Namuhla sizokufundisa ngalesi sihloko esithakazelisayo, izinhlobo ezahlukene zikahulumeni ku Inhlangano Yezepolitiki yamaToltecs, ngokugqama kwesigaba sezempi, ngaphezu kwezinye izici ezithile zesiko labo nezinye izinto.
Yayinjani inhlangano yezombangazwe yamaToltec?
Inhlangano yezombangazwe yamaToltec yaphawulwa ngamandla nokubusa okwenziwa abaholi bezempi. Ukubusa kwezempi kwabangelwa izimpi ezihlukahlukene abantu okwakudingeka babhekane nazo ukuze bavikele amazwe abo. Ukuzabalaza okuqhubekayo kwalesi siko laseMesoamerica kubangele ukukhula kwezindawo.
Ngokuvamile, abantu baseToltec babonakala ngokuthi ekuqaleni babeyimizulane, benza izindinganiso zobuqotho, ukulalela nokwethembeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amadoda ayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokondla imikhaya yawo, kuyilapho abesifazane benomthwalo wemfanelo wemisebenzi yasekhaya. Nokho, isici sakhe esiphawuleka kakhulu kwakuwukuba nesibindi.
Njengamaqhawe amahle, bakwazi ukukhombisa amakhono abo obuholi, okwavumela amasosha owayala izimpi ukuba ahlele futhi asungule izikhulu zezombangazwe. Kwalandelwa amandla ezempi kwaba ubupristi futhi ngaphansi kwalezi izigaba ezingathandwa kangako, njengezingcweti nabalimi.
Inhlangano yezombangazwe yamaToltecs: isakhiwo samandla
Uhlobo lukahulumeni lwalesi siko lwalungokobukhosi kanye nezempi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wawuphawuleka ngesimo sawo esingokwasezulwini, okungukuthi, ababusi abaphakeme kakhulu benza izinqumo zabo beqondiswa izimiso nemithetho yenkolo eyayibusa. Lesi sizwe sasingabantu abathanda unkulunkulu abaningi, ngakho sasiqondiswa yibo bonke onkulunkulu ababekholelwa kubo.
Inhlangano yezombangazwe yaseToltec yayiholwa umholi osesikhundleni esiphezulu, owayengumholi wezempi ovelele owake wabambisana ezimpini eziningana. Le nhloko kahulumeni yayiwuhlobo lwenkosi abantu ababeyihlonipha futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, besaba indlela eyayisebenzisa ngayo amandla, yayisekelwa abapristi.
Amakhosi noma ababusi abaqavile kakhulu
Esikweni lamaToltec, kwakukhona amakhosi ahlukahlukene noma ababusi abaqinisekisa ukuthi ubukhosi buhlala iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu. Ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi:
– Chalchiutlantzin (667-719 AD).
– Ixtlicuechahuac (719-771 AD).
- Huetzin (771-823 AD).
– Totepeuh (823-875 AD).
– Nacaxxoc (875-927 AD).
- Mitl (927-976 AD).
– Xiuhtzatzin (indlovukazi) (976-980 AD).
– Tecpancaltzin (980-1031 AD).
– Tōpīltzin (1031-1052), ushone ngonyaka 2 Tecpatl.
Kulolu hlu olushiwo, umbusi obaluleke kakhulu kwakunguCe Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcóatl, owaziwa kangcono ngokuthi uTopiltzin. Umsebenzi wakhe uhlukaniswa namandla okukhiqiza ngawo ukuchuma kwamaToltec nangendlela ohlanganisa ngayo amasiko namasiko alaba bantu baseMesoamerica.
UQuetzalcóatl wayeyindodana kaTecpatl (enye yezinduna zokuqala zamaToltec, eyayihlonishwa njengenganekwane). Wayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha amaToltec ngokwepolitiki, amasu akhe nezimiso zakhe zabusa isikhathi eside. Igama laleli qhawe lalihlobene nonkulunkulu ababemkhulekela futhi lisho "inyoka enezimpaphe".
Amakhosi noma ababusi abaqavile kakhulu
Esikweni lamaToltec, kwakukhona amakhosi ahlukahlukene noma ababusi abaqinisekisa ukuthi ubukhosi buhlala iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu. Ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi:
– Chalchiutlantzin (667-719 AD).
– Ixtlicuechahuac (719-771 AD).
- Huetzin (771-823 AD).
– Totepeuh (823-875 AD).
– Nacaxxoc (875-927 AD).
- Mitl (927-976 AD).
– Xiuhtzatzin (indlovukazi) (976-980 AD).
– Tecpancaltzin (980-1031 AD).
– Tōpīltzin (1031-1052), ushone ngonyaka 2 Tecpatl.
Kulolu hlu olushiwo, umbusi obaluleke kakhulu kwakunguCe Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcóatl, owaziwa kangcono ngokuthi uTopiltzin. Umsebenzi wakhe uhlukaniswa namandla okukhiqiza ngawo ukuchuma kwamaToltec nangendlela ohlanganisa ngayo amasiko namasiko alaba bantu baseMesoamerica.
UQuetzalcóatl wayeyindodana kaTecpatl (enye yezinduna zokuqala zamaToltec, eyayihlonishwa njengenganekwane). Wayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha amaToltec ngokwepolitiki, amasu akhe nezimiso zakhe zabusa isikhathi eside. Igama laleli qhawe lalihlobene nonkulunkulu ababemkhulekela futhi lisho "inyoka enezimpaphe".
I-Huemac
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inguqulo ephambene kaTopiltzin kwakungu-Huemac, owayengumbusi owamthatha esikhundleni. Lo mholi uthathwa njengomunye wabokugcina esikweni lamaToltec, kodwa ukusebenza kwakhe kufiphazwe yizinqumo ezingezinhle azenzile. Ngakho-ke, idolobha labhekana nezinkinga ezihlukahlukene kulo lonke ukwakhiwa kwalo okwaholela ekupheleni kwalo.
Huemac kanye nezinkokhelo
Enye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zokuwa kwamaToltec kwakuyindlela uHuemac enza ngayo ukuqoqwa kwezintela nezintela. Ubudlwangudlwangu ayesebenzisa ngabo amandla kanye nokusebenzisa imithetho kwavusa ukusabela kwezakhamuzi ezingomakhelwane, kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lokuphangwa nokuhlaselwa.
Imithetho
Imithetho yaba iphuzu elibalulekile lesiko lamaToltec ngemva kokuba sebengabantu abaphucuzekile futhi bazinza eTollan (eTula, manje eyiMexico). Ngakho-ke, lezi zamukelwa inhloko eyinhloko kahulumeni (inkosi), eyazisebenzisa encwadini futhi ngaleyo ndlela igcina ukulawula inani labantu.
Inkosi, njengomdali wemithetho, yayinamandla okujezisa labo abangazange bahambisane nezenzo ezisabisayo nezesabisayo zamasosha. Esinye sezijeziso eziyinhloko ezaziwumphumela wokungalaleli kwakuwumhlatshelo, umuntu wayenikelwa konkulunkulu abakholelwa kubo.
Abapristi
Abapristi babengumuntu obalulekile ngaphakathi kwenhlangano yezombangazwe yamaToltec, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi babehluke kakhulu kulokho okwaziwayo namuhla.
Ukufaneleka kwendikimba yabapristi kwakungenxa yokuthi ezombangazwe nenkolo zazihambisana, njengoba ababusi babekholelwa ukuthi onkulunkulu babaqondisa ezimpini zabo nasezinqumweni zabo zohulumeni.
Ngale ndlela, abapristi babephethe abantu abahlukahlukene abanqotshwa abaholi bezempi ngezimpi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, babeluleka abaphathi babo ngokusekelwe emilayezweni ababeyithola konkulunkulu bangaleso sikhathi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlanganyela kwezombusazwe kwabapristi esikweni lesizwe kwakuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi yomphakathi ehlukahlukene, kanye nokuqondisa izindlu zezempi. Babenamandla okuzivikela ekuhlaselweni nasekuhlaselweni komakhelwane kanye nokunqoba amanye amazwe ngenhloso yokwandisa ubukhosi.
Umsebenzi omkhulu wezepolitiki
AmaToltec agxilisa umsebenzi wawo wezombangazwe emasuni ezempi ababusi nababusi ababewasungula ukuze banqobe ezinye izindawo. Ukwanda kwalaba bantu baseMesoamerica nokuhlala kwabo unomphela amakhulu amathathu eminyaka kwakungenxa yesimo sabo sempi nomoya wokuzivikela.
Abaphikisi abakhulu benhlangano yezombangazwe yamaToltec kwakungamaChichimecas, ayehlala elwela izinzuzo zezomnotho nezenhlalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaToltec enza ukubusa kwawo kwaba yiqiniso ngokwengeziwe ngokunqoba izizwe ezingomakhelwane bawo futhi agxilisa kuwo wonke amasiko awo, ikakhulukazi amasiko enkolo.
Kudingeka ukubalula ukuthi izinqumo zezombusazwe zalesi sizwe zazihlobene kakhulu nokukhula komnotho. Abaholi basebenzise ithuba lokunqotshwa kwezindawo ezintsha ukuze bathuthukise imisebenzi yabo yezolimo. Ngakho-ke, bakwazi ukumaketha nokwenza inzuzo kubo bonke abantu, ngisho nangaphezulu kulabo abasezikhundleni eziphezulu.
Cultura
Ubuciko; Ubuciko bakhe, obuboniswa ezithombeni nasezindongeni, buhlobene eduze nezakhiwo. Baye bamelela onkulunkulu babo kanye nabalingiswa emidwebeni yamatshe, imidwebo yasezindongeni, i-ceramics, imidwebo nemisebenzi yezandla.
I-Architecture: AmaToltec ngokungangabazeki enza izinguquko ezibalulekile ezindinganisweni zezakhiwo ezazikhona eMesoamerica ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX; Enye yazo ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe eziqoshiwe ze-anthropomorphic ezisekela uphahla lwegumbi elinekhanda, ngaleyo ndlela kuzuzwe indawo enkulu yangaphakathi, njengoba kubonakala ethempelini likaTlahuizcalpantecuhtli El Señor del Alba.
I-Tula kulinganiselwa ukuthi yayiyikhaya lezakhamuzi ezingaba ngu-30,000, ezihlala ezindaweni ezinkulu ezinesitezi esisodwa ezinophahla oluyisicaba olwenziwa kakhulu ngamatshe nomhlabathi futhi lwaqedwa nge-adobe. Ngaphandle kwendawo okuhlalwa kuyo yaseTula, kukhombisa uhlelo lwegridi oluchaza ngokusobala izindawo ezihlukene.
Phakathi kwezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zokwakha, iPyramid B iyagqama, nama-atlantean ayo aqanjwe kabi, 4.6m ukuphakama eyake yasekela uphahla lwethempeli. Ngokusho kocwaningo, lawa ma-Atlanteans ayehlotshiswe ngama-mosaic kanye nezimpaphe zobucwebe.
Imikhondo kapende ibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi idonswe ukuthi ikhiqize kabusha iqhawe le-Toltec-Chichimec lika-Mixcóatl (uyise kaQuetzalcóatl) noma unkulunkulu wenkanyezi yasekuseni u-Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli.
Bakha namakholomu enyoka aminyene, ikhanda phansi nomsila phezulu, esekela ikhothamo elaliyingxenye yomnyango wehholo elikhulu.
Emkhakheni wasekhaya, babenamakilasi amathathu ahlukene ezakhiwo zezindlu, iqembu lezindlu, amayunithi amakamelo kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zasebukhosini.
I-gastronomy: Ngokochungechunge locwaningo olwenziwa eTepetitlán, indawo yasemaphandleni yaseTula, eHidalgo, ochwepheshe uGuadalupe Mastache noRobert Cobean banquma ukuthi i-amaranth ibalulekile ukuze kondle isiko lamaToltec, njengoba yayivimbela lezi zizwe ukuba zilambe ngezikhathi zesomiso. . .
Njengamanje, i-amaranth ikhiqiza "i-alegrías", ingxube yalo mkhiqizo noju, amantongomane namagilebhisi omisiwe; I-Amaranth, i-huautli noma i-alegría, igama eyaziwa ngalo namuhla, ezikhathini zangaphambi kwe-Hispanic yayiyisitshalo esiyisisekelo emasikweni ahlukahlukene ezweni, kuhlanganise naleyo eyasungulwa e-Tula, e-Hidalgo, njengoba kubikwe ubufakazi bemivubukulo kanye nedatha ye-ethnohistoric evela kuwe. isiko.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uNadia Vélez Saldaña, isazi semivubukulo esichwephesha i-paleobotany futhi eyilungu lethimba le-archaeological zone yaseTula, wachaza ukuthi le nzalo yayingabalulekile nje kuphela kulesi sibalo sabantu baseHidalgo, kodwa nakulo lonke elaseMesoamerica, ngoba yayilula ukuyithola. -sebenzisa isitshalo ukuze uhlakulele, ngaphezu kokuthi ube nezinga eliphezulu lokumelana nezinkathi zonyaka ezomile nezineqhwa:
I-Amaranth imelana kakhulu futhi ikhula kuzo zonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi evundisiwe, ngakho-ke, lapho kungekho okusanhlamvu, i-huautli yiyona eyayihlanganisa izidingo zokudla zabantu.
Nadia Velez Saldana
Esinye isici se-amaranth yikhono layo lokugcinwa ezimbizeni zobumba isikhathi eside, ngaphandle kokubola.
Lokhu, kanye nenani eliphezulu lokudla okunomsoco, kuye kwaholela, ezigabeni ezithile, ukuba kusungulwe njengesitshalo esibaluleke kakhulu eTula, okungaphezu kommbila, empeleni, enye yezinkokhelo ezifundazweni zase-'Ajacuba naseJilotépec.
Phakathi kwazo uTula wafakwa ekupheleni kwe-Postclassic (phakathi kuka-1200 no-1521), banikeza i-Triple Alliance, ngaphezu kommbila nobhontshisi, kwakuyi-amaranth ngokuqondile, ebonisa ukuthi lesi sitshalo sasiyisitshalo esibalulekile kule nkathi.
I-Amaranth yayingasetshenziswa nje kuphela njengokudla, kodwa futhi iminikelo nemikhuba; Ngalo mqondo, u-Vélez Saldaña wathi ukusetshenziswa kokusanhlamvu kuye kwabhalwa uBernardino de Sahagún nabanye ababhali bemilando, abachaza ukusetshenziswa kwayo emikhosini ethile lapho kwakusetshenziswa imifanekiso eyenziwe nge-amaranth eboshiwe.
Izibalo ze-huautli ezingokwesiko zenziwe ngendlela esetshenziswa namuhla ukwenza uswidi we-amaranth, kusho umcwaningi. Bagazinga i-amaranth base beyixuba noju lwe-magüey ukuze bathole inhlama ethambile ukuze benze imifanekiso ye-anthropomorphic yonkulunkulu abathile, eyayisetshenziswa emikhosini.
Ekugcineni, u-Vélez Saldaña wabonisa ukuthi, ngokusobala, ukubaluleka kwayo okungokwesiko kungase kube imbangela yokuvinjelwa kwayo ngemva kokunqotshwa, ukutshalwa kwayo kwehle kwaze kwacishe kwanyamalala kwezinye izindawo phakathi nenkathi yobukoloni, ngakho inhlangano yezombangazwe yamaToltec yehla.