Ulwandle olubanzi lweCaribbean lugeza ngamanzi alo izindawo ezihlala izinhlanga ezingaphansi Isiko laseCaribbean, owametha igama lakhe. Lo mjaho wamaqhawe watshala ukwesaba phakathi kwabanqobi ngenxa yedumela labo elinonya kanye nomlingiswa wabo ongenakunqotshwa ongazange aphele amandla.
Isiko laseCaribbean
Isiko laseCaribbean lihambisana neqembu labantu ababehlala ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha, ngesikhathi sokufika kwabaseYurophu, ingxenye yenyakatho yeColombia, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeVenezuela kanye namanye ama-Antilles amancane. Namuhla inzalo yawo, amaCariña, atholakala eVenezuela, eBrazil, eGuyana, eSuriname naseFrench Guiana futhi ngokwezinga elincane eHonduras. E-Lesser Antilles banyamalala ngenxa yokuhlasela kwaseYurophu, esiqhingini saseSan Vicente baxubana nama-Afrika, okwenza amaGarífuna.
Origen
Imvelaphi yesiko laseCaribbean ayikanqunywa ngokunembile izazi zemivubukulo kanye nezazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Abanye babeka i-nucleus yokuqala emahlathini aseGuianas (kungaba eseVenezuela, eGuyana, eFrench Guiana naseSuriname) noma eningizimu nasenyakatho, maphakathi nendawo. esifundeni soMfula i-Amazon eBrazil.
Ngo-1985, isazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo saseVenezuela uKay Tarble wabala imibono eminingana mayelana nemvelaphi yesiko laseCaribbean: Ngo-1970, umvubukuli wase-United States uLahtrap wahlongoza ukuthi isikhungo sokuhlakazeka siqale sisuka eGuayana ngasosebeni olusenyakatho loMfula i-Amazon njengendawo okuyiwa kuyo i-Amazon yaseColombia. , ugu lwaseGuyana nama-Antilles.
UDkt. Tarble uqhubeka nesazi sezitshalo saseMelika u-Karl H. Schwerin (1972) obeka ukhahlamba lwezintaba ezisempumalanga ye-Colombia njengemvelaphi okungenzeka ukuthi isuka kuyo kanye noMfula i-Orinoco, i-Guayana ne-Amazon njengezindawo okuyiwa kuzo futhi kwesinye isigaba ukusuka e-Middle Orinoco ukuya e-Lower. I-Orinoco kanye ne-Antilles; umvubukuli waseNyakatho Melika uBetty Jane Meggers (1975) uhlongoza ukuthi iNingizimu ye-Amazon iqonde enyakatho yomfula omkhulu kanye naseNyakatho ye-Amazon ngase-savannah kanye nayo yonke i-Amazon.
Ekugcineni, isazi sesayensi yesintu uMarshall Durbin (1977) uphakamisa indawo yemvelaphi e-Venezuelan Guayana, Surinam noma French Guiana endleleni eya eningizimu-mpumalanga yeColombia, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeColombia naseningizimu ye-Amazon, ngokulandelana. Ngokwengxenye yakhe, isazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo uKay Tarble uhlongoza imodeli entsha yokwandisa isiko laseCaribbean, lapho ebeka khona i-Proto-Caribbean, ezindaweni zaseGuianas kusukela ngonyaka ka-3000 BC ngokobufakazi bemivubukulo nolwazi lwezilimi olutholakalayo.
Umndeni wezilimi zesiko laseCaribbean ungomunye osabalele kakhulu eMelika futhi wenziwe inani elikhulu lezizwe ezasakazekela endaweni enkulu yezwekazi laseMelika. Lokhu bubanzi kwenze ukuthi izilimi zesiCarib ezikhulunywa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zibe nomehluko ophawulekayo ngenxa yokujwayela indawo kanye nokuxhumana nezinye izinhlanga.
Ukunwetshwa kwesiko laseCaribbean endaweni enkulu kunezizathu zako ezicini eziningana ze-anthropological, phakathi kokunye ikhono lakho elikhulu ekuhambeni kolwandle nasemifuleni kanye nesiko lamadoda alesi siko lokubheka abesifazane bamanye amaqembu (exogamy ) kuphinde kwaba nomthelela ekukhuleni kwayo ekubeni idolobha elilungele impi.
Ngokwezifundo ze-anthropological kanye nezici zomlando, isiko laseCaribbean lasabalala endaweni yezwekazi enyakatho ye-Amazon ngezizwe zaseCarijona kanye nePanar; kuze kube semagqumeni ase-Andes, lapho kwagqama khona izizwe zamaYukpas, amaMocoas, amaChaparros, amaCaratos, amaParisis, amaKiri Kiris nezinye; kusukela ethafeni laseBrazil kuya emithonjeni yomfula iXingú: yuma, palmella, bacairi, emfuleni iNegro; Yauperis futhi Crichanas. EFrench Guiana Galibis, accavois kanye ne-calinas. Izici zesiko laseCaribbean zitholwe emnyangweni weLoreto ePeru.
Ukwanda kwesiko laseCaribbean kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ngonyaka we-1200 AD, okuholele ekutheni bathathe inani elikhulu lama-Antilles Amancane namaKhulu njengeCuba ne-Hispaniola, kanye nokuthatha ngokuphelele iGranada, iTrinidad neTobago, iDominica neSaint Vincent kanye neGrenadines. , isusa amaTaínos futhi ihlasela iPuerto Rico kanye nasenyakatho yeColombia neVenezuela yanamuhla.
Inhlangano yomphakathi
AmaCarib ahlelwe aba imindeni yemindeni ebizwa ngokuthi ama-cacicazgos, aphethwe yi-cacique ezuza njengefa igunya layo endodaneni noma kumshana. Kweminye imiphakathi yamaCarib, i-cacique yakhethwa phakathi kweziphathimandla zenkolo.
I-cacique yiyona eyanquma futhi yabusa yonke impilo yezenhlalakahle, ezenkolo nezombusazwe zomphakathi. Nakuba bakha umphakathi wezinzalamizi kweminye imiphakathi, wawunikeza indawo yokuzalwa kwezingane, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini yaseziqhingini, isibonelo salolu shintsho singabonakala ku-cacica omkhulu iGaitana e-Colombia.
Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle esikweni laseCaribbean yayibuswa ama-caciques, abaholi bezempi kanye nama-shaman okwakungabapristi benkolo. Phansi komphakathi kwakunabalimi, izingcweti, abathengisi, neziboshwa zempi. Umndeni wadlala indima enkulu, ukuba umndeni we-cacique obaluleke kakhulu. Kushadiswa nabezinye izibongo kwase kwenziwa isithembu.
Esikweni laseCaribbean, abesifazane ngokwenhlalo babesezingeni eliphansi kunamadoda, umthwalo wabo wemfanelo wokunakekela nokukhulisa izingane, umsebenzi wasekhaya, ukukhiqizwa nokucubungula ukudla, ukulungiswa kwezingubo zokugqoka nokutshala nokuvuna. Amadoda azinikele empini nasekufundiseni izingane ngemikhuba namasiko abo. Abesifazane nezingane babehlala emaqhugwaneni ahlukene nawabesilisa.
Umsebenzi wezomnotho
Ngokobufakazi bezazi-mlando zaseYurophu, amaCarib ayezinikele ekuzingeleni, ekudobeni, ekuqoqeni nasekuhwebeni nezinye izizwana. Ukulima kwakungekho phakathi kwemisebenzi yabo ebaluleke kakhulu, kodwa babelima umdumbula, ubhontshisi, ubhatata, ukhokho, nezithelo ezithile zasezindaweni ezishisayo. Omunye wemisebenzi yokuthola ukudla kwamaCarib kwakuwukudoba.
Ukuhweba nakho kwakubaluleke kakhulu emnothweni wesiko laseCaribbean futhi kwakubaluleke kakhulu uma kubhekwa ukuhamba kwakho okuqhubekayo ukusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye. Kutholakale ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi amaCarib ayehweba namaTaino aseMpumalanga ayehlala eziqhingini ezihlukahlukene zaseCaribbean. Njengobufakazi balokhu, kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi amaCarib athatha isiliva elatholwa umnqobi waseSpain uPonce de León endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iPuerto Rico.
Amalungu esiko laseCaribbean ahlala ezindaweni lapho kubanda khona kuthiwa enza izindwangu zikakotini azihlobisa ngodayi bemifino, okungenzeka ukuthi zazisetshenziselwa ukuhwebelana neminye imiphakathi.
Inkolo
AmaCarib ayengakholelwa kuNkulunkulu. Inkolo eyayiqhutshwa abantu baseCaribbean yayinezici ezihlobene nehlelo lokhokho babo. AmaCarib akulezi ziqhingi ayekholelwa kunkulunkulu omubi okuthiwa uMaybouya okwakudingeka amjabulise ukuze amshweleze futhi kanjalo agweme umonakalo ayengawubangela. Omunye wemisebenzi emikhulu yezangoma kwakuwukugcina uMabouya ezolile, ngaphezu kokwelapha abagulayo ngamakhambi nangeziphonso. Amashaman ayenodumo olukhulu ngokuba yiwo kuphela ayekwazi ukugwema ububi.
Imikhosi eyayiholwa amashaman yayihlanganisa nemihlatshelo. Njengama-Arawak namanye amaMelika Omdabu, amaCarib ayebhema ugwayi emikhubeni yenkolo yawo. IsiNgisi sabhala ngemikhuba yokudliwa kwabantu phakathi kwamaCaribs eziqhingini. Eqinisweni igama elithi cannibal lisuselwa egameni elithi Caribbean. Nakuba amaCarib ayekwenza kuphela emikhubeni yawo engokwenkolo ehlobene nempi okwakucatshangwa ukuthi ayedla kuyo izingxenye zemizimba yezitha, abanye abantu baseYurophu babekholelwa ukuthi amaCarib ayeqhuba ubuzimu nsuku zonke.
Esikweni laseCaribbean kwakuwumkhuba ovamile ukugcina amathambo amadlozi ezindlini, okwachazwa abapristi bangaphandle njengokubonisa inkolelo yamaCarib yokuthi amadlozi ayengababheki nababheki bezizukulwane zabo. Ngo-1502 iNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth yayihlanganisa namazimuzimu phakathi kwabantu ababengagqilazwa, lokhu kwanikeza abaseSpain isisusa esingokomthetho nezaba zokuhlonza amaqembu ahlukahlukene amaNdiya aseMelika njengamazimuzimu ukuze awagqilaze futhi aphuce izindawo zawo.
Ngokusho komlobi u-Basil A. Reid, emsebenzini wakhe othi "Izinganekwane Namaqiniso Omlando WamaCaribs" kunobufakazi obanele bemivubukulo kanye nokubhekwa okuqondile okwenziwa abantu baseYurophu abahlukene abanquma ngokuthembekile ukuthi amaCaribs awazange adle inyama yomuntu.
Isiko laseCaribbean eColombia
Isiko laseCaribbean lasakazeka enyakatho yeColombia, ngokuvamile lihlala ogwini lolwandle namathafa aseduze nemifula. Kunezizwe ezimbalwa zesiko laseCaribbean ezagqama endaweni manje eyaziwa ngokuthi yiColombia.
AbakwaMuzo
AbakwaMuzo bathatha indawo manje osekungumasipala waseMuzo kanye nabanye omasipala abangomakhelwane eminyangweni yaseBoyaca, Cundinamarca kanye ne-Santander. Njengezizwe eziningi zesiko laseCaribbean, amaMuzo ayengabantu abathanda impi, lapho impi yayibaluleke kakhulu. Babenomkhuba wokuguqula ugebhezi lwekhanda labo ngokulucindezela ngokulwenza lube isicaba luye ohlangothini olungemuva.
Ngaphakathi kwenhlangano yenhlalakahle yomuzo bekungekho makhaca kodwa inkosi yesizwe ngasinye. Amandla ayesetshenziswa abadala kanye namaqhawe ayephumelele kakhulu ezimpini. Kwakungekho mithetho noma iziqondiso zokulawula imisebenzi yabo. Babehlukene ngokwenhlalo phakathi kwamaqhawe, abantu ababalulekile kanye namachinga okwakuyizilahlwa lapho kwakufakwe khona izigqila ezazivamise ukuba yiziboshwa zempi zezinye izizwe.
Umnotho wama-muzos wawuzungeza ezolimo, ukwenziwa kwekhabethe, ukumba kanye nokubaza ama-emerald, nomsebenzi wobumba. Endaweni eyayihlala ama-muzos kwakunezimayini zesiliva, ithusi, igolide, insimbi, ama-emerald kanye nezimayini ze-alum. Benza nezingubo zendwangu njengendwangu yesaka, ukotini nezingcezu ze-pita, benza nezingcezu zobumba. Ama-muzo ayekholelwa kunkulunkulu abaningi, ayenenani elincane lonkulunkulu: Ingabe umdali wabantu, uMaquipa ababekholelwa ukuthi welapha izifo, iLanga neNyangayezulu.
I-Pijaos
AmaPijaos yiqembu labantu base-Amerindian abavela eTolima nakwezinye izindawo ezizungezile eColombia. Ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseSpain, bathatha i-Central Cordillera yase-Andes, izindawo eziphakathi kweziqongo zeqhwa ze-Huila, i-Quindío ne-Tolima, isigodi esingenhla soMfula iMagdalena kanye ne-Valle del Cauca engenhla.
Ngokusho kwabanye ababhali, ama-pijao afakwe phakathi kwezizwe zamasiko aseCaribbean ngenxa nje yobuqhophololo babo. Kodwa kunezinkomba zokuthi amaPijaos athonywa abantu baseCarib abangena ngomfula iMagdalena kanye noMfula i-Orinoco. NgeMagdalena kwafika labo bozalo olungacacile, ama-muize, ama-colima, ama-panches, ama-quimbaya, ama-putimane nama-paniquitaes. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ama-Pijaos nama-Andaquíes anikeza ukuphikiswa okuqinile kubanqobi, empeleni amaPijaos aqothulwa ngaphandle kokuzinikela.
Ama-pijaos, njengama-muzos, ayengenayo i-cacique futhi igunya lalithathwa yinkosi. Imizi yabo yayakhiwe ngama-bahareque futhi ihlukaniswe yodwa. Ezindaweni ezibandayo zezintaba, ukulima kwabo kwakuhlanganisa amazambane, ama-arracachas, ubhontshisi, ama-cape gooseberries. Ezindaweni ezifudumele: ummbila, umdumbula, i-coca, ugwayi, ukotini, ukhokho, upelepele, ama-achira, ukwatapheya, amathanga, amagwava, ama-mameyes.
Babehlukaniswa ngamakhono abo ekufuyeni izilwane. Izinkawu zaziqeqeshelwa ukuqoqa izithelo namaqanda ezinyoni ezihlahleni ezinde kakhulu. Basebenzisa izimpungushe ukulandelela nokwelusa izinyamazane ezizingelayo, ama-capybara nezinye izilwane zase-savannah.
Bashintsha ukuma kwezingebhezi zezingane ezisanda kuzalwa ngokufaka ama-orthopedic splints endaweni ye-occipital nengaphambili ukuze zibonakale zibukeka kabi lapho sezikhulile. Baphinde baguqula izimo zemikhawulo yakhe engaphezulu nephansi futhi bashintsha ukubukeka kobuso bakhe ngokuphula i-septum yamakhala.
Ngokungafani nezinye izizwe zesiko laseCaribbean, benza i-monotheism, bathola izakhi eziningi zemvelo ezingcwele neziyimilingo: izinkanyezi, izenzakalo zezulu, imithombo yamanzi, izidalwa eziphilayo, imifino, amaminerali kanye nokuba khona kwabo, benza uhlobo lwe-animism lapho konke okuyikho. ingxenye yobunye bobunkulunkulu obubodwa.
Amapani
AmaPanche, abuye aziwe ngokuthi yiTolimas, ahlala osebeni loMfula iMagdalena kanye nesigodi sawo ukusuka eMfuleni iGualí ukuya enyakatho-ntshonalanga kanye noMfula iNegro ukuya enyakatho-mpumalanga, ukuya esigodini soMfula iCoello eningizimu-ntshonalanga kanye neFusagasugá eningizimu-mpumalanga. Nakuba zithathwa njengezingamasiko aseCaribbean, ngokwezilimi azihlobene. Ngesikhathi sokufika kwabaseYurophu, ama-panches ayesempumalanga yomnyango wamanje waseTolima nasentshonalanga yomnyango wamanje waseCundinamarca.
Izindawo zabo zahlukaniswa ngasentshonalanga nezindawo zama-pijaos, ama-coyaima kanye nama-natagaima; enyakatho-ntshonalanga enezindawo ze-pantágoras; enyakatho-mpumalanga amazwe ahlala ama-muzos noma ama-Colima; eningizimu-mpumalanga indawo yamaSutagaos futhi empumalanga izindawo ezithathwa amaMuiscas noma amaChibcha.
Babehleleke ngokwepolitiki ngendlela yobuzwe ngaphandle kwenkosi noma umholi ophethe izindawo ezinkulu, noma kunjalo abaseSpain bakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bakhona abaholi okwathi ngenxa yesikhundla sabo sosomaqhinga abakhulu bezempi, imiyalelo yabo yalandelwa ezinye izizwe. izinduna. Isizwe samaPanche sayakhiwe amaTocaremas, ama-Anapuima, amaSuitamas, amaLachimíes, ama-Anolaima, amaSiquimas, amaChapaima, amaCalandaima, amaCalandoima, amaBituima, amaTocaremas, amaSasima, amaGuatiquíes, namanye.
Izinqe zazinqunu kodwa zazihlobe ngamacici ezindlebeni nasemakhaleni, izintambo ezinemibala ezintanyeni nasezinkalweni, nezimpaphe ezimibalabala emakhanda abo, futhi babesebenzisa imihlobiso yegolide ezingalweni zabo nasemilenzeni. Bashintsha ukuma kwezingebhezi zezingane ezisanda kuzalwa ngokusebenzisa ama-orthopedic splints endaweni ye-occipital nengaphambili.
Ukukhombisa isimo sabo senhlalo bahlobise amakhaya abo ngezikhakhayi zezitha zabo. Ngokusho kwabaseSpain babenza ubuzimuzimu, becabanga ukuthi bayisebenzisa njengesiko, kuthiwa baphuza igazi enkundleni yempi.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wama-panches, lapho ukuphila kwabo konke kwakuzungeza khona, kwakuyimpi, nokho-ke kuyaziwa ukuthi basebenza nge-ceramics ukwenza amabhodwe nezitsha zasendlini. Babebazi ubuciko bokuphotha nokuluka, nakuba ngendlela engavamile. Amapani ayeyi-exogamous: awazange ashade namalungu esizwe sakubo njengoba ayethathana njengabafowabo bomunye nomunye, ngakho-ke abesifazane namadoda babefuna abantu bomshado kwamanye amaqembu noma kwamanye amadolobha.
I-Baris A
AmaBarí noma amaMotilones Barí angabantu bamaNdiya aseMelika abahlala emahlathini oMfula iCatatumbo, nhlangothi zombili zomngcele ophakathi kweColombia neVenezuela, futhi bakhuluma isiBarí, ulimi lomndeni wolimi lwamaChibcha. Izindawo zakuqala zama-barís zazithatha imifula yeCatatumbo, iZulia kanye neSanta Ana, kodwa lezi zindawo bezilokhu zincipha kuqala ngenxa yokunqotshwa kweSpain kanye namakoloni futhi muva nje ngendlela ebabazeka kakhulu, ngenxa yokuxhashazwa kukawoyela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakoloni. wamalahle esifundeni kusukela ngekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle ye-barís yakhiwe ngabantu abangafika kwabangamashumi amahlanu abahlala kuma-bohíos amathathu noma ama-"malokas" okuyizindlu zomphakathi ezihlala imindeni eminingi yenuzi. Enkabeni yemaloka kunezitofu lapho ukuphila komphakathi kwenzeka khona futhi emaceleni kunamagumbi okulala omndeni ngamunye. Imaloka iseduze nemifula egcwele ukudoba ezindaweni ezingakhukhulwanga futhi eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva ishintsha indawo.
AbakwaBarís batshala i-yucca, ubhatata, ubhanana, amathanga, ummbila, amayam, uphayinaphu, umoba, ukhokho, ukotini, i-achiote kanye nopelepele. Bangabazingeli nabadobi abahle, kokubili ukuzingela nokudoba basebenzisa umnsalo nomcibisholo. Bazingela izinyoni, izinkawu, ama-peccaries, ama-tapir namagundane. Ukudoba bakha amadamu esikhashana futhi basebenzisa i-barbasco.