El Inkondlo kaGilgamesh, livela ekulandiseni okufingqiwe okuhlelwe ngaphansi kwamavesi. Inezinkondlo ezinhlanu, ngayinye izimele ezitshelwa ngezici zesi-Akkadian.
Inkondlo kaGilgamesh
Yakhiwe ngaphansi kokulandisa komsuka wesi-Akkadian okwakhiwa ngamavesi. Kusekelwe ezimweni iNkosi uGilgamesh eyaphila ngayo. Inezinkondlo ezinhlanu ezizimele ngayinye, nazo zibe nezici ezifingqiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kubhekwa njengomsebenzi omdala kakhulu oye watholakala.
Ekuqaleni kwenkondlo kaGilgamesh, umlingisi oyinhloko uchazwa njengenkosi engafanele yase-Uruk. Ngakho-ke abantu bakhe bakhononda ngokusabela kwakhe konkulunkulu ngoba sebekhathele yinjabulo yakhe enkulu, ngoba useze waphoqa nabesifazane bakubo ukuba babe naye.
Ngemva kokuncenga okuningi, onkulunkulu banquma ukulalela abantu baseGilgamesh, ngakho badala u-Enkidu, ochazwa njengendoda enezici zasendle, onomsebenzi wokubhekana nokubandlulula kwenkosi yase-Uruk.
Into exakayo ngalokhu kulandisa ukuthi ngesikhathi uGilgamesh no-Enkidu behlangana ngaso, ngemva kokungena empini, baba abangane futhi ngemva kwalokho banquma ukuqalisa uhambo olugcwele izingozi eziningi.
Ngemva kokufa kuka-Enkidu
Lokhu kuhlasela kwenkosi okusha kwamholela ekutheni adlule ezimeni eziyingozi. Wakwazi ngisho nokuhlangana no-Utnapishtim nomkakhe okwakuwukuphela kwabo abasinda kuZamcolo, okwabalethela ukungafi uGilgamesh ayekufisa njengomvuzo.
Naphezu kwesibindi sakhe sokwenza lolu hambo uGilgamesh uyehluleka ukuthola abekufisa. Okuholela ekutheni abuyele e-Uruk, enombono wokuthi ukungafi kungokwankulunkulu kuphela nalabo abafisa ukukunikeza.
[su_box title="Wayengubani uGilgamesh?" irediyasi="6″][su_youtube url=”https://youtu.be/DP5hvEkWFk4″][/su_box]
Inkondlo kaGilgamesh igxile ezingeni lozwela ebuhlungwini obuzwiwa umlingiswa oyinhloko lapho elahlekelwa umngane wakhe omkhulu wezigigaba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iNkondlo kaGilgamesh iyincwadi yokuqala ekhuluma ngokufa komuntu nokungafi konkulunkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, inenkomba ebalulekile mayelana nozamcolo wendawo yonke.
Ukuqanjwa nobunjalo benkondlo
Ekuqaleni kokutholakala kwayo, inkondlo kaGilgamesh yayibizwa ngokuthi "Lowo owabona ukujula" futhi yaziwa nangokuthi "Ngaphezu kwawo wonke amanye amakhosi".
[su_note] Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi inkondlo kaGilgamesh yabhalwa futhi yatholakala ezibhebheni zobumba. Ngakho-ke, yayinezici zokubhalwa kwe-cuneiform. Kukholakala ukuthi yenziwa phakathi kuka-2500 no-2000 BC[/su_note]
Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi inguqulo yokuqala yendaba etholakele ivela olimini olufingqiwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inokungahambisani okuthile, ngenxa yokonga okudala nokungasebenzi kahle kwezinto.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi kukhona ezinye izinguqulo zakudala kancane kancane eziphathwa ngaphansi kwezilimi Akkadian kanye namaHeti. Nokho, ngenxa yesimo esidala sendaba, kunezingxenye ezithile zokulandisa ezilahlekile. Naphezu kwalokhu, ngokuhlanganiswa kwazo zonke izinto ezitholakele, izingxenye ezingekho zenguqulo yesifinyezo seziqediwe.
Ikuphi okuphelele kakhulu?
Ukulandisa okuphelele kakhulu kwakhiwe ngaphansi kweqembu lezibhebhe eziyishumi nambili ezenziwe ngobumba futhi kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC, zazitholakala emtatsheni wezincwadi wenkosi yase-Asiriya u-Asurbanipal.
[su_box title="I-Epic KaGilgamesh NoZamcolo Omkhulu / Umlando Wasendulo” radius=”6″][su_youtube url=”https://youtu.be/41hDFShd7vI”][/su_box]
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi amaphilisi okuqala ayishumi nanye athatha i-Epic kaGilgamesh. Nakuba ithebhulethi yokugcina inenkondlo ezimele elandisa ukuthi umphefumulo ka-Enkidu waya kanjani esihogweni.
Umsuka wenkondlo
Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi inkondlo kaGilgamesh igqugquzelwe uchungechunge lwezinganekwane ezihlobene neqhawe elivelele nelomlando kanye nenkosi uGilgamesh. Kukholakala ukuthi wabusa eNkathini Yesibili Yokuqala YeDynastic eyenzeka cishe ngekhulu lama-XNUMX BC.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunenkolelo yokuthi ezinye zezindaba lapho uGilgamesh engumlingiswa oyinhloko zaxoxwa ngesakhiwo samavesi. Okwaqhubekela ezinkondlweni ezidume kakhulu ngezenzo zakhe zabhalwa kamuva.
ingqophamlando
Inkosi yaseNineve, u-Ashurbanipal, yayala ukuba le ngoma ibhalwe eNkongweni kaGilgamesh. Konke lokhu, ngoba kwakunenjongo yokubuyisela zonke izici zemibhalo ezase zitholakele ngaleso sikhathi kuwo wonke umlando.
Imibhalo ye-epic yanyamalala ngonyaka ka-612 BC, ngemva kwempi nokubhujiswa kweNineve. Ngo-1845 u-Austen Henry Layard odabuka eBrithani wathola imibhalo eMosul, okuyingxenye ye-Iraq.
Njengamanje kunamaphilisi angu-25.000, angaphakathi kweBritish Museum. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi uGeorge Smith uyena owaqala umsebenzi wokulihumusha ngo-1872. Owaqhubeka nalo msebenzi ngonyaka ka-1984 ngumlobi uJohn Gardner.
Kufanele kwaziwe ukuthi ukulandisa kwe-epic kugxile ezenzweni ezenziwa yinkosi yase-Uruk, uGilgamesh, owabusa cishe ngonyaka wama-2500 BC. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi lesi sihloko senziwa isikhathi eside ngemva kokubusa kwalo mlingiswa. . Okuthunyelwe kwagqugquzelwa ngezinganekwane ezakha isiko elidluliselwa ngomlomo.
Ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sokulandisa, imibhalo eyishumi nanye iyizinkondlo futhi kukholakala ukuthi yenziwa phakathi neMillennium II BC Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ithebhulethi inombolo yeshumi nambili kukholakala ukuthi yenziwa ekupheleni kweMillennium I. BC
Isakhiwo se-Epic of Gilgamesh
Isakhiwo esiveza le ndaba siyindilinga, ngoba uma yonke indaba iqala, igcina endaweni efanayo. Ukulandiswa kwale nkondlo, kusukela umfundi eqala ukufunda emigqeni yokuqala, kwenza umuntu akholwe ukuthi bakwenza ngezandla zabo ezibhebheni zobumba.
Uhlobo olujwayelekile
Le nguqulo okwamanje itholakala kulabhulali ka-Ashurbanipal. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ilandiswa ngolimi oluvamile lwaseBhabhiloni. Ngaleso sikhathi ulimi olwalusetshenziswa lwase lwenzelwe ukusingatha izici zemibhalo kuphela.
Izinto zemethrikhi zale nto zifana kakhulu nalezo zemethrikhi elawula isiHebheru. Ngakho-ke, zihlobene ne-semantic parallelism. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi inezici ezifanayo nalezo ze-quantitative metric.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi umuntu ophethe ukulinganisa inkondlo kaGilgamesh kwakunguSin Lige Unninni kusukela ngo-1300 BC kuya ku-1000 BC Ephefumulelwe indaba, endala kunalokhu. Ngalesi sikhathi, lolu hlobo lwesenzo lwaluvamile, ngakho inkondlo kaGilgamesh ayizange iyeke ukuba yingxenye yalo msebenzi.
ejwayelekile kanye ne-acadian
Inkondlo kaGilgamesh enguqulweni yayo ejwayelekile iyahluka esethulweni sayo enguqulweni yesi-Akkadian. I-Akkadian iqala ngokuthi "Ngokudlula wonke amanye amakhosi", kuyilapho indinganiso ithi "Lowo owabona ukujula", okuyinto ehlobene nezimfihlakalo ezixazululwe ngumlingiswa oyinhloko.
Nokho, abalingiswa ababalulekile abanjengo-Andrew George bathi lokho okuboniswa yinguqulo evamile kuhlobene ngokuqondile neqiniso lokuthi uGilgamesh wayenomhlangano no-Utnapishtim, owamnika ulwazi ngombuso we-Ea, owawunezici ze-cosmic afika nazo. Ukubuza okuqondile okugcwele ukuhlakanipha.
Ngakho-ke, ngalesi simo uGilgamesh abhekana naso, yena ngokwakhe uyakwazi ukuba nempilo enokuthula, ngokukhonza onkulunkulu okulungile, ukuqonda kokufa kwabantu kanye nezakhi ezenza inkosi ibe yinhle nedolobha Lakhe.
Isakhiwo senkondlo kaGilgamesh
Isikhathi sokuqala ukubhalwa kwale nkondlo kwakusezibhebheni zobumba ezincane, lokhu kwenzeka cishe phakathi kuka-2.500 no-2.000 BC. C. Njengamanje, kwenziwa izinguquko ezithile ukuze ukubhalwa kube kwesimanje futhi kuhunyushwe amagama ukuze aqondwe umphakathi wanamuhla.
Ukusho ngokuningiliziwe Isakhiwo senkondlo kaGilgamesh inguqulo ephelele kunazo zonke iyaziwa; futhi yakhiwe ngezibhebhe eziyishumi nambili ezenziwe ngobumba. Lapho abokuqala abayishumi nanye behlobanisa ngokuningiliziwe i-Epic of Gilgamesh, futhi okokugcina lapho kwabhalwa khona inkondlo ezimele ehlobene nokufika kuka-Enkidu esihogweni.
ithebhulethi
[su_note] Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ithebhulethi XI, phakathi kwezindaba ezixoxwayo zenkondlo kaGilgamesh, inganekwane kazamcolo wendawo yonke. Indaba eyenziwe yakhuthazwa izenzo eziyingqophamlando ze-Atrahasis.[/su_note]
Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi ithebhulethi XII ingumphelelisi ohlobene ngqo nenkondlo yama-epic. Kulokho okungahlukaniswa njengokuphuma kwayo, okwengezwe ku-Gilgamesh Poem, ngemuva kwe-epic kanye ne-XI. Kungemva kwalokhu lapho abaningi bengakuniki ukubaluleka okufanayo.
Ithebhulethi XII inezici ezintekenteke ezingakuniki ukuvumelana okufanayo nezinye. Phakathi kwalezi zici, kukhulunywa nge-Enkidu ephilayo, isimo esingahambisani nethebhulethi XI.
Ukulandisa kwethulwa ngisho nangaphansi kwemigqa ethile esekelwe ezicashuniwe zethebhulethi XI. Ngenhloso yokuhlanganisa isiqalo nesiphetho ngaphansi kokuthuthukiswa komjikelezo. Ngakho-ke ithebhulethi XII ibhekwa njengesekelwe ngokukhethekile ezenzweni zangaphambili zikaGilgamesh, lapho ethumela khona umngane wakhe ukuba ayozitholela izinto ezingezakhe ngaphansi komhlaba.
Lesi simo sidala ukufa kuka-Enkidu futhi ngemva kobungani bakhe obukhulu ekuphileni noGilgamesh, unquma ukuvela phambi kwakhe ngomoya, ngenhloso yokuchaza ukuthi ziyini izimo zangaphansi komhlaba.
Ukulandisa okuchaziwe kubhekwa njengokusele, okubekwe kuthebhulethi VII, ngephupho umngane omkhulu kaGilgamesh, u-Enkidu, ukwazi ukubona ukuthi yiziphi izimo lapho umhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba utholakala khona.
Okuqukethwe kwamathebulethi ajwayelekile
[su_note] Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi umlando oboniswa ezibhebheni, ugxile ezintweni ezimbili ezibalulekile. Ngakho kungabonakala ukuthi phakathi kwezibhebhe ezimbili zokuqala eziyisithupha ikhuluma ngokuqondile ngenkazimulo uGilgamesh nomngane wakhe omkhulu u-Enkidu abafuna ukuyifinyelela.[/su_note]
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, kwezinye izibhebhe eziyisithupha ezinikezwayo, bafuna ukuveza isidingo sokuthola ukungafi kukaGilgamesh, ngemva kokufa kuka-Enkidu.
ukufuna inkazimulo
El Gilgamesh inkondlo summary by amaphilisi, iyindlela enhle yokuchaza kafushane izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ezethulwe kuyo yonke le ndaba yombhalo. Ngenxa yokuthi ungomunye wemibhalo emidala kunayo yonke eyaziwayo njengamanje, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuyilalelisisa.
Ngezansi isifinyezo sokuqukethwe kwethebhulethi ngayinye, ngokuhlobene nenkazimulo efunwa uGilgamesh no-Enkidu:
ithebhulethi yokuqala
Ukulandisa kweNkondlo kaGilgamesh kuqala ngentuthuko echazayo kaGilgamesh, oyinkosi yase-Uruk. Kuyavezwa ukuthi unezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zikankulunkulu noyedwa womuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ngaleso sikhathi, kwakukholelwa ukuthi lo mlingiswa wayeyinkosi enamandla kunazo zonke eyayikhona esintwini.
[su_note]Indaba igqamisa inkazimulo inkosi enayo kanye nokunqoba ekuthola ngakho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, babonisa ukuthi umbuso wabo wawuvikelwe ngezindonga ezenziwe ngezitini.[/su_note]
Naphezu kwazo zonke izinzuzo abantu baseGilgamesh ababenazo, babengenakho ukuthula kwengqondo, njengoba inkosi yayigqame ngokuba nenkani futhi yangcolisa abesifazane bombuso ngezaba zamandla ayo amakhulu. Ngoba lokho ababenabo phambi kwabayeni babo ngokusebenzisa ilungelo pernada.
Kungemva kwalokhu lapho izikhonzi zakhe zincenga uNinhursag ongunkulunkulukazi wendalo ukuba aqede lesi simo. Okubangela ukuthi unkulunkulukazi akholelwe u-Enkidu, isixhwanguxhwangu esasivame ukwesabisa abelusi.
Ngemva kwezikhalazo zabelusi phambi kwenkosi uGilgamesh, unquma ukuthatha uShamhat, owayebhekwa uGilgamesh njengesifebe esingcwele. Ngakho ngokuhlanganyela ubusuku obude noShamhat, u-Enkidu uba nempucuko, eshiya ngemuva zonke izici ezamenza wabhekwa njengesilo sasendle.
Nakuba lesi simo no-Enkidu senzeka, iNkosi uGilgamesh inamaphupho ahlala njalo lapho unina uNinsun ebonakala ebonisa ukuthi phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa uzothola ubungane obukhulu. Okuzomholela ekutheni abe nezigigaba eziningi ezimvumela inkazimulo yaphakade.
ithebhulethi yesibili
Kule ngxenye yokulandisa, iqala ngo-Enkidu noShamhat, bahlose ukushada e-Uruk. Ngemva komkhosi, uGilgamesh uhamba ngenhloso yokufeza ilungelo le-pernada kodwa u-Enkidu ubhuntshisa izinhlelo zakhe.
Ngemva kwempi eqinile, abaphikisi baba abangane, ngakho uGilgamesh wethula unina ku-Enkidu, ngenjongo yokumnika umkhaya ayengenawo.
Ngemva kwalesi simo, uGilgamesh uhlongoza u-Enkidu ukuba athole inkazimulo ngokubulala iHumbaba ewumdondoshiya nokugawula izihlahla ezinkulu. Nakuba u-Enkidu ekuqaleni engaqiniseki, uGilgamesh ugcina ngokumncenga.
ithebhulethi yesithathu
Esibhebheni sesithathu seNkondlo kaGilgamesh, kuchazwa ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo inkosi yase-Uruk ne-Enkidu eyazisebenzisa ukuze zithathe uhambo lwazo ngenjongo yokuthola inkazimulo ngaphambi kwezwe elifayo.
Njengoba konke sekumi ngomumo, uGilgamesh utshela unina lokho abazokwenza, lapho azwakalisa khona ukukhathazeka kwakhe, kuyilapho ecela ukubambisana kunkulunkulu welanga uShamash. Unina kaGilgamesh wanikeza u-Enkidu iseluleko, ngenjongo yokuthi azivikele.
ithebhulethi yesine
Ikhuluma ngezenzakalo ezenzeka kuGilgamesh no-Enkidu, lapho besehlathini. Kuthiwa inkosi yase-Uruk yaba namaphupho amabi amahlanu. Kodwa akwenzeki ngempela ukucacisa lokho abazama ukukwenza njengoba le thebhulethi itholwe inomonakalo omkhulu.
Nokho, kuyaqondakala ukuthi ku-Enkidu lezi kwakuyizimpawu zokubikezela okuhle. Naphezu kwalokhu, lapho engena ehlathini wagcwala ukwesaba okukhulu, okwathi ngemva kwalokho kwachithwa uGilgamesh kuphela.
ithebhulethi yesihlanu
Ikhuluma ngokufika kukaGilgamesh no-Enkidu, ngaphambi komdondoshiya uHumbaba, owayengumqaphi wezihlahla zasehlathini. Njengoba amaqhawe ezama ukwakha isibindi sokuhlasela uHumbaba, uyawacasula, enomuzwa wokuthi ngeke akwazi ukumshaya.
UGilgamesh, ngemva kwalokhu, wesaba kakhulu, lapho u-Enkidu eqhubeka nokumkhuthaza ukuze aqale impi. I-Humbaba ngentukuthelo enkulu ikwazi ukuhlukanisa izintaba zaseSirara neLebanon. Ngemuva kwalesi simo, unkulunkulukazi uShamash ubathumelela usizo ngenhloso yokuthi uHumbaba anqotshwe.
Uma umdondoshiya sehluliwe, uncenga amaqhawe ngempilo yakhe. UGilgamesh uyazwelana naye, umngane wakhe ocasukile athi kumelwe bambulale. Kungalesi sizathu umdondoshiya ubaqalekise baqhubeke nokumphonsa emfuleni. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ngomuthi wenza umnyango omiselwe onkulunkulu.
ithebhulethi yesithupha
Kule ngxenye yenkondlo kaGilgamesh, umlingiswa oyinhloko unquma ukwenqaba iziphakamiso zothando lukankulunkulukazi u-Inanna. Njengoba esenezithandwa eziningi okubalwa noDumuzi.
Lokhu kubangela ukuba unkulunkulukazi othukuthele akhulume noyise, ngenjongo yokuba amthumelele iNkunzi Yezulu enamandla, konke lokhu ngenjongo yokwenza uGilgamesh akhokhe ngokumenqaba.
Uyise u-Anu uyasiphika isicelo sakhe, okucasula u-Inanna esabisa ngokuvusa abafileyo. Kungemva kwalesi simo lapho iNkunzi yeZulu ithunyelwa emaqhaweni. Ngokwalesi sibhebhe le nkunzi ikhuluma ngesomiso bese ishoda ngokuntuleka kwamanzi.
Nokho, ngaphandle kosizo lwanoma yimuphi unkulunkulu, amaqhawe akwazi ukunqoba Inkunzi yaseZulwini. Yingakho benikela ngezinhliziyo zabo kuShamash ngokubonga. Ngemva kwalokhu u-Inanna ukhalela ukuhlulwa kwakhe, lapho u-Enkidu emphonsa ingxenye yenkunzi ngenhloso yokukhombisa amandla akhe.
[su_note]Izimpumelelo zamaqhawe zenza umbuso wase-Uruk ugubhe kodwa i-Enkidu inephupho elibi elibi. Ungase ube nentshisekelo yokufunda incwadi ehlukile kodwa egcwele imizwa namaqiniso, vakashela Yebo yamantombazane. [/inothi_lakho]
ukufuna ukungafi
Lezi zibhebhe zihloselwe ukutshela ukuthi uGilgamesh uzama kanjani ukuthola ukungafi:
ithebhulethi yesikhombisa
Ekuqaleni kwayo, ilandisa ngephupho elibi lase-Enkidu, lapho kwethulwa khona isikhalo sonkulunkulu ngokufa kweNkunzi yaseZulwini kanye neHumbaba enkulu. Kungemva kwalokhu lapho onkulunkulu beqhubeka nokwenza u-Enkidu akhokhe. Lesi sinqumo esithathwe onkulunkulu singaphandle kwezifiso zikaShamash.
Ngemva kwaleliphupho elibi, u-Enkidu utshela umngane wakhe lokho onkulunkulu abazoqhubeka bekwenza, ngakho uqalekisa umnyango omiselwe onkulunkulu. Ngemva kwalokhu inkosi yase-Uruk ngobuhlungu iya ethempelini likaShamash ukuyocela ukuphila komngane wayo.
U-Enkidu ubhoka ngolaka ngoShamash ngoba uyena owamholela ekubeni umuntu. UShamash utshela onkulunkulu ngokucasuka ukuthi u-Enkidu akanabo ubulungisa. Kodwa-ke, ucela impilo yakhe, ngoba uGilgamesh ngaphandle komngane wakhe uzophinde abe yisidalwa esidabukisayo.
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile u-Enkidu uyazisola ngezikhalazo zakhe futhi uyaqhubeka nokubusisa uShamhat. Nokho, nsuku zonke uyagula futhi njengoba efa uyakwazi ukuchaza izimo zangaphansi komhlaba.
ithebhulethi yesishiyagalombili
UGilgamesh, edabuke kakhulu ngokulahlekelwa umngane wakhe, upha onkulunkulu izipho ngenjongo yokuba babe ndawonye no-Enkidu ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa.
ithebhulethi yesishiyagalolunye
Inhlekelele ka-Enkidu yabangela uGilgamesh ukukhathazeka okukhulu ukuze agweme isiphetho esifanayo nomngane wakhe omkhulu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, unquma ukuvakashela u-Utnapishtim, kanye nomkakhe, abasinda kuzamcolo. Isimo esabaholela ekutholeni ukuphila okuphakade.
UGilgamesh ukholelwa ukuthi uma exoxa nabantu abangafi, angayithola kalula imfihlo yokuthi ukungafi okuhambisana nakho. Ungayeki ukufunda I-Metamorphoses ka-Ovid
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, unquma ukuya entabeni lapho ilanga licasha khona, kodwa laligadiwe izidalwa zofezela. Naphezu kwalokhu, unquma ukuhamba ebumnyameni obuhambisana nokushona kwelanga. Ngemva kwezingozi ezilethwa yilokhu, ufika lingakashoni ilanga.
Ekupheleni komhlaba uyakwazi ukuthola izihlahla eziningi namaqabunga abhekwa njengamatshe ayigugu, anikezwe izivakashi zawo, ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa izimo ezizithola zikuzo.
ithebhulethi yeshumi
Kule ngxenye yenkondlo kaGilgamesh, umlingiswa oyinhloko uyakwazi ukuhlangana noSiduri, alandisa kuye injongo afuna ukuyifinyelela ngale adventure entsha. Ngakho uSiduri ufuna ukumkhipha kulowo mbono ongasile, nokho uyehluleka emzamweni.
Kungemva kwalokhu lapho bemnikeza khona usizo luka-Urshanabi ngenhloso yokubambisana ukuze awele ulwandle oluzomyisa e-Utnapishtim. Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi i-Urshanabi inemidondoshiya enezici ezinobutha, ngakho uGilgamesh unquma ukubabulala.
Ngesikhathi uGilgamesh ekwazi ukumchazela isimo futhi ecela u-Urshanabi ukuba amsize awele ulwandle, umtshela ukuthi usebulale okuwukuphela kwabo abakwazi ukumsiza ukuba awele Amanzi Okufa.
Noma ubani othinta amanzi uzobhubha, yingakho u-Urshanabi encoma ukusika amagatsha ngenhloso yokwenza ibhuloho ukuwela amanzi anonya. Ngemva kwalo msebenzi uyakwazi ukufinyelela esiqhingini lapho kuhlala khona u-Utnapishtim nomkakhe. Ongafi uyambuza ukuthi umkhumbi wakhe unani ngoba kukhona okuhlukile ngawo.
Kungemva kwalokhu lapho uGilgamesh emtshela ngakho konke adlule kukho futhi ucela usizo ngoba ufuna ukungafi. Utnapishtim akhomba khona ukuthi ukulwa nokufa kwabantu kuyimpi engenathemba, kungcono ukugxila ekuphileni impilo ejabulisayo.
ithebhulethi yeshumi nanye
Kule ngxenye yeNkondlo kaGilgamesh, umlingiswa oyinhloko uyakwazi ukubona ngeso lengqondo ukuthi u-Utnapishtim nomkakhe abanazo izici ezihlukile kwezakhe, ngakho umcela ukuba amenze aqonde ukuthi yisiphi isenzo esamholela ekubeni angafi.
Ngemva kwalokhu u-Utnapishtim unquma ukumtshela ukuthi kwenzekeni ngozamcolo, okubalulekile ukusho ukuthi indaba yakhe ihlobene ngokuqondile nesifinyezo somlando we-Atrahasis, ngokusekelwe ezinhlupho ezathunyelwa ngemva kokucasuka okukhulu konkulunkulu.
Ngemva kwendaba, umuntu ongafi unquma ukunikeza uGilgamesh ithuba lokuthola le nzuzo. Nokho, uyambuza, yisiphi isizathu esikhethekile esimholela ekutholeni umvuzo konkulunkulu njengendoda eyasinda kuzamcolo. Yingakho emtshela ukuthi kumelwe alale izinsuku eziyisithupha nobusuku obuyisikhombisa.
Ngemva kokusho inselele, uGilgamesh uzumeka ubuthongo, lapho u-Utnapishtim ehlekisa ngesenzo sakhe nomkakhe. Ngemva kwalokhu, u-Utnapishtim unquma ukubhaka isinkwa usuku ngalunye umfana alala ngalo. Konke lokhu ngenhloso yokukhombisa ukwehluleka kwakhe kumlingiswa oyinhloko.
Lapho ephaphama, u-Utnapishtim uyamdingisa futhi amtshele ukuthi aye e-Uruk no-Urshanabi. Nokho, inkosikazi yokungafi imcela ukuba abe nozwela kancane ngoGilgamesh wakwazi ukunqoba uhambo olunzima oluya kubo.
isambulo esibalulekile
Kungemva kwalokhu lapho u-Utnapishtim, eshukunyiswa umkakhe, echazela uGilgamesh ukuthi ngaphansi kolwandle kunesitshalo esimnikeza ubusha. I-protagonist ikwazi ukuthola isitshalo, ngemva kokubopha amadwala avumela ukuthi ahambe ngokuzolile olwandle. Nokho, akakuthembi lokho u-Utnapishtim akubonisayo futhi unikeza ikhehla lase-Uruk okunye.
Lesi sitshalo sinemiphumela emihle kodwa phakathi nokugeza sishiya isitshalo osebeni lomfula futhi sithathwe inyoka ephinde izalwe kabusha nayo. UGilgamesh okhungathekile uyabubula ehlulwa ku-Urshanabi. Ngakho unquma ukuya embusweni wakhe futhi lapho efika uyakwazi ukuncoma izindonga ngoba ziyinqaba enkulu evelele e-Uruk.
ithebhulethi yeshumi nambili
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ukulandisa okwenziwa isibhebhe sokugcina senkondlo kaGilgamesh akunakho ukuqhubeka okuningi nezibhebhe eziyishumi nanye ezishiwo ngenhla.
Ichaza uhlobo lokusebenzelana phakathi kuka-Enkidu noGilgamesh lapho ezama khona ukumnikeza ukuthi abuye aphile. Ngakho-ke umlingiswa oyinhloko utshela u-Enkidu ukuthi yiziphi izenzo okufanele zenziwe nokuthi yini engakwazi ukubuyela ekuphileni.
Naphezu kwalokho okushiwo uGilgamesh, u-Enkidu ngenxa yesizathu esithile ukhohlwa iseluleko futhi uqhubeka nokwenza konke okungafanele kwenziwe, ngemva kwalokhu lapho umhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba uqhubeka nokuthatha umphefumulo wakhe ngokuphelele.
Ngemva kwalokhu, umlingiswa oyinhloko unquma ngokujulile ukucela onkulunkulu ukuba babuyele u-Enkidu, njengoba esephenduke umngane wakhe omkhulu. Naphezu kokuncenga kwakhe okukhulu u-Enlil noSin bangaqhubeki nokumphendula. Nokho, u-Enki noShamash benza futhi banquma ukumeseka.
Kungomgodi owenziwe nguShamash lapho u-Enkidu ekwazi ukushiya umhlaba ongaphansi futhi ngaleyo ndlela abuyele emhlabeni. Kulandiswa kuthebhulethi ukuthi ekugcineni uGilgamesh, ebona umngane wakhe, uyambuza ukuthi kunjani ukuphila endaweni engaphansi komhlaba. Nokho, akubonwa ngeso lengqondo ngempela ukuthi u-Enkidu uyabuya njengomuntu ophile futhi noma aziveze njengomoya.
Inguqulo ye-Old Babylonian
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi umlando omkhulu weGilgamesh Poem, ngenxa yokubaluleka kwawo okuvelele, uye waba nezinguqulo eziningana, ngezilimi ezahlukene emlandweni wasendulo, inguqulo yaseBabiloni enye yazo.
[su_note] Kubalulekile ukusho ngemva kwalokhu, ukuthi zonke izibhebhe ezakha inguqulo yaseBhabhiloni Elidala, zehla emisuka ehlukahlukene ngaphandle kwezibhebhe zesibili nezesithathu. Isici esiholela ekuhlukeni kwama-syntheses engxabano, njengoba egqugquzelwa umphumela wezinguqulo ezihlukene.[/su_note]
Amathebula azochazwa ngezansi:
ithebhulethi yokuqala
Lesi sibhebhe asitholakali ngaphansi kwenguqulo yaseBhabhiloni.
ibhodi lesibili
Lokhu kulandisa indlela uGilgamesh alandisa ngayo unina uNinsun amaphupho amabi amabili abelokhu enawo. Okukhomba unina ukuthi lokhu kungase kumxwayise ngokufika komngane omusha.
Ithebhulethi yesibili yeNkondlo kaGilgamesh nayo ilandisa ngesikhathi lapho u-Enkidu nomkakhe, obizwa kule nguqulo ethi Shamshatum, besondelene ndawonye.
[su_note]Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi unkosikazi ka-Enkidu uyakwazi ukumthuthukisa nangokudla kwabantu. Ngakho ngemva kwalokhu, u-Enkidu uyaqhubeka nokusebenzisana nabelusi base-Uruk.[/su_note]
Ngemva kwesikhathi u-Shamshatum no-Enkidu banquma ukuya e-Uruk ngenhloso yokushada futhi ngesikhathi somkhosi uGilgamesh uya kubo ngenhloso yokufuna ilungelo lakhe lokulala nomakoti kuqala. Kungalesi sizathu u-Enkidu noGilgamesh balwa.
Ezibona elahlekile uGilgamesh unquma ukuzinikela ngakho u-Enkidu uyamphakamisa ngoba ubheka ukuthi abantu abakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi abanawo amandla njalo bakhethekile.
ithebhulethi yesithathu
Lesi sibhebhe seNkondlo kaGilgamesh sinomonakalo omkhulu, njengoba sephukile. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa ukuthi i-protagonist yiyona ephakamisa ukuthi kufanele baye ehlathini le-cherry. Konke lokhu ngenhloso yokugawula izihlahla ezinkulu futhi ngokulandelayo ukwazi ukuqeda i-Humbaba enkulu futhi ngaleyo ndlela ujabulele inkazimulo enkulu.
Ngaphambi kwalesi siphakamiso u-Enkidu akaqiniseki kakhulu, ngoba ngenxa yokwelashwa kwakhe nonkulunkulu ukwazile ukuhlangana noHumbaba futhi abone ngeso lengqondo amandla amakhulu aqukethe umdondoshiya onamandla. Enye indaba ongayifunda futhi ezokukhanga yilena Intshebe Eluhlaza, inganekwane.
[su_note]Kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi uGilgamesh ufuna ukuncenga u-Enkidu, ngamagama akhiqiza inani elikhulu. Ngemva kokukholisa umngane wabo, uGilgamesh no-Enkidu bayaqhubeka nokulungiselela ukuqala uhambo lwabo oluhle lokufuna udumo.[/su_note]
Lapho beqhubeka nohambo, babikela unina kaGilgamesh nabanye besifazane abahlakaniphile, babhikishela ngoba bayazazi izingozi ezinkulu ezilindele abangane babo. Kodwa-ke bayazi ukuthi imibhikisho yabo ngeke izwakale, ngakho bakhetha ukubanikeza inhlanhla.
ithebhulethi yesine
Lokhu, njengeyokuqala yale nguqulo, akukho.
ithebhulethi yesihlanu
Lesi sibhebhe esivela Enkondlweni kaGilgamesh sikhuluma ngendlela u-Enkidu ashukumisa ngayo inkosi yase-Uruk ukuba iqede ukuphila komdondoshiya uHumbaba, lapho icela intethelelo yayo. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kuhlobene nendlela abangani abagawula ngayo izihlahla futhi benzela i-Annunaki ikhaya.
Ngendlela efanayo, kukhulunywa ngayo kule ngxenye yenkondlo, indlela u-Enkidu anquma ngayo ukwenza umnyango wonkulunkulu abantanta emfuleni i-Ewufrathe.
ithebhulethi yesithupha
Ithebhulethi yesithupha nayo ayikho, ngakho akucaci ukuthi iyini ukulandisa kwale ngxenye yenkondlo kaGilgamesh.
ithebhulethi yesikhombisa
Kule ngxenye yendaba uShamash noGilgamesh banengxoxo ngoba inkosi yase-Uruk ikholelwa ukuthi isenzo esenziwe asilethanga umvuzo omkhulu. Kodwa-ke, akukuningi okuchazwayo mayelana nomcimbi, njengoba izinto zonakalisiwe kakhulu, okwenza ukufunda kube nzima kakhulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, etafuleni lesikhombisa kungabonwa ngeso lengqondo indlela uGilgamesh exoxa ngayo noSiduri ngenhloso yokuthi ameluleke ohambweni olubheke ekufuneni u-Utnapishtim. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi kule nguqulo, indoda eyasinda kuzamcolo wendawo yonke ibizwa ngokuthi i-Utanaishtim.
Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi uSiduri ufuna ukubuza uGilgamesh, okuyisizathu esimshukumisela ukuba ahambe ayofuna lo muntu ongafi. Nokho, impendulo yayo akwaziwa ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwetafula.
Yilwa nezidalwa zamatshe
Kule ngxenye yeNkondlo kaGilgamesh, impi phakathi kwenkosi yase-Uruk nezinye izidalwa zamatshe ezinamandla nazo ziyalandiswa, futhi ubonisa ukuthi u-Urshanabi, obizwa ngokuthi u-Sur sunabu lapha, umeluleka ukuba enze ibhuloho ngezibhebhe, ukufika ekhaya lika-Utanaishtim. Ngemva kwalokho, lokho okushiwo isibhebhe sesikhombisa ngeke kusaba khona ngeso lengqondo.
ithebhulethi yesishiyagalombili
Le thebhulethi ayikho. Ngakho-ke, akwaziwa ukuthi yikuphi okuqukethwe kuyo.
izinkondlo ezifinyeziwe
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukulandisa kwenkosi yase-Uruk kunezindaba ezinhlanu ezihlobene naye ngendlela yezinkondlo. Ngokukhethekile kusekelwe kumaSumeri asendulo. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, lezi zinto zaziwa ngokuzimela ezikhathini zasendulo, ngakho-ke azizange zihlelwe ngendlela ye-epic.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amagama athile ahlobene nabalingiswa benkondlo kaGilgamesh ahlukile uma inguqulo efingqiwe iqhathaniswa neyesi-Akkadian. Phakathi kwezigqame kakhulu ukuthi uGilgamesh oqanjwe ngoBilgamesh.
[su_note] Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inguqulo yaseSumerian ibonisa ukuthi u-Enkidu wayengeyena umngane kaGilgamesh, kunalokho wayeyinceku yakhe. Enye yezinguqulo ize ithi esikhundleni sokubulala umdondoshiya uHumbaba, uGilgamesh uyamkhohlisa ngenjongo yokuthi ayishiye leyo ndawo futhi kanjalo alahlekelwe amandla amakhulu anawo.[/su_note]
Iqhawe empini
Lesi siqephu sendatshana sihambisana neNkunzi esibhakabhakeni eyaziwayo. Ama-Akkadians abonisa ukuthi amandla amakhulu alesi silo abangela isomiso. Ngokufanayo, ukhuluma ngendlela uLugalbanda afuna ngayo ukukholisa uGilgamesh no-Enkidu ukuba balwe nesilo esikhulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, enkondlweni kaGilgamesh yenguqulo evamile, ikhuluma ngokuthi amabutho aholwa iNkosi u-Agga afuna kanjani ukunqoba u-Uruk futhi ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi uGilgamesh ubahlula kanjani, ememezela amandla phezu kwabantu bakhe.
Kuphinde kukhulunywe ngqo enkondlweni lapho inkunzi itholakala ilele igoqwe wukufa. Okuholela ekungcwelisweni kukaGilgamesh njenge-demigod.
Ngokufanayo, inkondlo kaGilgamesh izwakalisa ukuvakasha kuka-Enkidu endaweni engaphansi. Okuphinde kuhlobane nenganekwane esemqoka ehlobene nokudalwa kwezifinyezo. Iveza ngendlela efanayo indaba ye-Inanna nesihlahla se-Huluppu.
Ukuxabana
Isizathu esenza ukuthi lo mbhalo uzalwe ukuxoxa indaba lapho kwethulwa khona izigigaba ezinkulu, uthando, ukulwa kanye nekhono abalingisi abanalo ngokwamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indaba isekelwe endikimbeni ebuhlungu ngaphakathi kwendawo yayo.
Ngonyaka we-1853 u-Homuzd Rassam wenza wonke umsebenzi we-archeology yamaNgisi futhi yilapho ethola khona isigodlo sase-Asurbanipal, wamangala lapho kwakukhona umtapo wezincwadi othakazelisayo ngaphakathi, ngemva kokucinga nokusesha, uthola okubhalwe phansi okungaphezu kwamaphilisi angu-25.000. ngolimi lwe-cuneiform futhi ngaphakathi kwakukhona inkondlo kaGilgamesh.
Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva ngemuva kocwaningo nokuhlaziywa, wonke lawa maphilisi ahunyushwa futhi aguqulelwe kwezinye izilimi ukuze aqondwe yiyo yonke imiphakathi emhlabeni.
Imisho ngaphakathi kwenkondlo
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi embhalweni wokuqala imishwana; Okulandelayo, sikushiyela ukuhlaziya okuncane ukuze wazi inhloso ezadalwa ngayo ngaphakathi kwendaba.
Kukhona omunye wemisho ebhekisela kuGilgamesh nesifiso sakhe sokuphila ngokuphelele; Kucace bha ukuthi akasoze ayithole le mpilo ayifunayo, kumele asizakale ngawo wonke umzuzu oqhamukayo azijabulele nomndeni wakhe. Kuphinde kukhunjulwe ukuthi onkulunkulu badala umuntu enesiphetho sokufa, nokho, ukunakekela phakathi neminyaka kwakuncike komunye nomunye wethu.
Omunye umushwana omkhulu kulo mbhalo yilowo oqala ngokuqhathanisa nemisebenzi yesikhashana. Ngokwesibonelo, esiqeshini kubonisiwe ukuthi “Koze kube nini iso libheka ilanga?”, ngalokhu basho ukuthi njengoba izwe laziwa akukho okuye kwakwazi ukuhlala isikhathi eside noma kube unomphela, ngenxa yalesi sizathu. kubalulekile ukwenza ngokunenzuzo isimo ngasinye esidlula kuzo.
Yonke le misho yabhalwa ngenhloso yokwenza ukuphila kube nenjongo nokwenza abantu bacabange ngazo zonke izimo ezivelayo njengoba ziguquka.
Amathonya enkondlo kaGilgamesh ezincwadini
Umcwaningi womsuka wamaGreki, uLoannis Kordatos, ubonisa ukuthi i-Odyssey kaHomer iye yaba sezicini ezithile ezithonywe inkondlo kaGilgamesh. Kuhlanganisa namavesi ayingxenye yawo, njengendikimba ngokuqondile endabeni eyembuleka kulesi sihloko sesiGreki. Funda okwengeziwe mayelana nezincwadi nge-athikili I-seagull
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye ochwepheshe bacabanga ukuthi inkondlo kaGilgamesh yaba nethonya elikhulu endabeni echazwe eBhayibhelini. Phakathi kwezindikimba ezivelele kakhulu ezifanayo isikhukhula somhlaba wonke.
Ngendlela efanayo, kungabonakala kuhlobene neBhayibheli lapho kukhulunywa ngesitshalo esinikeza ukungafi kanye nendlela inyoka eyangenela ngayo emlandweni. Ubungane, onkulunkulu namakhosi anezici zobuqhawe ahlobene ngokwesiko ngendlela efanayo.
[su_note]Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi iNkondlo kaGilgamesh yenziwa ngokubhalwa cishe ngonyaka we-1300 BC, ngakho-ke kunengqondo ukuthi kunenkolelo yokuthi ibhayibheli lingaphansi kokuphefumulelwa kwemisebenzi yale nkosi.[su_note] / inothi_lakho]
Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi lokhu kuhlaziya kwakuyindaba yokuxoxisana ekhulwini lama-XNUMX, yingakho sekwenze uphenyo oluningi olufakazela inkolelo-mbono enhle noma cha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona futhi a ithonya lenkondlo ye-gilgamesh, kuyo yonke imibhalo elandisayo, njengoba kuwumsebenzi wokuqala obonisa ngempela ukufa komuntu futhi ngaphakathi kwawo kunendikimba yokungafi Konkulunkulu. Ngakho-ke, zivumela umfundi ukuba enze isiqhathaniso futhi anikeze imininingwane umehluko ngamunye okhona kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube manje; ngaphezu kwalokho futhi, ukwehlukanisa noma ukuhlukanisa izakhamuzi ezikhona ngokwamandla azo ngaleso sikhathi.
Isiphetho
Naphezu kokuba inkondlo eyabhalwa ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka ngaphambi kukaKristu, amazwi ayo angashintshwa futhi aqondwe emkhakheni wezincwadi wanamuhla.
Umzwelo wokuncintisana owawukhona ngesikhathi esithile phakathi kuka-Enkidu noGilgamesh uyanyamalala ngokuphelele, kangangokuthi ekupheleni kwendaba babhekwa cishe njengabazalwane; konke lokhu kukhona ezindabeni eziningi zamanje, ngakho-ke, le nkondlo ingathathwa njengethonya elihle lokwenza nokudala izindaba ezintsha eziyingxenye yohlu lwemibhalo.
Ngaphakathi kwenkondlo kubalulekile ukubalula amaphuzu abalulekile okuxoxwa ngawo, njengokudlula kokufa kanye nencazelo ngayinye ngayinye; isikhathi, nakho konke okungasuswa noma okuzuzwe ngakho. Okokugcina, kudala ukukhathazeka okukhulu maqondana nendaba yokufa komuntu siqu futhi lokhu kuvame kakhulu ezindabeni zanamuhla kunokuba zidalwe ngonyaka wezi-2.500 BC.
Inkondlo kaGilgamesh isishiya nemfundiso enhle, impilo imfishane futhi sonke sidalelwe ukuthi iphele, nokho-ke kuya ngokuthi ngamunye wethu uwasebenzise kanjani wonke amathuba esiwanikezwa onkulunkulu ebuhleni nasebubini. . UGilgamesh wayefisa sengathi wayenamandla okubalekela ukufa; kuwo wonke umlando kuboniswa ukuthi yibona kuphela abakwazi ukwenza lesi senzo ngoNkulunkulu futhi ngeke sikwazi ukulungisa lesi sici.
Okokugcina, umbhalo onconywa izikhathi eziningi ngenxa yekhwalithi yokuqukethwe kwawo. Ngenkondlo engajwayelekile kancane, zonke izinhlekelele nezimo umuntu abhekana nazo ziyalandiswa; Lokhu kubandakanya ukuziphatha kwemvelo kanye nendlela okuthonya ngayo uthando nokuzidela kwalaba balingisi abakhulu.
[su_box title=“The Gilgamesh Poem” radius=”6″][su_youtube url=”https://youtu.be/HCQiFTaUAVc”][/su_box]