Ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka izimpucuko ezahlukene ziye zakhetha amazwe amukelayo alokho namuhla okwakha umnyango waseValle del Cauca, ukuthuthukisa indlela yabo yokuphila namasiko abo, lezi zindlela ezahlukene zokubona impilo yizo ezakha I-Calima Culture esizokubona ngokuningiliziwe lapha.
I-Calima Culture
I-Calima Culture igama elijwayelekile elinikezwe iqembu lamasiko ahlukene ahlala ezigodini zemifula iSan Juan, umfula iDagua kanye nomfula iCalima emnyangweni wamanje weValle del Cauca entshonalanga yeColombia, lesi sifunda sihlanganisa lokho okwaziwayo namuhla. njengomasipala baseRestrepo, eCalima Darién futhi, ngokwengxenye, iYotoco kanye neVijes, ehlukaniswa ngamagquma athambile, amanzi amaningi kanye nesimo sezulu esipholile.
Lawa masiko ahlukene akha isiko lamaCalima ahlala kule ndawo cishe ngonyaka we-1600 BC kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lesi-200 AD, kodwa awazange akwenze kanyekanye. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwemivubukulo eColombia luphakamisa amasiko amathathu noma izigaba ezintathu ezihlukaniswa njengama-Ilama, kusukela onyakeni we-100 kuya onyakeni wama-100 noma we-200 BC; iYotoco kusukela ngonyaka we-200 BC kuya ku-200 AD kanye neSonso, kusukela ngonyaka ka-200 AD, eminye imithombo ihlanganisa iSiko laseMalagana: kusukela ngonyaka ka-XNUMX BC kuya ku-XNUMX AD.
Indawo yendawo
Izindawo zemivubukulo yesiko laseCalima zitholwe engxenyeni emaphakathi yezintaba ezisempumalanga. I-Cordillera iyinqaba yemvelo ehlukanisa izifunda zePacific ne-Andes eColombia, futhi iyikhaya leLake Calima elidumile kanye neNgqungquthela yaseCalima. Ukuphakama ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle kulesi sifunda kuyahlukahluka kusuka ku-1.2 kuya ku-1.5 km. Amasiko ahlukene akha isiko lamaCalima atholakala entshonalanga yeCordillera yase-Andes eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeColombia eValle del Cauca, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1.500 ngaphezu kolwandle.
historia
Igama elithi isiko likaCalima libhekisela ezindaweni zokuhlala ezikhona kulesi sifunda kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC Ngokusobala, lesi sifunda besihlalwa kusukela ekuqaleni kweHolocene, cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC ukulandelana kwezikhathi kwezwekazi laseMelika. Leli siko lanyamalala ngaphambi kokufika kwabanqobi. Kukhona ukufana namasiko wangaphambilini wesifunda: i-Ilama neYotoco.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi abamele isiko laseCalima bakhuluma ulimi lomndeni waseCaribbean oluxhunywe kumaPanches namaMuzos. Igama laleli dolobha alaziwa. Isikhungo salesi siko sasitholakala endaweni yomasipala banamuhla baseDarién naseRestrepo. Ukubukeka kwe-ceramics nobucwebe kubuyela emuva cishe eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu kuya kweyishumi nesithupha. Ngendlela yokuphila, abameleli besiko laseCalima ekuqaleni babengabazingeli nabaqoqi.
Izigaba ze-Calima Culture
Umlando wesiko laseCalima uhlukaniswe izinkathi ezimbili ezinkulu: isikhathi sokuqala somzingeli: isigaba sokuqala nesakudala esathatha cishe iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha; amasiko nemiphakathi ekhiqizayo ezolimo kanye ne-ceramic: ngokwezinjongo zokufunda ihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu: i-Ilama, i-Yotoco ne-Sonso; Ngenxa yokutholwa ngo-1992 kwamathuna angaphambi kweColumbian, eminye imithombo ihlanganisa iMalagana Culture.
Ilama Culture
Isiko lama-Ilama isiko lasendulo elitholakala endaweni ye-Colombia yesimanje, umnyango wase-Valle del Cauca, ezigodini zase-Calima (umasipala wase-Darién) kanye ne-El Dorado (umasipala wase-Restrepo). Ngokwemininingwane yemivubukulo, yayikhona ngekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX BC futhi kancane kancane yaguqukela kusiko lwe-Yotoco, olwalukhona ngekhulu lokuqala kuya kwele-XNUMX. Isiko lama-Ilama landa laya enyakatho laze lafika lapho namuhla kunabantu baseBelén de Umbría futhi eningizimu kuya komasipala bamanje baseLa Cumbre nasePavas.
Cishe ngonyaka we-XNUMX BC esifundeni soMfula iCalima, kwavela umphakathi wezinhlanga lapho kwavela khona isiko lama-Ilama. Okutholwe ngemivubukulo, manje okubhekwa njengokuhlobene nesiko lama-Ilama, ngaphambili bekubizwa ngokuthi "isiko lakuqala le-Calima".
I-acidity yenhlabathi iye yavimbela izinsalela zamathambo ezakhamuzi zaseCalima ukuba zigcinwe, yingakho abavubukuli besekela izimangalo zabo ezintweni ezenziwe ngobumba ezitholakala e-El Topacio kanye ne-El Pital deposits kanye nama-alcarraza, izingcezu ze-ceramic ezenziwe ngobumba. Izimbotshana, ezithengwe iBogotá Gold Museum kubaphangi.
Ngenxa yocwaningo lwalezi zinto, kwafinyelelwa esiphethweni sokuthi amalungu omphakathi wama-Ilama akhe amakhaya awo phezu kweziqongo zamagquma eduze nezigodi nemithombo yamanzi, ezindaweni eziminyene kakhulu noma ezizinzile.
Isisekelo sokuziphilisa sesiko lama-Ilama ikakhulukazi kwakuwukulima futhi, ngokwezinga elincane kodwa okungenani, ukudoba nokuzingela. Ukulima kwama-ilamas kwakusekelwe endleleni yokulima ngokushintshashintsha, balima umhlaba kwaze kwaphela imisoco yawo base bethuthela kwezinye izindawo. Izilimo ezazivame kakhulu kwakuwumbila, umdumbula, ubhontshisi nemifino ethile.
Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile wama-ilamas kwakuyizitsha zobumba, benza izitsha ezine-anthropomorphic noma zoomorphic shapes. I-Ceramics yayihlotshiswe nge-notching, appliqué, noma imidwebo. Opende abasetshenzisiwe kwakungebezitshalo futhi imibala yabo yayibomvu nemnyama futhi kwakugqanyiswe amaphethini ngokuvamile anamaphethini ejiyomethri.
Ama-ilamas ayenolwazi oluyisisekelo lwe-Foundry, i-blacksmithing, i-hammering, ukuqopha usizo lwemisebenzi yawo yensimbi. Basebenza ngegolide nangethusi nangengxube yalezi zinsimbi ezimbili ukuze benze izindandatho zasekhaleni, imigexo, ama-pectorals, nezifihla-buso ababezisebenzisa emikhubeni yabo.
Iqiniso lokuthi ama-Ilamas asebenzisa ukulima okuhamba kancane, izitsha zobumba kanye nokukhiqizwa kwensimbi kusikisela inhlangano ethile yezenhlalakahle, ngakho-ke kulandela ukuthi ngaphezu kwabalimi, ababumbi kanye nama-metallurgists, inhlangano yabo yayinezinduna, ama-shaman, amaqhawe, njll.
Yotoco Culture
Isiko le-Yotoco lingenye yezintathu ezakha isiko laseCalima, bahlala ezigodini zaseCalima nase-El Dorado esifundeni namuhla esisomnyango weValle del Cauca. AmaYotoco athathwa njengezindlalifa zesiko lama-Ilama elandulele endaweni efanayo phakathi kuka-1500 BC kanye nonyaka onguziro.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi isiko le-Yotoco lalikhona kusukela ekhulwini lokuqala kuya ekhulwini leshumi nambili, ngokusho kwezinto ezivubukula ezitholakala ezindaweni ezihlala abantu bamanje baseBitaco, Tragedias, Dagua, Bolívar naseBuga. Izinto zemivubukulo ezinikeze ukwaziswa ngokuba khona kwesiko le-Yotoco zenziwe ngezinto eziningi zobumba, izindwangu, nemikhiqizo yensimbi.Izinsalela zamathambo omuntu azifakiwe, njengoba ubumuncu bezwe buvimbela ukulondolozwa kwazo.
Inani labantu base-Yotoco lalihlala ezindaweni ezincane ezinabantu kanye nasezindaweni ezifanayo ezazihlala okhokho babo, ama-Ilama, futhi njengabo nje, bakha amakhaya abo eziqongweni zamagquma lapho babecaba khona umhlaba ukuze bakhe amasimu.
Ngemva kokufika kwezinye izizwe endaweni, inani labantu baseYotoco laqala ukwehla cishe ngekhulu lesithupha ngemva kukaKristu futhi ngekhulu leshumi nantathu lenkathi yethu lasuswa ngokuphelele emagqumeni ngesiko lamaSonso. Lapho wehla ezingqungqutheleni, isiko le-Yotoco lathathwa amanye amasiko ahlukene laze lashabalala ngokuphelele.
Besebenzisa amasu okuvubukula, kuye kwaziwa ukuthi i-Yotoco ibisebenzisa ukulima okuqinile kwezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, okukhona kuzo ummbila, ubhontshisi, umdumbula, i-arracacha, i-achiote ne-auyama. Ezindaweni eziphansi zensimu yabo ezazivame ukuba nezikhukhula, basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukene zomzila ohlanganisa imisele namagquma, futhi cishe besebenzisa umanyolo wemvelo.
Ubuciko be-Yotocos buvelele kakhulu njengoba kwakunjalo nabanduleli babo ama-Ilama. Ngokuvamile, imisebenzi yabo yayihlanganisa izitsha, izimbiza, izitsha zokungcwaba, izimbiza, amapuleti, izinkomishi nama-alcarrazas, ahlotshiswe nge-zoomorphic anthropomorphic motifs kanye nemiklamo yejometri, eyasetshenziswa kusetshenziswa amasu afana ne-Ilama anamanotshi, izinhlelo zokusebenza noma imidwebo. I-Yotoco isebenzisa izinotshi izikhathi ezimbalwa kanye nemidwebo kaningi kune-Ilama, nakuba ingaba nemibala eyodwa, emibili, noma enemibala eminingi.
I-Yotoco metallurgy iwukuqhubeka okuqondile kobuciko bensimbi yesiko lama-Ilama. Ochwepheshe be-metallurgists besiko le-Yotoco babenolwazi olunzulu ekucubunguleni insimbi kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuphonsa. Ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko bekuwukushaya ngesando nokugqamisa.
Phakathi kwezinto ezitholakele kubalwa izinto zegolide, ikakhulukazi: ama-tiara, izindandatho zekhala, amacici, ama-ankle, ama-pectoral, amasongo, imihlobiso elengayo, imaski nokunye okuningi. Ubuchwepheshe bokubumba be-Fusion besebenzisa amamodeli we-wax babusetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-brooches namamaski ayinkimbinkimbi. Indlela ye-granulation yayisetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-pyrite rosary, izindandatho nezibuko.
Izifunda ezihlukahlukene ze-Yotoco zazixhunywe uxhaxha lwemigwaqo. Lokhu kukhombisa ukubaluleka kokuhwebelana nokuhweba phakathi kwesiko le-Yotoco namanye amasiko endawo. Ububanzi bezindlela behluka phakathi kwamamitha ayisishiyagalombili namamitha ayishumi nesithupha.
Isiko le-Yotoco ngokusobala laliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunesiko lama-Ilama elaliwandulele ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo senhlalo. Kwakukhona ukuhlukaniswa okujulile komphakathi, isikhungo sababusi bedolobhana. Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo kanye nezinga eliphezulu lezitsha zobumba nobuciko bensimbi kukhombisa ukuthi kwakukhona ochwepheshe nongoti emphakathini waseYotoco. Izicukuthwane zakhiwe ama-cacique, ama-shaman namaqhawe.
Isiko likaSonso
Isiko lamaSonso lihlukene ngokwesiko lamaSonso Early kanye nesiko LamaSonso Ongasekho. Isiko lamaSonso lahlala nesiko laseYotoco osebeni olusenyakatho naseningizimu yoMfula iCalima, kusukela eNtshonalanga Cordillera kuze kufike emlonyeni woMfula iSan Juan, okuhlala esifundeni namuhla esiphethwe omasipala bamanje baseLa Cumbre. , i-Pavas ne-Bitaco kanye ne-Valle del Río Cauca, kusukela e-Amaime kuya e-Río La Vieja. Lo msebenzi wawusuka cishe onyakeni wamakhulu amahlanu kuya onyakeni wenkulungwane.
Ngalesi sikhathi ukwakhiwa kwamagquma ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwezigodi zashiywa, kugcizelelwa ukusetshenziswa kwemithambeka kanye nokwakhiwa kwamasimu ezindlu, kulesi sici izakhamuzi zalesi sikhathi zigqama hhayi nje ngobuningi kodwa futhi imvelo eyisikhumbuzo yezakhiwo zomhlaba ezinkulu.
Izinguquko ezinkulu ekubunjweni kokungcwaba, ezinamakamelo amakhulu ekujuleni kwamamitha amahlanu kuya kwayishumi nanhlanu kanye nezikhukhula zamanye amathuna avumela ukulondolozwa kwezinsalela eziphilayo, i-sarcophagi, amabhentshi, izihlenga, amafosholo, imikhonto, ama-thrusters kanye nemicibisholo.
Inkambu ye-ceramics nayo ibe nezinguquko eziphawulekayo, izitsha zesiko le-Sonso zinamaphrofayili angajwayelekile aphikisana nemigqa emihle yamasiko angaphambilini. Izethulo ze-Zoomorphic kulesi sikhathi bekungeyona itimu yokuhlobisa eyinhloko njengasezikhathini ezedlule. Ukumelwa kwezibalo ze-anthropomorphic nakho kuyashintsha, kusiko likaSonso izibalo zomuntu ziveza ikhala elivelele elinendandatho yekhala, amehlo ethulwe ngesitayela "sebhontshisi yekhofi" ngaphandle kokunikeza ukubaluleka emlonyeni.
I-Metallurgy ikhawulelwe ezintweni ezincane zokuhlobisa njengezindandatho zekhala le-penannular, ama-twist nama- earmuffs a-spiral. Ubuntofontofo beshidi eliqoshiwe buthathelwe indawo ngokuqina okuqinile kusetshenziswa ingxubevange yegolide neyethusi ephuka kakhulu.
Isiko lesiMalagan
Ngo-1992, e-Hacienda Malagana, kwatholakala ngephutha i-trousseaus yegolide ne-ceramic. Ngemva kokutholakala kwazo, le ndawo yaba isisulu sabaphangi nama-guaqueros abenza ukuhweba okungekho emthethweni okukhulu kwezinto zokuvubukula. I-National Institute of Archaeology and History of Colombia yaqoka ikhomishana yokuhlenga eqondiswa umvubukuli uMarianne Cardale, le khomishana yasungula inkimbinkimbi yamasiko engaziwa abayiqamba ngokuthi uMalagana Sonso.
Epulazini iMalagana, eliseduze nomfula iBolo, kumasipala wasePalmira eValle del Cauca, isisebenzi siwele emgodini omkhulu nogandaganda waso ngesikhathi kudilika inhlabathi abehamba kuyo. uthole izinto zegolide. Ngengozi wayethole indawo yokungcwaba engaphansi komhlaba (hypogeum). Isisebenzi sathengisa ezinye zalezi zinto, okwadonsa amehlo futhi ngokushesha indawo yahlaselwa abaphangi nama-guaqueros.
Isixuku sabaphangi, abanye balinganisela ukuthi singaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezinhlanu zabantu, sadonsa ukunaka kwabezindaba neziphathimandla. Kwakukuncane okwakungenziwa amaphoyisa kanye nebutho ukuvimbela ukucekelwa phansi cishe ngokuphelele kwamathuna amadala. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi isamba esiphangiwe esizeni singaphezu kwamakhilogremu ayikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili. Ngo-1992 i-Museo de Oro e-Bogotá yathola i-assortment emangalisayo yezinto zegolide ezenziwe ngesitayela esingajwayelekile. Uphenyo luveze ukuthi umthombo wezinto zobuciko kwakuyiHacienda Malagana.
Ngo-March wonyaka ka-1993, kusekhona ama- guaqueros, abavubukuli bazama ukwenza uphenyo eMalagana hacienda kodwa ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa kwadingeka basishiye lesi siza. Naphezu kwesikhathi esilinganiselwe, abavubukuli bakwazi ukuhlola amathuna amathathu futhi babheka i-stratigraphy yendawo, ebonisa irekhodi lokuhlala isikhathi eside. Abaphenyi bathola ubuhlalu begolide nezinsalela zobumba ezazinganakwa abaphangi.
I-radiocarbon dating yensalela etholakala ngaphakathi kweziqukathi inikeze usuku olulinganiselwe lwamashumi ayisikhombisa kanye noma amashumi ayisithupha emva kukaKristu. Ngemuva kokuthi indawo ekugcineni ilahliwe abazingeli bengcebo, i-Malagana Archaeological Project yaqalwa ngo-1994.
Le phrojekthi yocwaningo yayingaphansi kwesibopho se-Archaeological Museum yase-Universidad del Valle, i-Colombian Institute of Archaeology, i-ICAN, kanye ne-Vallecaucano Institute of Scientific Research, INCIVA. Ithimba labacwaningi lakhiwe ngabavubukuli, izazi ze-anthropologists, i-edafologists (ochwepheshe benhlabathi) kanye nama-palynologists (izazi zempova). Iqembu lahlela ukumba cishe okungamamitha-skwele ayinkulungwane ukuze lithole ezinye izimpawu eziqinisekisa ukuba khona kwendawo ethile yasendulo.
Lokhu kumbiwa kwembula i-stratigraphy ende neyinkimbinkimbi yokungcwaba eyishumi nesikhombisa, izikhathi ezine zokusebenza, kanye nezinsuku ezengeziwe ze-radiocarbon. Izikhathi zokusebenza zafakwa kukhathalogi, isikhathi sokuqala njenge-"Proto Ilama" kanye nesakamuva njenge-Ilama, i-Malagana ne-Sonso. Ngenxa yalolu phenyo kwatholakala ukuthi isiko elihluke ngokuphelele lathuthukiswa ngesikhathi seMalagana.
Abacwaningi basebenze ukumba izinkathi ezimbili zonyaka, kusukela ekupheleni kuka-1994 kuya ekuqaleni kuka-1995. Ngemva kokuhlaziya amasampula abawaqoqile, ahambisana kakhulu nezingcezu zobumba, njengoba izinto zegolide zazithandwa kakhulu lapho kuphangwa, iminyaka emithathu, kunombono. yamasiko ahlala endaweni. Kusukela kumfanekiso wezithombe ezintweni, kungatholwa ukuthi kube nokuhwebelana kwezentengiselwano ezindaweni eziseningizimu kuze kufike endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-San Agustín kanye ne-Tierradentro, futhi kuya ngasempumalanga kuze kufike e-Tolima ne-Quimbaya yamanje.
Izinsalela zamatshe aqoshiwe (i-lithics), amathambo ezilwane, izinsalela zamathambo omuntu, impova yezinsalela nezinye izinto zazibalulekile emsebenzini wokwakha kabusha okwedlule. Ngokusho kwabacwaningi, ukubaluleka okukhulu kakhulu kwalokhu okutholakele ukukwazi ukunquma ngokulandelana ukuthuthukiswa komlando namasiko empucuko eyayihlala esifundeni saseValle del Cauca phakathi neminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili eyandulela ukufika kwamaSpanishi.
Umvubukuli uCarlos Armando Rodríguez, umqondisi we-Archaeological Museum yase-Universidad del Valle kanye nomqondisi weProjekthi, ubonisa ngokusho kwezifundo zakhe "Isiko lokuqala elalikhona kwakuyisiko lama-Ilama, lilandelwa yilelo elitholakala emkhakheni weMalagana kanye okokugcina kuhambisana neBolo Quebradaseca Culture, okuyiyona eyatholwa abanqobi baseSpain».
Uphenyo aluqinisi mayelana nokunquma ukuthi izinsalela ezitholakala ku-Malagana hacienda ziyisiko elihlukile, njengoba ezinye izazi zigcina ukuthi kuningi okufanayo nesiko le-Yotoco, ngakho-ke mhlawumbe kungase kubhekwe njengokwehluka kwesifunda kwalesi siko.
Izinselelo ezitholakala emingcwabeni eyishumi nambili ngaphambi kwe-Columbian zinikeze ulwazi oluningi kubacwaningi ababekwazi ukunquma ngazo ubulili, ubudala, ukudla kanye nezifo ezazihlushwa abantu basendulo besifunda. Abacwaningi bakwazi ukuthola kumasampula ahlaziywe ukuthi ukudla kwabantu kuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kwamaprotheni ezilwane namaprotheni emifino.
Izinsalela zazitholakala njengezezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane ezifana namakhekhe, onogwaja kanye nezinja njengoba ngaleso sikhathi, inja yayifuywa ukuze ibe ukudla. Kutholakale isigameko esikhulu sokucasuka kwamazinyo, ososayensi abathi kusetshenziswe ushukela ovela kuma-carbohydrate, ngakho-ke ukubaluleka okukhulu kokudliwa kommbila emasikweni angaphambi kwe-Columbian kutholwa, ngokusho komvubukuli uCarlos Armando Rodríguez.
Ukuguga kwamazinyo kuhambisana nalokho okukhiqizwa amaqabunga e-coca. Ubukhona phakathi kwenani labantu bezifo ezifana nesifo samathambo kwanqunywa. Ngokusebenzisa impova yezinsalela ezitholakala endaweni, ososayensi bakwazi ukuba nesithombe esiphelele sendawo lapho leli siko lithuthuke khona. Manje sekwenzeke ukwenza iqoqo eliphelele lezinhlobo zezitshalo ezazikhona eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili edlule futhi ezazisetshenziswa izakhamuzi zala madolobha.
Phakathi kwalezi zitshalo, izintende ezazisetshenziswa kaningi zigqama kakhulu. Isiqu sawo sasisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezindlu, amaqabunga awo abuye afulelwe futhi izithelo zawo zazidliwa njengokudla.
Umsebenzi owenziwa ososayensi wawuphelele. Ngezinto zezinto ze-ceramic, abacwaningi benza izifundo zokunamathisela, ukwakheka kwayo kanye nezindlela zokukhiqiza. Umsebenzi uqala ngokuhlukanisa ucezu lube izingxenye ezincane kakhulu ukuze ukwazi ukwenza ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe ngaphansi kwe-microscope futhi ngaleyo ndlela unqume ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezifakwe obumba ukuze zivimbele ukuthi zingaqhekeki ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphezulu okudubula.
Ngalokhu kuhlaziywa bekungenzeka futhi ukucacisa umbala wokunamathisela njengoba lokhu kuwucezu lolwazi olubaluleke kakhulu kusukela kusetshenziswa ithebula elisetshenziswa yibo bonke abavubukuli emhlabeni jikelele, izinga lokushisa lokupheka linganqunywa futhi ngaleyo ndlela linqume ukuthi ngabe lizochazwa yini. babengama-Ovens asetshenziswa noma cha.
Njengoba izinto eziqoqiwe zaphulwa futhi zahlakazeka, omunye wemisebenzi enzima futhi ebaluleke kakhulu kwakuwukwakhiwa kabusha kwezingcezu ukuze kutholwe ukuma kwezitsha zobumba. “Isiko libonakaliswa ngemiklamo nangokudweba izingcezu singakwazi ukwazi ukuthi isiphi isici esasihambisana naso,” kuchaza umvubukuli uRodríguez. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwabo kanzima nokuzinikela, abavubukuli bangasinika inkomba yesimo sokuthuthukiswa kwendawo yokuhlala etholakala eMalagana hacienda.
Naphezu kwesiphithiphithi esibangelwa ama-guaqueros nabaphangi bendawo, ososayensi bakwazi ukuhlolisisa ucwaningo lwabo futhi ngaleyo ndlela basinikeze ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana namadlozi angaphambi kwe-Columbian. Noma kunjalo, ukungabaza kusasele ukuthi olunye ulwazi noma imilayezo ifihliwe ezinye izinto ezingakwazi ukufakwa ophenyweni.
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