Lesi sihloko sizobonisa ulwazi mayelana nensimbi esetshenziselwa ukubona ngeso lengqondo izinto ezikude, okunzima ukuzibona ngeso lenyama, okuthiwa. isibonakude. Singabona izinhlobo ezikhona, izici zazo, ukuthi zasungulwa kanjani nokunye okuningi.
Iyini iTelescope?
Kuyithuluzi le-optical elisetshenziselwa ukubona ngeso lengqondo into ethile ekude kakhulu ngemininingwane, engakwazi ukubonwa ngeso kuphela, lapho ithola amandla kazibuthe kagesi, njengokukhanya.
Kuyithuluzi eliyisisekelo endaweni yesayensi yezinkanyezi, ngokuvela nokuthuthuka kwethuluzi okukwazile ukuqonda kangcono Umkhathi.
ukusungulwa okukhulu
Umlando uthi leli thuluzi lasungulwa uHans Lipperdhey owayengumakhi wamehlo waseJalimane noGalileo Galilei ngo-1608.
Kolunye ucwaningo olwenziwa esikhathini esingeside esidlule usosayensi wamakhompiyutha okuthiwa u-Nick Pelling olwanyatheliswa kumagazini wemvelaphi yaseBrithani ethi History Today, lokusungulwa kwanikezwa uJuan Roget waseGirona, ngonyaka ka-1590, ngokokucwaninga kwalingiswa uZacharias Janssen, ngosuku lwango-Okthoba 17, 1608 (lokhu kwakungemva kokufakwa kuka-Lipperchey) owayefuna ilungelo lobunikazi.
Ezinsukwini ezedlule, ngo-Okthoba 14, uJacob Metius wenza umzamo wokuwunikeza ilungelo lobunikazi. Konke lokhu kudonse ukunaka kukaNick Pelling, owazisekela emibuzweni eminingana eyenziwe nguJosé María Simón de Guileuma (1886-1965), ebeka ukuthi umbhali weqiniso kwakunguJuan Roget.
Emazweni ahlukene kuye kwathiwa umsunguli kwakunguChristiaan Huygens waseDutch, owazalwa eminyakeni eminingi kamuva.
Lapho uGalileo Galilei ezwa ngalokhu okusunguliwe, wafuna ukuwenza. Ngonyaka ka-1609 wethula isibonakude sokuqala sezinkanyezi esabhaliswa. UGalileo ubongwa ngokuthola okuningi endaweni yesayensi yezinkanyezi, okunye okubaluleke kakhulu yileso akwenza ngoJanuwari 7, 1610, lapho ebona ngeso lengqondo izinyanga ezine zeJupiter zizungeza endaweni eyodwa. I-Orbit emhlabeni jikelele.
Kusukela yasungulwa bayibiza ngokuthi "i-spy lens", isazi sezibalo saseGreece okuthiwa uGiovanni Demisiani wayiqamba ngokuthi "isibonakude” Ngo-April 14, 1611, esidlweni edolobheni laseRoma lapho zahlonipha khona iGalile, zonke izihambeli zaba nelungelo lokubona iziphuphutheki zeJupiter ngethuluzi elaliphethwe isazi sezinkanyezi esikhulu.
Phakathi kwe Izinhlobo Zezibonakude yizo:
- I-Refractors: abasebenzisa izibuko.
- I-Reflectors: Basebenzisa isibuko esimise okwe-concave esithatha indawo yelensi yenhloso.
- Ama-retroreflectors: inesibuko se-concave kanye nelensi yokulungisa enamathela esibukweni sesibili.
I-Reflecting Telescope. Yasungulwa ngu-Isaac Newton ngo-1688 futhi kwakuyintuthuko enkulu mayelana nezibonakude zangaleso sikhathi lapho ithuthukisa kalula iphutha le-chromatic elibonisa izibonakude eziphikisayo.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngaleli thuluzi, uGalileo Galilei ukwazile ukubona iPlanethi yeJupiter, isathelayithi, iNyanga nezinkanyezi okokuqala ngqa. Le ndoda yakwazi ukususa ukungabaza okuhlukahlukene mayelana nezindikimba zasezulwini ezitholakala ku-Universe.
Izici ze-Telescope
Isici esibaluleke kakhulu kuleli thuluzi ububanzi obuphethe "i-lens yenjongo".
Lezo ezisetshenziswa yizimfundamakhwela zingamathuluzi azungeze (amamilimitha angama-76 kuye kwayi-150 ububanzi) ilensi yawo isekela ukubonwa kwamaplanethi nezinto ezahlukahlukene ezitholakala ku-Universe (ama-nebula, amaqoqo kanye neminye imithala).
Amalensi amakhulu kuno (200mm ububanzi) kuwo angabonwa amasathelayithi amahle, ezinye izici zamaplanethi, ama-nebulae, amaqoqo amaningi kanye nemithala ekhanyayo.
Izici, izinsiza kanye nemingcele okufanele ithelesikophu ibe nayo ukuze isetshenziswe ngokugcwele:
- Ibanga lokugxila: ibanga okugxilwe kulo isibonakude, laziwa ngokuthi umzila osuka ku-lens oyinhloko uye lapho kugxilwe khona noma phakathi nendawo lapho i-eyepiece ibekwe khona.
- Ububanzi benhloso: ukukalwa kwesibuko esikhulu noma ilensi yensimbi.
- I-Ocular: Ithuluzi lokulinganisa elincane ligxile kakhulu kusibonakude, livumela izithombe zithuthukiswe.
- I-lens ye-Barlow: ilensi ephindaphinda ukugxila ngokubili noma kathathu, lapho into ibonwa emkhathini.
- isihlungi: Kuyi-accessory encane enomsebenzi wokufihla isithombe senkanyezi noma into ekhanyayo, yonke into incike kumbala kanye nempahla, okuvumela isithombe ukuba sithuthukiswe. Indawo yayo kusibonakude iphambi kwe-eyepiece, le esetshenziswa kaningi ibizwa ngokuthi yi-lunar (green - bluish, yenza intuthuko ngokungafaniyo lapho kubonwa i-Moon satellite), enye yi-solar, inamandla okunciphisa. ukukhanya kweLanga ukuze umbukeli angalimali.
- Isilinganiso sokugxila: iyi-quotient phakathi "kwendlela egxilile" (mm) kanye nobubanzi (mm). (f/isilinganiso)”.
- Ubukhulu bomkhawulo: amandla okuthi ngokombono angabonwa ngeperiscope, esimweni esihle. Ukubala kukhona ifomula: lapho "D" ibanga elilinganiswa ngamasentimitha, kusukela engilazini noma esibukweni sedivayisi.
m(umkhawulo) = 6,8 + 5log(D)
- Iyanda: inombolo yezikhathi lapho isithombe sinwetshwa khona kulawa madivayisi. Ilingana nenani lesilinganiso sobude obugxilile betheleskopu kanye nobude obugxile beso (DF/df). Isibonelo kungaba, uma kusibonakude (1000 mm) umehluko ogxilile, i-eyepiece engu-(10 mm) df. Okuzonikeza ukukhuliswa kuka (100) okungafundwa ngokuthi 100XXX.
- Unyawo: Lena imilenze yensimbi emithathu ngokuvamile esebenza njengesisekelo futhi inikeza ukuqina kusibonakude.
- isibambi samehlo: indawo lapho isistimu yokubona ibekwe khona, ekhiqiza kabusha noma ephindaphinda okubonakalayo, njengezithombe zezithombe.
Ukukhweza
Okulandelayo, izikhwebu ezimbalwa ezisebenza njengosekelo lokuthwebula isithombe zizochazwa.
I-Altazimuth ikhuphuka
Intaba ye "isibonakudeOkulula kakhulu i-Altitude-Azimuth noma i-Altazimuth mount. Kuyafana naleyo ye-theodolite. Ingxenye eyodwa izungeza endizeni evundlile noma i-azimuth, enye enikeza inketho yokutshekisa endaweni efanayo lapho izungeza khona, ngaleyo ndlela iguqule indiza eqondile noma ukuphakama.
Intaba ye-Dobsonia
Yileyo "ntaba ye-altazumutal" edume kakhulu ngezindleko zayo eziphansi futhi kulula kakhulu ukuyakha.
Intaba ye-Equatorial
Uma usebenzisa "intaba ye-altazimuth" kunenkinga, ukulungisa izimbazo ukulungisa ukujikeleza kweplanethi. Manje seyenziwe ngesimanje manje ngokusekelwa ikhompuyutha, isithombe sizungeza ngezinga eliguquguqukayo, yonke into ilingana ne-engeli indawo yenkanyezi enayo nesigxobo sasezulwini.
Lokhu kwaziwa njengokuzungeza kwenkundla, yikho okwenza i-altazumuthal mount ingakhululeki ukuthwebula izithombe zokuchayeka okukhulu ngalawa madivayisi amancane.
Ukuxazulula le nkinga ngezibonakude ezincane, intaba kufanele igotshwe ukuze isisekelo "se-azimuth" sibekwe endaweni efana nesisekelo se-spin seplanethi; lokhu ukusekelwa kwenkabazwe.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezintaba ze-equatorial, eziyinhloko i-German mount kanye ne-fork mount.
Amanye ama-Mounts
Izibonakude ezinkulu nezakamuva zisebenzisa izigingqi ze-altazimuth, zishayelwa ikhompuyutha, lapho zenza ukuchayeka okunesikhathi eside, noma ukuzungezisa ithuluzi, eziningi zinama-rotator esithombe anezinga eliguquguqukayo, emfanekisweni womfundi wedivayisi.
Njengoba kukhona futhi izintaba ezilula kakhulu, zedlula i-altazimuth mount kalula, imvamisa kumadivayisi angochwepheshe. Eziningi zazo yilezi:
- Eyokuthutha ye-meridian engeyona indawo yokuphakama.
- Le engaguquki enesibuko esiyisicaba esinyakazayo ukuze sibuke ilanga.
- I-ball joint isivele inqanyuliwe futhi ayisebenzi kakhulu emkhakheni we-astronomy.
Izinhlobo Zezibonakude
Incazelo yezinhlobo zama-telescopes kanye nempendulo ye-¿yini isibonakude?,Yini I-Telescope Ongayithenga?
Imodeli ye-Refractory
Lolu hlobo lwe-periscope luthwebula izithombe zezakhi ezikude kakhulu, zisebenzisa ukugxila okugxile, ngosizo lwamakristalu ahambisanayo kanye nokukhanya kuguqulwa kuwo.
Lokhu kuguqulwa kokukhanya engilazini yelensi kubangela ukuthi imisebe efana nayo, ephuma entweni ekude (ingase ibe infinity) iqondane "ephuzwini lendiza okugxilwe kuyo". Ngalokhu ungabona izakhi ezikude futhi ezikhanyayo.
Imodeli ye-Reflector
U-Isaac Newton uyena owasungula lolu hlobo lokubona abantu ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
Uhlobo lwe-"Newtonian" yisibonakude esibonakalayo esingasebenzisi amalensi kodwa izibuko ukuze sithwebule ukukhanya futhi sibonise izithombe. Lolu hlobo lwe-periscope luqukethe izibuko ezimbili, eyodwa ekugcineni komsele (owokuqala) obamba imisebe ethunyelwa esibukweni sesibili futhi ukusuka lapho iya ku-eyepiece.
Izinzuzo "ze-Newtonian periscope" ngokuhambisana nalezo zama-refractors, ukungabi khona kwamaphutha ombala anesisindo esincane sendlela efanayo yokubona.
Ama-refractors anekhwalithi embi (ngenxa yezibuko eziyindilinga) Isidingo sesibuko sesibili ukuze siqondise ukukhanya kulens sithinta kabi umehluko esithombeni.
Izinzuzo ezinokubaluleka okuphezulu zingaqanjwa: ubuhle bayo, ukuqamba okusha kanye nentengo. Isibonisi se-Newtonian sekhwalithi ephakathi nendawo, kulula ukwenza, futhi isabelomali esiphansi kunesiphikisayo sekhwalithi nokuqanjwa okusha.
Imodeli ye-Catadioptric
Kuyithuluzi lokubuka ukude, liphelele kakhulu, lisebenzisa ingilazi yesibuko ngendlela efanayo naleyo lisebenzisa amalensi.
Kunezinhlobonhlobo zamamodeli. Kulokhu sizokhuluma ngeSchmidt-Cassegrain System. Ukukhanya kwethulwa nge-duct ngokusebenzisa ingilazi yokulungisa, ihamba kuze kube sekupheleni komzila, lapho isithombe sibonakaliswa khona esibukweni, sibuyela "emlonyeni" we-duct.
Ukuze ke kuboniswe kwesinye isibuko futhi udlulela phansi umgudu. Ngokubhoboza lapho kukhona isibuko sokuqala futhi sidlulela engilazini, etholakala ngemuva.
Inzuzo yaleli thuluzi ngobukhulu bayo, incane uma iqhathaniswa nendlela yokugxila.
Imodeli yeCassegrain
Yimodeli enamakristalu amathathu okukhombisa.
Eyokuqala itholakala ngemuva kwensimbi. Ivamise ukuba ne-concave paraboloid figure, yilapho kuhlangana khona konke ukukhanya okuvela endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-focus. Mhlawumbe iyindlela ende yokugxila yethuluzi.
Ingilazi yesibili enikeza ukubonakaliswa igobile, ekubeni iyingxenye engaphambili yensimbi, isibalo sayo siyi-hyperbolic futhi umsebenzi wayo ukukhombisa isithombe futhi isiqondise engilazini enikeza ukubonakaliswa ngemuva noma ingxenye enkulu, lapho isithombe siyavela, kucrystal yesithathu ethumela ukubonakaliswa. Enokuthambekela kokuthi (45 °), ihambisa ukukhanya engxenyeni engenhla yepayipi, endaweni lapho umgomo ubekwe khona.
Le mishini inezinguqulo ezithuthukisiwe, kulezi i-crystal yesithathu ilandela i-crystal eyinhloko, lapho i-perforation itholakala phakathi nendawo enikeza ukukhanya. Ukugxila kunendawo engaphandle kwekhamera ephakathi kwamakristalu amabili, ngemuva komzimba.
izibonakude ezaziwa kakhulu
- I-Hubble Space Telescope. Itholakala endaweni ezungezayo engxenyeni engaphandle yemvelo yeplanethi enguMhlaba, ngale ndlela izithombe ezithwetshuliwe zinokucaca okukhulu. Ngale ndlela leli thuluzi lisebenza ngokungapheli ekugcineni "kwe-diffraction" futhi ukusetshenziswa kwalo kuvame ukubonwa ku-infrared noma i-ultraviolet.
- I-Telescope Enkulu Kakhulu (VLT): ngonyaka ka-2004 lalilikhulu kunawo wonke, elakhiwa ama-periscopes anobubanzi obungamamitha angu-8 lilinye, ingqikithi yezine. Itholakala "e-Southern European Observatory" ukwakhiwa kwayo kwenziwa enyakatho yesifunda saseChile. Ingenza umsebenzi wezinsimbi ezine ezizimele noma ingasebenza ndawonye, yenza inhlanganisela namakristalu amane anikeza ukubonakaliswa.
- I-Great Canary Telescope: Inengilazi enesibuko esikhulu kunazo zonke, isilinganiso sayo singu (10,4 metres). Futhi yakhiwe izingxenyana ezincane ezingu-36.
- I-Telescope Enkulu Kakhulu: bamane bayibize nge-OWL, ingenye yamaphrojekthi amakhulu kakhulu. Inamakristalu abonisa cishe (amamitha ayi-100) ubude, yathathelwa indawo yi-European Extremely Large Telescope "E-ELT", enobukhulu obungu (39,6 m).
- I-Hale Telescope: Yenziwe eNtabeni iPalomar, inengilazi ekhombisayo (5 m) ubude, ngesinye isikhathi yayikleliswe kuqala ngosayizi wayo. Ingilazi kuphela okufanele ibonise i-boron silicate (Pyrex tm), ukwakhiwa kwayo kwakuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
- I-Mount Wilson Telescope. Ububanzi bawo buyi-2,5 m), u-Edwin Hubble wayisebenzisa ukuze abonise ukuthi kunemithala futhi atadishe ukwethulwa kwe-Mars abekuhlosile.
- I-Telescope e-Yrkes Observatory: Itholakala esifundeni sase-Wisconsin, e-United States, lesi sisetshenziswa sinesilinganiso esingu-(1 m) ekubeni sisetshenziswa esikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.
- I-SOHO Space Telescope: "Iyi-"coronograph" umsebenzi wayo ukuhlaziya iLanga ngokuqhubekayo.Indawo yalo iphakathi koMhlaba neKing Star.
- Inkampani yaseJalimane i-G. & S. Merz (uGeorg noJoseph Merz): owayesebenza ngaphansi kwamagama ahlukahlukene, phakathi neminyaka (1793-1867), wayezinikele ekwakheni izibonakude. Imishini evelele kakhulu isatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni:
- I-Refractor Telescope (24 cm), e-National Polytechnic School I-Astronomical Observatory yase-Quito.
- (27.94 cm) i-refractor, ehlanganiswe ngo-1845. E-Cincinnati Observatory.
- I-Refractor engu-31.75 cm isebenza kusukela ngo-1858 eRoyal Observatory eGreenwich.
- I-Refractor (218 mm) kusukela ngo-1862 itholakala eBrera Astronomical Observatory.
