi enqwabelene onqenqemeni lomgodi omkhulu, amazambane ababayo, iquinoa ne-kañihua kwakungatshalwa ebusika, njengoba ukuba khona kwamanzi njalo eQocha kwakuvunyelwe. ukuze usinde kuqhwa.
Kwakuyisimiso esihlakaniphe kakhulu esavumela imiphakathi yasePucara ukuba isebenzise indawo ekude neChibi iTiticaca, njengoba ngokugcina amanzi okunisela, yayingatshala izitshalo cishe noma kuphi ezindaweni eziphakeme.
Amapulatifomu abuye aziwe ngokuthi i-Pata Pata, iwubuchule obuhlanganisa ukuguqula isimo nesakhiwo somhlaba ngokwakha izindonga ezibambayo emithambekeni yezintaba, okuvumela ukwakhiwa kwamathala lapho kungatshalwa khona imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene.
Ukugcwaliswa phakathi kodonga kanye nomthambeka wegquma kwenziwa ngamatshe noma ngamatshe amancane phansi kanye nongqimba olungaphezulu lomhlaba. Kwezinye izimo, izindonga ezimbili zenziwa ukunikeza ukusimama kwethala lapho umqansa wegquma ukhuphuka kakhulu noma lapho indawo inemvula eningi.
Le nqubo eyasungulwa ama-pucarás yabavumela ukuba banwebe indawo yabo ekhiqizayo kakhulu, okungukuthi, babengathuthukisa izindawo zokulima ezazinezinzuzo ezihlukahlukene nezibaluleke kakhulu ngaphandle kokukhiqizwa kokudla.
Ngokusetshenziswa kwePata pata, ukuguguleka kwezintaba kugwenywa endaweni yemithambeka evame ukuthambekela kakhulu kulokhu, lezi zikhala zimelana kakhulu nesimo sezulu esibi, ikakhulukazi isithwathwa futhi zisizakala nazo. imvula eningi.
Ukukhulisa izinkomo
I-Pukara yathuthukisa e-Altiplano indawo yemfuyo eyayithanda umnotho wayo, yafuya futhi yakhulisa ama-llama nama-alpaca, okuwumsebenzi wendabuko owagcinwa emakhulwini eminyaka alandelayo.
Umsebenzi wokuklama wawuvame kakhulu, ufakwe emidwebeni kanye nama-petroglyphs angaleso sikhathi. Ezakhiweni zobumba zakudala, izigcawu zezibalo zabantu eziqondisa imihlambi ye-alpaca zingobunye ubufakazi bokwenziwa kwalo msebenzi endaweni yase-Altiplano.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi le mihlambi isakazekela kuyo yonke i-Altiplano eduze nezitshalo, igcina izindawo ezinomswakama unaphakade ezaziwa ngokuthi ama- bofedales, noma ngabe ezemvelo noma ezokwenziwa ngamanzi avela ezindaweni ezincibilikayo eduze kwezintaba ezisibekelwe yiqhwa, ukuze kugcinwe izilwane.
Lezi zilwane zimelela omunye wemithombo eyinhloko yokudla komphakathi wakwaPucara. Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uboya bayo obuthambile futhi obufudumele kwakuyizinto ezibonakalayo eziyinhloko zezindwangu eziningi, imikhiqizo yokushintshaniswa njalo neminye imiphakathi esifundeni.
I-Commerce
Umphakathi wamaPucará ezicini nasezigabeni zawo ezihlukene ugcine ukuhwebelana okuqhubekayo endaweni ye-Altiplano kanye neminye imiphakathi yase-Andean South, isiqinisekiso esingasekelwa inani elikhulu lezinto zesiko lamaPucará ezindaweni futhi izikhungo ezikude kakhulu nendawo ezidabuka kuyo.
Lokhu kuhwebelana okuqhubekayo kwavumela umphakathi wakwaPucará ukuthi ufunde futhi ufinyelele ezinye izitayela namasu angaphandle njengalawo aseCusco, Ica, njll.
Ukubonakaliswa kwezobuciko
Isiko lakwaPucará lagqama ekuboniseni ubuciko abakwakha ngobuhlakani, ubuhlakani nobukhulu, njengezakhiwo nezitsha zobumba. Nokho, baphinde bangena ezithombeni nasezindwangu. Sazise ezinye izici ezithakazelisayo zalokhu kubonakaliswa kobuciko:
Izakhiwo
Kwavela isakhiwo semivubukulo ezindaweni eziphakeme eziseningizimu, ezakhiwe amadolobha amakhulu nezindawo zemikhosi eduze nogu lweLake Titicaca, ePucará.
Eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Pukará, lapho kungahlukaniswa khona izindawo ezimbili, indawo yemikhosi enamaphiramidi ayisishiyagalolunye abukeka njengamathala kanye nesikhungo sasemadolobheni. Amaphiramidi esikhungo somkhosi ahlanganisa ibanga elingaphezudlwana kwamakhilomitha-skwele amane futhi ahlukene ngomklamo nangosayizi.
Kodwa-ke, egqama kakhulu iPiramidi yaseKalasaya, engamamitha angamakhulu amathathu ubude, amamitha ayikhulu namashumi amahlanu ububanzi namamitha angamashumi amathathu ukuphakama, eyakhiwe uhlobo lwamathala aphakeme ahlanganiswe nezitebhisi ezihlotshiswe nge-stelae kanye ezibaziweyo, ikakhulukazi eziqoshwe ematsheni alo.
I-Pukará inendawo engcwele emise okwesicathulo samahhashi eyakhiwe kahle, izindonga zetshe lehlabathi elibomvu ezigxilile ezivale ithala elishone kancane, lena elalalwe ngamatshe esihlabathi amhlophe.
Ngaphakathi kwethala kukhona uvulandi oshonile cishe amafidi angamashumi amahlanu nesikwele namafidi ayisikhombisa ngaphansi kobuso, ogqoke ngokuphelele ngetshe lesanti elimhlophe futhi okungenwa kuwo ngezitebhisi.
Le nkundla inamakamelo amabili omngcwabo ambozwe ngamatshe kanti udonga lwangaphandle lunamagumbi amancane, anama-slabs asebenza njenge-altare, izithombe zamatshe zamadoda amafushane, ezinezindondo ne-stelae, uhlobo lweshidi letshe elivame ukuqoshwa lime mpo, bobunjwa bejometri namabululu.
I-Cerámica
Izitsha zobumba zasePucará zazithuthuke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, zazingababumbi abanekhono abenza izitsha, izitsha ezinde nezitsha ezincane ezinobumba olubomvu oluyi-beige futhi ngokuvamile ezipendwe ngokubomvu, okumnyama nokuphuzi. Kuye kwatholakala izingcezu zasendulo ezifana nezinsimbi zomculo, njengamacilongo.
Izizathu zokuhlobisa i-ceramics ngokuvamile ziyi-feline, ikakhulukazi amakati, izinyoni, ama-camelid, amakhanda abantu, izibalo zomuntu eziphethe izintonga ezandleni zabo kanye nezibalo zejometri, ezinye futhi ezenziwe ngokusikwa.
Ubuso buvame, amehlo ayingxenye emaphakathi efanayo, apendwe uhhafu omnyama kanti enye ingxenye umbala wemvelo wezitsha.
Izitsha zobumba zalesi siko zihlukile kwezinye kusukela esikhathini esifanayo, njengoba izinto zayo kanye namasu akhethekile.
Izingcezu zenziwe ngengxube yobumba ezithatha endaweni yazo, bese ziyawuhlunga futhi zihlanganiswe netshe lomhlabathi noma isihlabathi, ngezilinganiso ezidingekayo ukuze kuzuzwe ukuthungwa okudingekayo, ukujiya nombala futhi kwezinye izimo umphumela ocwebezelayo.
Isiteji esidala sePukará sibonakala ngobuningi noma izingxube zobumba ngamathoni ashubile abomvu futhi ansundu angathatha uhlobo lwamapuleti, izitsha, izinkomishi nezinye iziqukathi ezinemigqa, imifantu kanye nokusikeka okuhle kakhulu, okwathi kamuva kwapendwe ngombala ophuzi, omnyama. , impunga kanye Nobomvu.
Izingcezu ngokuvamile zenzelwe izinjongo zemikhosi nezenkolo, isimo esiphindaphindwayo ngezithombe eziqoshiwe. Nokho, akuzona zonke ezazisetshenziswa, ezinye kwakuyizithombe eziqoshiwe ezilula noma imifanekiso encane, yabantu noma izilwane zasendle.
ama-monoliths
Lesi siko sakhiqiza inani elikhulu lezethulo eziqoshwe etsheni, ezihlukahlukene kakhulu futhi ezihlaba umxhwele, ezingaba njengomfanekiso oqoshiwe noma njengezithombe eziqoshiwe ezizenzayo ezindaweni eziyisicaba.
Imidwebo yamatshe ngokuyisisekelo iyimifanekiso engokoqobo yezilwane nabantu noma izibalo ezimangalisayo noma zasenganekwaneni, ezingafani nhlobo nanoma yimuphi umuntu wangempela futhi okucatshangwa ukuthi zihlotshaniswa nenganekwane yazo.
Eminye imiklamo ihlanganisa izibalo zejometri nezici ezingokomfanekiso, ezihlobene nemibono nenkolo yesiko le-Pucara. Okwamanje eziningi zalezi monoliths zingabonakala ku:
- I-Pucará Site Museum
- Municipal Museum of Taraco
- I-Dreyer Museum yasePuno
- I-Inka Museum yaseSan Antonio Abad National University of Cusco
- National Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology of Pueblo Libre in Lima.
Kubhulogi yethu kunezihloko ezithakazelisa kakhulu ongase uzithande, sikumema ukuthi uxoxe nazo: