Lapha sithola mayelana Inhlangano Yezepolitiki yaseNdiya, i-republic yenhlangano yeningi yentando yeningi yephalamende enokuhlukaniswa okucacile kwamandla futhi sizokwazi ukuthi ukuqala kwayo kwezombusazwe kwaba kanjani ngemva kwenguquko eyaqalwa u-Gandhi.
Inhlangano yezepolitiki yaseNdiya: izici zayo eziyinhloko
Uhlelo lwezepolitiki lwase-India lusekelwe kumodeli yase-Westminster, kodwa luhlelwe ezingeni likahulumeni. Uhulumeni wayo, kusukela ekutholeni inkululeko, ngaphandle kwenkathi ecishe ibe yiminyaka eyi-10, usezandleni zezindlalifa zezombangazwe zikaGandhi.
Kuze kube wukhetho olwedlule, leli lizwe belinohlelo lwamaqembu amaningi. NgoMeyi 2009, iqembu lezepolitiki elidala kunawo wonke, i-Indian National Congress (INC), lawina ivoti elimangalisayo futhi lashintsha isimo sezepolitiki, nakuba ukusebenza kwalo kuyangabazeka manje.
Ngo-August 15, 1947, i-India yathola inkululeko futhi yahlanganiswa njengesizwe esizimele esingaphansi kweBritish Commonwealth. Lokhu kwaholela ekuhlukaneni kwezifunda ezimbili: iNdiya kanye nezwe lamaSulumane lasePakistan.
Ekuqaleni kwabo, bobabili basungulwa njengokuzimela, kodwa nenkosi yaseGreat Britain njengenhloko yezwe kanye nombusi jikelele.
Ngomhla zingama-26 kuMasingana, 1950, uMthethosisekelo waseNdiya waqala ukusebenza, ugqugquzelwa ifilosofi yentando yeningi ekhululekile, futhi kwaphethwa ngawo inqubo yokuzibusa. Khona-ke, ngo-1952, kwaba nokhetho lukazwelonke lokuqala, ukuze umbuso wentando yeningi omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni wamiswa, ngabantu bakhona.
Njengamanje, kunamaqembu ezombusazwe abhalisiwe angaphezu kwe-180 futhi abaningi ngokwengeziwe bahlanganyela kuhulumeni ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwakhe lokumelela ngokulinganayo.
Uhlelo lwezepolitiki
Inhlangano yezepolitiki yaseNdiya namuhla isekelwe kunyunyana yezifundazwe ezingama-28 nezindawo eziyisikhombisa, ngohlelo lwenhlangano. Ngokomthethosisekelo, ichazwa ngokuthi "iriphabhulikhi yentando yeningi yabantu kanye nentando yeningi yezwe", enohlelo lukahulumeni lwephalamende.
Igatsha eliphezulu lakhiwe umongameli, undunankulu, nomkhandlu wongqongqoshe. Umongameli uyinhloko kahulumeni, kodwa igunya langempela lesigungu esiphezulu ngundunankulu. Ihhovisi likamengameli - odabeni lwaseNdiya - yinombolo engena esikhundleni seNdlovukazi yaseGreat Britain. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inegunya elingokomfanekiso nelisemthethweni namandla amancane kakhulu.
Leli zwe linesikhungo sesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni, u-39,5% wemisebenzi ekhona e-India ivela ezinkampanini zikahulumeni, kanti izinkonzo zikahulumeni zifuna izinga eliphezulu kakhulu kubasebenzi bakahulumeni, kangangokuthi kuleli zwe iZwe. izikhulu zithathwa njengezicukuthwane.
I-Parlament
Iphalamende le-bicameral laseNdiya futhi linendlu ephezulu (Rajya Sabha) kanye nendlu ephansi (Lok Sabha). I-Upper House, eyaziwa nangokuthi uMkhandlu Wamazwe, inamalungu angama-250 akhethwe ngokungaqondile nangokulinganayo yimihlangano yomthetho yezifunda ngazinye.
Iminyaka yokuba yilungu leRajya Sabha yiminyaka engama-30 kanti isikhathi sokuhlala iminyaka engu-6. I-Lower House, eyaziwa nangokuthi yiNdlu Yabantu, ingaba namalungu angama-552 akhethwe iminyaka emihlanu ngamavoti athandwayo.
Imithetho ingavezwa yiwo womabili amagumbi futhi kufanele yamukelwe yiwo womabili futhi ibe nemvume kamongameli ukuthi ibe njalo.
Okuhlukile ukuthi imithetho ephathelene nesabelomali, izintela nezinye izimali kufanele zethulwe indlu ephansi, futhi indlu ephezulu ayikwazi ukuguqula izikweletu, ingenza kuphela izincomo futhi ibuyisele umthethosivivinywa. umthetho zingakapheli izinsuku eziyishumi nane kusukela ngosuku owathola ngalo.
Ukhetho lukamongameli
Ikolishi lokhetho, elakhiwe ngamalungu akhethiwe azo zombili izindlu zephalamende, futhi izishayamthetho zezwe zikhetha umongameli kanye nesekela likamongameli umjikelezo weminyaka emihlanu.
Umongameli yena nguye okhetha undunankulu, ongumholi weqembu noma umfelandawonye neningi lephalamende ephalamende. Izinqumo eziningi zikahulumeni omkhulu zithathwa nguNdunankulu, egameni likaMengameli, okunguye oseqophelweni eliphezulu kuhulumeni waseNdiya.
IPhalamende laseNdiya limodelwa ngendlela esetshenziswa eNgilandi, okuhlanganisa nesikhungo esaziwa nge-Question Hour, lapho amalungu ePhalamende ePhalamende enehora elilodwa, ekuqaleni kosuku ngalunye, lokubuza ongqongqoshe bakahulumeni abakhulu ngemisebenzi yabo. , evezwa kumabonakude.
Amaqembu kanye nesiko lawo emandleni
Uhlelo lweqembu lunamaqembu amaningi futhi lugcwele amaqembu amancane ezifunda; Amaqembu kazwelonke yilawo aqashelwa ezifundazweni ezine noma ngaphezulu.
Uhlelo lokhetho luwuhlelo lokumelela ngokulinganayo, okusho ukuthi noma yiliphi iqembu noma umfelandawonye ungathola iningi endlini encane futhi ibe uhulumeni.
Esikhathini esiningi senkathi yangemva kwenkululeko, i-India ibibuswa yiqembu lentando yeningi yezenhlalo kanye nendlalifa yezepolitiki kaMahatma Gandhi, ebizwa nge-Indian National Congress (INC).
Kodwa kusukela ngo-1977 leli qembu kwadingeka libhekane nohide lwezinkinga zezombusazwe, kangangokuthi ngezikhathi zo-1977-1980, 1989-1991 no-1996-2004, amandla ayesezandleni zamaqembu aphikisayo, ayemelwe kakhulu yiqembu. I-Nationalist Bharatiya Janata (BJP).
Ngempela, ipolitiki yase-India ngeminyaka yawo-1990 ayizange izinzile kwaze kwaba yilapho i-BJP isungula i-National Democratic Alliance, yahlanganisa amaqembu amancane esifunda, futhi yaba umfelandawonye wokuqala ongewona owe-INC ukuqeda isikhathi esithile. iminyaka emihlanu. .
Kamuva, ngo-2004, i-INC, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Congreso-I noma i-Partido del Congreso, yaphinde yathola ukwesekwa kwayo okhethweni, okwayivumela ukuba isungule umfelandawonye kahulumeni we-United Progressive Alliance (UPA), ohlanganisa amaqembu aphikisayo namaqembu aphikisayo. I-BJP.
Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngoMeyi 22 wonyaka ofanayo, uManmohan Singh waqokwa njengoNdunankulu, osalokhu ephethe ngemuva kokukhethwa kabusha kwakhe ngoMeyi 2009.
Ukwakhiwa kohulumeni babambisene kukhombisa ushintsho kupolitiki yase-India, lapho amaqembu amancane esifunda athola amandla amaningi ngosuku.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, namuhla enye yezingxoxo ezishisa izikhotha eNdiya iphathelene nokuguqulwa kwalolu hlelo lweqembu lube uhlelo lwamaqembu amabili, okunciphisa inani elikhulu lamaqembu abamba iqhaza emisebenzini yezombangazwe, ngenxa yesistimu entsha yokhetho.
Yayinjani inhlangano yezombangazwe yaseNdiya ezikhathini zasendulo
Ezikhathini zasendulo, ngenxa yokuthi kwakukhona uchungechunge lwezifundazwe ezazingaphansi kukahulumeni wamakhosi, kwasungulwa uhlobo oluthile lobukhosi bobukhosi.
Nokho, kwaze kwaba yilapho ama-Aryan ehlasela ama-Aryan akuthola kudingekile ukuba akhe izifunda zamadolobha ukuze azivikele, lapho isigodlo sikaRajah, igunya laso lalilikhulu kunelezinhloko zezifundazwe.
Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokungena kwama-Aryan, amandla adlula ukuhlala emaqhaweni, kuze kube yilapho abapristi bekwazi ukulawula, bebeka inkolo yamaBrahmanical kanye nomphakathi ohlukaniswe ngamaqembu avaliwe amaBrahmins namaShahriar, kulokhu ukusho ukuthi, kwakuyisimiso. yezigaba zemindeni, ngokwenkolo, ngokohlu lozalo eyayinamandla.
Ngakho-ke, isigaba samandla samandla esikweni lamaHindu sasihlanganisa inkosi, njengombusi ophakeme; amabrahmin, ayeyingxenye yesigaba sabapristi, ayephatha ubulungisa futhi abeka imithetho ebizwa ngokuthi i-dharma, imigomo yayo yayibhekisela ekuhlanzekeni okungokomoya noma ekungcolisweni; kanye nezicukuthwane, ezakhiwa izikhulu ezinezindawo ezinkulu.
Inhlangano yezepolitiki yaseNdiya namuhla
Ngemuva kokukhululeka kumaBritish ngo-1947, isizwe sahlukaniswa saba yizifunda ezimbili: i-India nePakistan, nakuba ekuqaleni zombili lezi zizwe zazineNkosi yaseGreat Britain njengenhloko yezwe.
Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva uMthethosisekelo omusha waqala ukusebenza, ngokusekelwe ohlelweni lukahulumeni oluchazwa njengentando yeningi, i-socialist kanye nezwe, oluhlinzekela ukhetho olukhululekile nokumeleleka ngokulinganayo.
Njengamanje, inhlangano yezombangazwe yaseNdiya yakhiwe amandla okuphatha akhiwe umongameli, okhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu yizifunda zombuso kanye nephalamende likazwelonke, kodwa igunya elingokomfanekiso elinamandla amancane; uNdunankulu, ophethe ngempela, futhi ekugcineni, uMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe.
Njengoba sesibonile, inhlangano yezombangazwe yaseNdiya, njengoba yayingaphansi kwenkolo, namuhla ijabulela inkululeko egcwele, nokho, isimiso esidala sokuhlukaniswa kwezigaba, esadlondlobala ngokubusa kwamakoloni amaNgisi, futhi esasizoqedwa ngokukhululeka, sisaqhubeka sisebenza ezicelweni zikahulumeni. .