Inja kuwo wonke umlando iye yazibonakalisa ingumngane omkhulu wabantu, ibhekwa nabaningi njengelungu lomndeni. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngokuvela kwayo, umsuka nomlando wayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda lesi sihloko esifundisayo.
I-Dog Evolution
Olunye ulwazi olwaziwa ngokuziphendukela kwenja luwumphumela wocwaningo lwezakhi zofuzo, okuye kwamukelwe kulo okokuqala ukuthi izinja zavela emgqeni wezimpisi ezanyamalala cishe eminyakeni eyi-15.000 edlule nokuthi ziye zahlala ndawonye. abantu kusukela befuywa. Njengobufakazi balokhu, kuthiwa ethuneni eliseJalimane, eBonn Oberkassel, linezinsalela zabantu nezinja ezasukela eminyakeni engaba ngu-14.000 XNUMX edlule.
Okunye okucatshangwa yizazi ngemvelaphi yalesi silwane kusekelwe endulo yezinsalela zenja ezatholakala endaweni yaseJiahu, esifundazweni saseHenan eShayina, futhi zavela ekuqaleni kweNeolithic, okungukuthi, kusukela ku-9.000 kuya ku-7.800. Iminyaka engu-11.000. Esinye isibonelo inja engcwatshwe eNyakatho Melika, etholakala e-Utah's Danger Cave, eyakhiwa eminyakeni engaba ngu-2013 32.000 edlule. Muva nje, ngo-XNUMX, ngemva kokuba izifundo ziqede ukulandelana kwe-genomic yezinja zanamuhla, kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukuhlukana phakathi kwezimpisi nezinja kwenzeka eminyakeni engaba ngu-XNUMX edlule.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kuye kwaba nokungezwani okuningi phakathi kochwepheshe mayelana nesikhathi futhi lapho inja ibonakala okokuqala empilweni yasekhaya, nakuba kubonakala sengathi yonke into icaciswa ukuba khona kobufakazi bofuzo bokuthi izenzakalo zokuqala zokufuywa ekhaya zenzeka ngo. endaweni ethile e-Asia Ephakathi cishe eminyakeni eyi-15.000 edlule. Ukwengeza, ezinye izifundo zofuzo ziye zaphakamisa ukuthi izimpisi zazifuywa eminyakeni engu-16,300 edlule ukuze zisebenze njengemfuyo eChina. Nokho, obunye ubufakazi bofuzo bubonisa ukuthi ukufuywa kwezinja kwaqala eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-18.000 edlule eYurophu.
Lapho izinja zokuqala zaziwuhlobo oluncane lwempisi empunga eyayihlala endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iNdiya, phakathi kweminyaka eyi-12.000 14.000 neyi-15.000 5.000 edlule. Kodwa-ke, kunenkolelo yokuthi ezinye izinja zanamuhla aziveli empisini kodwa ziphuma ku-jackal. Lezi zinja ezitholakala e-Afrika zazingase zikhiqize ezinye zezinhlobo zendabuko zase-Afrika zanamuhla. Ucwaningo lwezofuzo oluhlola ukufuduka kwezinja e-United States lwathola ubufakazi bokuthi izinja zazihamba nabantu bokuqala kule ndawo eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-XNUMX edlule, kodwa eminyakeni engu-XNUMX edlule.
Umlando Wenja
Umlando wezinja umakwa ngedatha ehlukene mayelana nokunemba kwezinsuku nezindawo zokubukeka kwazo, nokho, ngokusho kokutholwa kwemivubukulo nezinye izifundo zesayensi, zibeka okhokho bazo ohlotsheni olwalukhona cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-50 edlule yohlobo oluqanjwe igama. I-Miacis, kusukela enkathini ye-Paleocene, kuyilapho olunye uphenyo luhlobanisa okhokho babo nezimpisi ezimpunga, abathole ukufana kwazo kwezinye izici zofuzo.
Mayelana nalokhu, babhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi akutholakali okutholakele okwanele okukhombisa esinye isilwane esinokufana okuningi komlando nesizukulwane sezinja zofuzo, kunalokho ochwepheshe benza i-caveat ukuthi impisi empunga, nakuba inobudlelwane obuthile ne okhokho benja , izici ezivamile zezimpisi zanamuhla ezinezimpisi zesikhathi esidlule ziye zaqhubeka ziphenywa, njengoba ukhokho ovamile okwabelwana ngawo izimpisi ezimpunga nezinja zanamuhla kucatshangwa ukuthi kwakuyisilwane esingasekho esaziwa ngokuthi impisi yaseLate Pleistocene.
Manje, ngokusekelwe kulolu lwazi, kungavezwa ukuthi izilwane ezakha izanduleli, njengoba sekushiwo, i-Miacis, eyayisilwane esincelisayo esasiyingxenye yezilwane zaseYurophu nase-Asia, esinesakhiwo samathambo amade. ekhanda ukuya emsileni, enezinzipho ezincane ezihlehlayo futhi ihamba isekelwe ngeminwe yayo emihlanu. Kamuva yavela e-Oligocene yaba esinye isilwane sohlobo olwaphela i-Cynodictis esahlala kulezi zindawo iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingamashumi amane futhi saba namalungu amafushane, umzimba omude nomsila, iminwe emihlanu engaphelele, izinzipho ezihlehliswayo kanye noboya obunzima.
Okunye okwatholwa iDaphoenus eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyishumi edlule, kodwa lena yayibukeka njengensikazi, kodwa ikhanda layo lalifana nenja noma impisi. Kamuva, i-Mesocyon yavela ngesikhathi se-Pliocene, okuyizinhlobo eziningana ezaziwa futhi zibhekwa njengokhokho oqondile wezinye izinja ezimbili, i-Cynodesmus, i-runner par excellence, ne-Tomarctus, esevele inesimo senja, ngoba ugebhezi lwayo lufana nezinja zamanje, belungumgijimi omuhle onezitho ezinde futhi vele lukhombisa ukufinyezwa komunwe wokuqala.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umndeni weCanidae kanye nohlobo lweCanis bavela kuleli klasi, lapho kuvela khona impisi, i-coyote kanye nejackal. Khona-ke kukhiqizwa i-Canis Lupus, kamuva eyenza i-Canis Familiaris, lapho umuntu wangaphambi komlando ayephila khona, ngemva kokujwayela indlela yokuphila yangaleso sikhathi futhi wahamba naye emisebenzini yakhe, eyahlanganiswa nesikhathi sayo. ukufuywa ekhaya. Ubufakazi balokhu yizinsalela ezitholakele, kanye nemidwebo nemidwebo etholakele, okubonisa ukuthi izinhlobo zokuqala zezinja zazifuywa eGibhithe lasendulo naseWestern Asia.
Umsuka Wezinja Zezinja
Lapho umuntu efuna ukuthuthukisa izimfanelo zezinja, njengejubane, amandla kanye nekhono elikhulu lokubona nokuhogela, waqala ukuwela futhi ngaleyo ndlela wakwazi ukuthuthukisa uhlobo. Izinja ezinemilenze entantayo zazihlonishwa yizikhulu zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, kuyilapho izinja ezinamandla njenge-mastiff zathuthukiswa eYurophu ukuze zivikele ikhaya kanye nesihambi ebubini. Njengoba umphakathi wawushintsha futhi ezolimo, ngaphezu kokuzingela, zaba yindlela yokuziphilisa, kwathuthukiswa nezinye izinhlobo zezinja. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinja zezimvu nezinja eziqaphayo zazibalulekile kubalimi ukuze bavikele imihlambi yabo.
Ngaso leso sikhathi, izinhlobo ezincane zaba yinto efiselekayo ukudlala futhi njengabangane bemindeni ehloniphekile. AmaPekingese eShayina kanye nezinhlobo ezintekenteke njengamaChihuahua zakhuliswa zaba izinja eziseceleni kombhede. Izinhlobo ze-terrier zathuthukiswa, ikakhulukazi eNgilandi, ukuze kususwe izinqolobane zamagundane. Ngenkathi ukusayinda nokuhlenga kukhethelwe imisebenzi ekhethekile ehlobene nokusiza umzingeli ukuthi athole futhi abambe izilwane. Ekuphendukeni kwenja, izinhlobo eziningi zindala kakhulu, kanti ezinye ziye zathuthuka muva nje ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
Izici Zezinja
Ngenxa yokuvela kwenja ziyi-digitigrade, ezinsikazi zinezindlala zebele futhi zincelisa izingane zazo. Izinhlobo zakuqala zazinezindlebe eziqondile kanye nezikhala ezicijile noma ezimise okwe-wedge, ezifana nezinhlobo zeNordic ezivamile namuhla. Izilwane ezidla inyama eziningi zinezakhiwo zamazinyo ezifanayo, okungenye yezindlela izazi ze-paleontologists eziye zakwazi ukuzibona. Bakha amasethi amabili amazinyo, aphukayo nalawo ahlala njalo. Banezinwele zomzimba futhi bagcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba wabo ezingeni eliqhubekayo kungakhathaliseki izinga lokushisa langaphandle.
Isakhiwo sabo sohlaka lwamathambo siqukethe amathambo angu-319, ngokuvamile bangabagijimi abahle ngaphandle kwalabo abafuywa ngokukhethekile ngezinhloso ezahlukene, phakathi kwayo i-bulldog ingashiwo, enekhanda elikhulu nemilenze emifushane ekhotheme. Kodwa kukhona futhi ezinye izinhlobo ezihlukaniswa ngokuba ne-flying trot, njenge-German shepherd noma i-Afghan hound eyazalelwa ukuxosha izilwane amabanga amade endaweni enamatshe.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-dachshund yaqeqeshelwa ukuzingela i-tasugo ngaphansi komhlaba, njengoba ukuma kwayo kulungele ukungena emhubheni engaphansi komhlaba ifuna inyamazane yayo; ngakho-ke kukhona ezinye izinhlobo ezingasakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ezazalelwe yona ekuqaleni. Izinja zinezinzwa ezinhlanu ezifana nezabantu. Nokho, ezinye zithuthuke kakhulu kanti ezinye zinentula uma ziqhathaniswa nabantu.
Inzwa yokuhogela yezinja ibukhali kakhulu futhi ingcono kakhulu kunowabantu. Izinja zisetshenziselwa imisebenzi efana nokulandelela abantu abalahlekile, ukumba ngaphansi komhlaba, nokulandelela izinto ezinobuthi, njengegesi, abantu abangakwazi ukuzibona. Izinja ziyakwazi ukubona izidakamizwa, iziqhumane, namaphunga kubanikazi bazo. Nokho, akuwona wonke amakhala e-canine afanayo. Ezinye izinhlobo, njenge-German Shepherd kanye ne-Bloodhound, zinezinzwa zokuhogela ezithuthuke kakhulu kunezinye.
Izinja zinekhono lokuzwa elibukhali. Izinhlanga zaboMdabu zazinezindlebe ezinkulu, eziqondile, nezinyakazayo ezazizenza zizwe imisindo ikude kunoma iyiphi indlela. Ezinye izinhlobo zesimanje zikwazi ukuzwa kangcono kunezinye, kodwa zonke ziyakwazi ukuzwa umsindo ongaphezu kobubanzi bokuzwa komuntu. Izinja zingabhalisa imisindo engu-35.000 ngomzuzwana (uma kuqhathaniswa no-20.000 ngomzuzwana kubantu) futhi zingavala izindlebe zazo zangaphakathi ukuze zihlunge imisindo ephazamisayo.
Amehlo enja abukhali njengalesi sici esingenhla, futhi izinja ngokuvamile zicatshangwa ukuthi aziboni kahle ngemibala. Ezinye izinhlobo, njengeSaluki kanye ne-Afghan Hound, zenzelwe ukuzingela izilwane ngamehlo azo ezindaweni ezikude, futhi lezi zinja ziyakwazi ukubona kahle ukuze zithole noma yikuphi ukunyakaza emkhathizwe. Izinja ngokuvamile zingakwazi ukubona kangcono ekukhanyeni okuphansi kunabantu, kodwa hhayi nasekukhanyeni okukhanyayo.
Ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinja, babenezinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo zezinwele: ezimfushane (njengesikhombi noma iphinikhodi ye-Doberman), emaphakathi (njengakusetha yase-Irish noma i-husky yaseSiberia), nezinde (njenge-chow chow noma i-Maltese). Kulezi zigaba, kukhona nezinhlobo zezinwele eziwugqinsi nezinhle. Izinja ziza ngemibala ehlukahlukene, kodwa ezinhlotsheni eziningi ukukhetha kombala kuwukucatshangelwa okubalulekile, njengokusatshalaliswa kombala ngaphakathi kwenja.
Enye yezimfanelo ngenxa yokuvela kwenja ukuthi isibe isidalwa senhlalo. Ukhetha ukuhlala nabantu nezinye izinja kunokuhlala yedwa. Njengomphumela weminyaka eyinkulungwane yokuzalanisa okukhethiwe, inja isijwayele ukuhlala nabantu. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lokuziphatha kwezinja ngawo-1950 nawo-1960 lwabonisa ukuthi izinja ezikhuliswe ngaphandle kokuxhumana nomuntu zisencane zigcina umuzwa wazo wemvelo futhi zikhetha ubudlelwano nezinye izinja kunokuhlangana nabantu.
Naphezu kokuvela kwenja, iyaqhubeka nokugcina isici sendawo yempisi. Amaphakethe empisi, ngenxa yesidingo sawo sokuzingela, athi izindawo ezinkulu njengezazo, kuyilapho izinja zithi izindawo zazo ngokusekelwe emikhawulweni yabanikazi bazo. Izimpisi zesilisa nezinja ziphawula imingcele yazo yendawo ngokuchama futhi zihlikihle iphunga lazo phansi noma ezihlahleni ukuze zixwayise ezinye izilwane ngokuba khona kwazo.
Kukhona abahlukile zohlobo-ejwayelekile ubuntu ukuthi athuthukile ngokusebenzisa kwemvelo inja, ngoba izici ezithile. Ngokuhlanganisa cishe izinja ngokomsebenzi ezifuyelwe wona, kuyenzeka ukunquma uhlobo lwesimo inja engase ibe nayo ekuvuthweni. Umehluko ezizukulwaneni zohlobo lomuntu ubonakala esemncane. Abanye babo ngokuvamile bayoba amashimane futhi balandele amakhala noma kuphi lapho iphunga liwayisa khona, kodwa bayosabela ngokulangazela kumakholi avela kubantu abajwayelekile.
Ama-Bloodhounds ngokuvamile avame ukunganaki futhi azimele, athambekele ekuhloleni indawo ngokwawo futhi alandele iphunga noma ukunyakaza; abanasithakazelo ekusebenzelaneni kwabantu njengezinye izinhlanga. Izinja ezisebenzayo nokwelusa zinesimo sokubambisana. Bajwayele ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi benze imisebenzi yabo. Imidlwane ye-Collie yaziwa ngokubonisa izimfanelo zayo ezizalwa nayo phezu kokwelusa ezinye izilwane.
Uma usithandile lesi sihloko nge-Evolution of the Dog futhi ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezinye izihloko ezithakazelisayo, ungabheka izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: