Le mpucuko yakha izakhiwo eziningi ezinkulu. Wasungula izikhungo zikahulumeni ezindaweni ezahlukene. Waphinde wenza uhlelo lwamasimu ukuze andise ukukhiqiza kwezolimo. I Isiko lesiHuari wabeka izisekelo lapho kwakhiwa khona umbuso wamaInca.
Isiko lesiHuari
Isiko lama-Huari noma ama-Wari athuthukiswe ngesikhathi sangaphambi kwe-Inca ye-Middle Horizon. Ivela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD esifundeni sase-Ayacucho, esisezintabeni zase-Andes eningizimu yePeru yanamuhla. Inhloko-dolobha yayo itholakala eduze kwedolobha lesimanje i-Ayacucho, ePeru. Ukwandiswa kwalesi siko okokuqala kubheke ogwini, kubheke esikhungweni sezenkolo esibaluleke kakhulu sePachacamac, okubonakala sengathi sigcine ukuzimela okuqinile.
Kamuva, amaHuari asakazekela enyakatho emazweni esiko lasendulo lamaMoche, lapho impucuko yamaChimu yayizothuthuka kamuva. Ekuphakameni kwayo, isiko lamaHuari lasakazeka kulo lonke ugu nezintaba ezimaphakathi nePeru. Amasampula agcinwe kahle kakhulu esiko lamaHuari ahlala eduze kwedolobha laseQunua. Adume ngokulinganayo amanxiwa amaHuari asePiquillacta (“idolobha lamazeze”), ibanga elifushane eningizimu-mpumalanga yeCuzco ngaseLake Titicaca, elandulele ukubusa kwamaInca.
historia
Phakathi ne-Middle Horizon, cishe ngo-XNUMX AD, kwavela amasiko amabili ezindaweni eziphakeme zase-Andean kanye nesifunda esisogwini lwe-Pacific, ehlula imibuso ekhona: isiko lamaHuari kanye nesiko laseTiahuanaco. Isiko lama-Huari eligxile kwezempi lakhula kusiko lwe-Recuay futhi lanqoba iNazca, Mochica, Huarpa, nezinye izikhungo zamasiko ezincane. Igama lesiko livela egameni lendawo, i-Huari, isikhungo sezombangazwe nesemadolobheni sombuso, cishe amakhilomitha angamashumi amabili nanhlanu enyakatho-mpumalanga yedolobha lanamuhla i-Ayacucho eningizimu yePeru.
AmaHuari, okungenani isigamu sekhulu leminyaka futhi mhlawumbe ngaphezulu, ayephila ngesikhathi sempucuko yaseTiahuanaco eyathuthuka endaweni ephakeme yaseBolivia, ogwini lweLake Titicaca. Abavubukuli bathola ukufana okuningi phakathi kwamasiko amabili ikakhulukazi kwezobuciko. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi lezi zimpucuko ezimbili zashayisana ngezimayini ezisemingceleni yezindawo zazo zokuthonya. AbakwaHuari babonakala bebuthakathaka ngenxa yalokhu kuqhudelana.
AbakwaHuari babengabakhi abakhulu: bamisa amadolobha ezifundazweni eziningana, bakha isimiso sokulima ithala ukuze bandise ukukhiqiza kwezolimo ezindaweni ezisezintabeni, futhi benza imigwaqo eminingi amaInca ayezoyihlanganisa kamuva esimisweni sawo sokuxhumana. AmaInca, avela emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka ngemva kokunyamalala kwamaHuari, ngokuvamile abhekwa njengezindlalifa zale mpucuko kanye neyamaTiahuanacos.
I-Huari Tiahuanaco Culture
E-Ayacucho, isiko lama-Huarpa lalinesihlalo salo, eligcina ukuxhumana okuhle kwezohwebo nempucuko yamaNazca. Ngakho-ke ukuzuza intuthuko ebalulekile ekwenzeni imisebenzi yezandla endaweni. Ukuba khona kwesiko le-Tiahuanaco e-Ayacucho kufakazelwa ukumelwa kukankulunkulu oqoshwe ku-"Puerta del Sol".
Lesi sithombe, njengezingelosi ezihambisana naso, sidwetshwa kuma-urns amakhulu avela ku-Ayacucho, esiwazi njengesitayela se-conchopata, ngoba lesi sitayela sivela kule ndawo. I-Conchopata kwakungelona idolobha elikhulu, kodwa kunalokho yadlulela endaweni enkulu, ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa inani labantu.
Kulo mongo, isiko lamaHuari lathuthukiswa kusukela kusiko lwe-Huarpa, phakathi kuka-560 no-600. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezitsha zobumba ezathola igama lika-Robles Moqo kwabonwa, kwasabalala endaweni enkulu, kuhlanganise nezifunda zase-Ayacucho, Ica, Nazca, the I-Santa Valley nangale kwentaba ukuya eCallejón de Huaylas.
Lokhu kwandiswa kokuqala kubonisa isigaba sokuqala sethonya lesiko le-Tiahuanaco-Huari. Kule mpucuko, i-polychrome ceramics eyinkimbinkimbi, izindwangu ze-polychrome, izithombe ezincane ze-turquoise, ubucwebe nemisebenzi ehlukahlukene yobuciko nemisebenzi yezandla yakhiqizwa.
IConchopata itholakala kumakhilomitha angama-25 enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Ayacucho. Leli dolobha laliyinhloko-dolobha yempucuko eyinkimbinkimbi indawo yayo yaba nethonya kusukela eCajamarca naseLambayeque (enyakatho) kuya eMoquegua naseCuzco (eningizimu). I-Conchopata yahlanganisa cishe amahektha angu-120 endaweni enabantu abaningi kakhulu, lapho izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zemindeni zingahlala khona. Idolobha lakhiwe ngamatshe, lizungezwe izindonga eziphakeme ezenziwe ngamatshe nenhlabathi, kanye namasimu namapulatifomu.
Edolobheni laseHuari, izakhiwo ezinkulu zingabonakala, kuhlanganise namathempeli, ama-mausoleums nezindlu zesigaba esibusayo. Endaweni yaseCheqo Wasi, kunezicucu zamatshe ezibekwe ngokucophelela: lezi zingamangcwaba angaphansi komhlaba, okungenzeka asetshenziswa yizicukuthwane.
Esitezi esiphansi sezakhiwo, amanzi ayehlinzekwa uxhaxha lwemisele. Ngempela, amanzi ayeyisici esibalulekile: kwenziwa imisebenzi ebalulekile yokukhipha umsele kanye nokukhipha amanzi. Amasimu ezolimo andisa kakhulu indawo yokulima. Akhiwe emithambekeni yamagquma, ikakhulukazi atholakala eduze kwezakhiwo zasemadolobheni ezinkulu nesesibili, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zabantu.
Ithonya le-Tiwanaku
Isiko le-Tiahuanaco lathuthukiswa ezindaweni eziphakeme phakathi kuka-550 no-900: ithonya layo kuma-Huari liyabonakala emkhakheni wezenkolo nasemikhubeni yomngcwabo. Kwezinye izitsha zobumba ukumelwa konkulunkulu abanezici ze-anthropomorphic kanye ne-zoomorphic kubonakala, okufana nalezo ze-Viracocha yesiko le-Tiahuanaco. Lobu bunkulunkulu butholakala emasikweni akamuva. Imelwe ePuerta del Sol etholakala esakhiweni saseKalasasaya (eBolivia).
Ukunwetshwa kwesiko lamaHuari
Ukusabalala kwesiko lama-Wari kwahlotshaniswa nezinguquko ezijulile empilweni yezombangazwe, yezenhlalo nezenkolo yabantu base-Andean. Lezi zinguquko zabonakala ekwakhiweni okusha kwezakhiwo, ezakhiweni zokuhlaliswa kwabantu emadolobheni, ingqalasizinda eyandisiwe, nesiko elihlelekile ngokwezempi. Inkolo yenkolo ezungeze unkulunkulu omusha ongumdali u-Viracocha ngokushesha yaphakamisa zonke izinkolo zamakhulu eminyaka adlule, imbangela yokufana kwayo nonkulunkulu wezintonga we-Tiahuanaco ayikwazanga ukucaciswa ngokunemba.
Izici zesici ezitholakala kulawa masiko amabili ezindwangu, emisebenzini yezandla, nasezintweni zobumba ezitholakala futhi ziyizinto ze-polychrome ezinemihlobiso eyinkimbinkimbi, phakathi kwazo ukusetshenziswa okumangalisayo kwezilwane zenganekwane ezinama-condors namajaguar kuvelele ngaphezu kwakho konke.
Ezinkathini ezintathu ezihlukene ze-Huari, eyesibili (kusukela ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX kuya kwele-XNUMX) yi-apogee kakhulu. Ichazwa ngesitayela se-ceramic esibizwa ngokuthi i-Huari, esinokuhlukahluka kwesifunda: Viñaque, Atarco, Pachacamac, Qosqo nabanye. Lesi yisikhathi sokwanda okukhulu kwale mpucuko, efinyelele eLambayeque naseCajamarca (enyakatho), naseMoquegua naseCuzco (eningizimu) kuyilapho iTiahuanaco isuka eCuzco iye eChile nasempumalanga yeBolivia.
Isiko lamaHuari sethula umbono omusha wempilo yasemadolobheni, sakha imodeli yesikhungo esikhulu sasemadolobheni esizungezwe izindonga. Amadolobha aseHuari aziwa kakhulu (ngoba ambiwe kakhulu) yiPiquillacta (eduze kwaseCuzco) kanye neHuiracochapampa (eduze kwaseHuamachuco, esifundeni saseLa Libertad). Lawa madolobha athuthukile ngaphakathi kwemingcele yethonya lamaHuari.
Idolobha lase-Huari ngokuyinhloko lisekelwe emnothweni walo ekuhwebeni namanye amadolobha abelana ngesiko elifanayo. Kodwa phakathi nenkathi yesithathu, lokhu kuhwebelana kwancipha, okwaholela ekuwohlokeni kwezombangazwe nezomnotho kwabakwaHuaris futhi, ekugcineni, ukushiywa kwedolobha kanye nokulahlekelwa ukulawula indawo yabo yangaphambili yethonya.
Ngemva kwekhulu leshumi nanye, abantu balokho okushiwo yi-European historiographic current call "umbuso waseHuari" baqhubeka nokuzithuthukisa ngokwabo. I-Ayacucho yenqaba ngokushiya imodeli yempilo yasemadolobheni ukuze ibuyele esakhiweni sabantu basemakhaya, esifana nezigaba zakudala zama-Huarpa.
Ekuphakameni kwayo ngekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, indawo yethonya lesiko lamaHuari yanda ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayinkulungwane namakhulu amahlanu ukusuka eSihuas (Arequipa) naseSicuani (Cuzco) eningizimu yombuso kuya ePiura naseMarañón. Isigodi enyakatho futhi ihlanganisa indawo engaba amakhilomitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu.
Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane eziyikhulu babehlala enhloko-dolobha endaweni engamakhilomitha-skwele angamashumi amabili. Ubufakazi bezakhiwo zasemadolobheni ezihlaba umxhwele bungatholakala nasemadolobheni afana ne-Otuzco (Cajamarca), i-Tomeval, i-Piquillacta ne-Viracocha pampa, eyakhiwe phezu kwemodeli yenhloko-dolobha. Ingqalasizinda yokuphatha ye-Huari isebenze njengemodeli ye-Inca Culture yakamuva.
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo nengqalasizinda
Esikweni lamaHuari, okokuqala ngqa eNingizimu Melika, amadolobha ayeklanywe azungezwe izindonga zokuzivikela futhi asakazwa ngephethini ye-chessboard futhi adlulela ngalé kwezikhungo zenkolo. Inhloko-dolobha yaseHuari yayihlome ngokugcwele ngamathempeli, izigodlo, nezifunda, futhi leli dolobha lalinohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemisele nemisele yamanzi.
Izakhiwo ezifana nethempeli lase-Huari Huillcahuayín eduze kwase-Huaraz zazihlaba umxhwele ngokwakhiwa. Ithempeli lase-Huillcahuayín lithweswe umqhele ngophahla oluyigayidi olwenziwa ngezilayidi ezinkulu zamatshe ezibushelelezi, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwama-megalith asindayo ashintshana ngezingqimba zeslate ezinefomethi encane.
Ngenxa yalokhu kwakhiwa okunwebekayo, ithempeli laba nemifantu emibili kuphela ngisho nokuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu kwango-1970. Ngesikhathi sabo, abakwaHuari basungula uxhaxha lwemizila yase-Andean eyayinembe njengenethiwekhi yomgwaqo ye-Inca yakamuva, i-Qhapaq Ñan, futhi yanwetshwa kusukela e-Ayacucho. eLake Titicaca eningizimu nasePiura enyakatho.
Idolobha lama-wari
Idolobha laseHuari laliyinhloko-dolobha enegama elifanayo. Kanye neTiahuanaco, leli dolobha laliyisikhungo sombuso wokuqala wase-Andes, ngaphambi kokufika kwama-Inca. Uma kubhekwa indlela yokusebenza ehlukaniselwe indawo yale ndawo yethonya, igama elithi "ithonya" lizofaneleka kakhulu kunalelo lombuso, elisikisela ukuphathwa okuphakathi nendawo okufana nalokho kwama-Inca, kanye nokumiswa kwendawo.
Isikhungo sasemadolobheni saseWari sasinendawo ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezimbili zamahektha. Ekuphakameni kwale mpucuko, kucatshangwa ukuthi ezinye izakhiwo zazinamazinga ayisithupha. Iningi lezakhiwo lalimbozwe nge-plaster emhlophe, ezinemihlobiso ye-polychrome.
Idolobha likwazile ukweqa izakhamuzi eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu ekuphakameni kwalo, ngaphambi kokuba lehle kakhulu cishe ngonyaka we-1000. Izizathu kanye nenqubo yalokhu kwehla akwaziwa okwamanje. Iningi lezakhiwo ze-Wari zisazombiwa.
Abacwaningi bahlukanise indawo emaphakathi yedolobha (edlulela ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha-skwele ayishumi nesishiyagalombili) yaba yimikhakha eyishumi nambili. Zonke lezi zakhiwo zitholakala ngamakhilomitha angamashumi amabili nanhlanu enyakatho ye-Ayacucho kanye nohambo lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili ukusuka e-Lima.
- I-Monqachayoc Kukhona amagalari angaphansi komhlaba anophahla olwakhiwe ngamatshe amakhulu esiqeshini esisodwa. Izindonga zimbozwe ngamatshe ayisicaba anomumo obude. Futhi, kukhona amapayipi amatshe ayesetshenziselwa ukuthutha amanzi edolobheni.
- I-Capillapata Lo mkhakha wakhiwe izindonga ezinkulu eziphindwe kabili ezikala phakathi kwamamitha ayisishiyagalombili nayishumi nambili ukuphakama. Ngobude obungamamitha angu-400, udonga luyancipha njengoba lukhula. Eqinisweni, isisekelo siwugqinsi lwamamitha amathathu, kanti phezulu silinganisa kuphela phakathi kwamamitha angu-0.80 no-1.20.
- I-Yoc Turquoise Lo mkhakha uthatha igama lawo kusukela ebukhoneni bezinsalela ze-turquoise kusuka ku-pearl imigexo noma izithombe eziqoshiwe ezincane. Ukugxila kwalokhu kwaziswa kungakholakala ukuthi izinkundla zokucobelelana ngolwazi ezinikezelwe ekumodeleni zazikhona kulo mkhakha.
- I-Casa de Blas Kuyo yonke le ndawo, kunezinsalela eziningi zamathuluzi amatshe, njengamaphoyinti e-projectile, ama-awls ne-flint eqoshiwe. Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisetshenzisiwe kwakuyi-obsidian, iflint kanye nethambo elivela endishini yengulube ye-Guinea.
- I-Canterón Kucatshangwa ukuthi inkwali ibikhona kulo mkhakha.
- I-Ushpa Qoto Iqoqo lezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene eziseduze ne-plaza. Izindonga ezintathu ezinkulu zazakhiwe zaqondana. Izakhiwo zisesimweni se-semicircle enezikhala ezingaphansi komhlaba.
- URobles Moqo Kulo mkhakha kunemikhumbi yobumba kanye nemisebenzi ehlukene ye-lithic. Isitayela se-Huari Ceramic sibizwa nge-Robles Moqo, njengoba sanqunywa ezingxenyeni ezitholwe kule ndawo ngumqondisi wendawo ogama lakhe linguRobles.
- I-Campanayoc Lezi zindawo ezivaliwe ngendlela yemibuthano nama-trapezoid, okwamanje zibhujiswa ngokuphelele. Nokho, singazazisa izisekelo zayo.
- I-Tranka House I-petroglyphs eyishumi nesithupha iqoshwe etsheni. Imifantu yayenzelwa endaweni eyisicaba bese ipholishwa kancane. Lena imigqa eqondile, imiqulu, izinyoka, imibuthano nezinye izibalo zejometri.
- Ushpa Amamodeli wokumelwa kwabantu atholwe kule ndawo. Ngakho-ke, kucatshangwa ukuthi yayisetshenziswa njengendawo ethile yezinkonzo, ama-workshops nezitolo.
- I-Gálvez Chayo Lesi sigodi, esingamamitha ayishumi nanye ububanzi namamitha ayishumi ukujula, sambiwa ngamabomu. Ngaphakathi, umhubhe ombiwe ngokucophelela ubheke enyakatho kanti owesibili ubheke eningizimu.
- Izindonga ze-Churucana zilingana nalezo ezitholakala e-Capillapata zakha izikhala ngendlela yama-trapezoid nama-rectangles.
Umthambeko
Ukwehla kwezomnotho koMbuso WaseHuari kwaqala ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Inani labantu lancipha, inhloko-dolobha yaseHuari namanye amadolobha asezintabeni ashiywa kancane kancane. Kamuva, abantu nabo baphuma emadolobheni asogwini babuyela ezindaweni zokuhlala.
Kukholakala ukuthi izinguquko zesimo sezulu ezihlobene ne-El Niño kungenzeka zibangele ukushabalala kwalesi siko, kodwa ulwazi olunembe kakhudlwana alukakatholakali. Ngokuwa kwesiko lamaHuari, amandla ayo okuhlanganisa nawo alahleka; Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, isifunda sase-Andean saphinde salolongwa imibuso yesifunda ezimele namasiko esifunda.
Okusha okutholakele
Ngo-2008, amanye amathuna nama-mummies e-Huari atholakala e-Huaca Pucllana e-Lima, okubonisa ukuthi ama-Wari nawo ayegcwele lolu hlangothi. Ngo-2013, ithimba labavubukuli, eliholwa nguMilosz Giersz weNyuvesi yaseWarsaw, lamemezela ukutholakala kwethuna lasebukhosini elise-Huarmey Castle eliqukethe izinsalela zabantu abangamashumi ayisithupha nantathu, kuhlanganise nezindlovukazi ezintathu zamaHuari. Ezungezile, abavubukuli bathole izinto zobuciko ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane, ezihlanganisa ubucwebe begolide nesiliva, izimbazo zethusi namathuluzi egolide.
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