Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yaseGreece nezici zayo

Ukuze ufunde kangcono mayelana inhlangano yezenhlalakahle ye  Greece, ezikhathini zasendulo, vakashela lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo. Ungayeki ukuyifunda! futhi sizophinde sikhulume ngenhlangano yabo yezombangazwe. Lapha uzofunda okubaluleke kakhulu kulesi sihloko.

INHLANGANO YOMPHAKATHI YASEGrisi

 Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yaseGreece

IGreece iyisizinda samasiko aseYurophu. Lapho, eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu edlule, kwazalelwa izisekelo zesiko laseNtshonalanga. Kungumphumela wenhlanganisela, oLwandle i-Aegean, cishe ngonyaka we-1200 a. C., kubo bonke ubukhazikhazi basendulo yasempumalanga kanye nokuhlangana kwakhe nabantu base-Indo-European abafuduka cishe ngonyaka wezi-2000 a. C., ulimi lwakhe yilo olwanikezwa ubuyena nesisekelo sobuhlakani bakhe.

Kodwa lolu limi lwesiGreki lwaludinga amakhono olimi abantu baseFenike, abashintsha imisindo yolimi yaba izimpawu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, isiGreki siye saba inzalo yempucuko yaseYurophu, esagcwele ukuphila kwansuku zonke nanamuhla.

Kumele kushiwo ukuthi amaGreki awakaze azibize ngokuthi "amaGreki", njengoba elithi "graeci" kwakuyigama lesidlaliso amaRoma ayebabiza ngalo. Ku-"I-Iliad", umsebenzi omdala kakhulu obhalwe ngesiGreki, abizwa ngokuthi ama-Achaeans. UTroy nehhashi lakhe lokhuni elidumile kulula ukulikhumbula.

Lokhu kuvinjezelwa okude kwedolobha elibiyelwe cishe kwenzeka cishe ngekhulu le-XNUMX BC. C., entshonalanga ye-Asia Minor ngokwedlulele, kodwa kumelwe ukuba kwadlula amakhulu eminyaka angaphezu kwamane ngaphambi kokuba lombhalo usekelwe kuyi-Greek Literature.

Bazibiza ngokuthi "ama-Hellenes", futhi bayaqhubeka benza kanjalo nanamuhla, ngoba babeqaphela ngokucacile ukuthi bangobani kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izwe lasendulo lamaGreki alizange lihlanganise noma yiluphi uhlobo lweqembu lezombusazwe uHerodotus ngokwakhe wathi: "Singabantu uhlanga olufanayo nolimi olufanayo, ama-altare nemikhuba yonkulunkulu bethu ivamile, iyafana namasiko ethu…”. Hhayi-ke, akulona ulimi kuphela olubahlanganisile.

INHLANGANO YOMPHAKATHI YASEGrisi

Imvelaphi ejulile yamaGreki yayilele ezinhlobonhlobo zezikhungo zayo zezombangazwe, ezomnotho nezenhlalakahle, ezahlukanisa ngokushesha leli dolobha kubo bonke ababehlala nalo empumalanga yeMedithera. AmaGreki abiza "ama-barbarians" yonke into eyayingeyona i-Hellenic.

Eziqhenya ngesiphetho sawo, amaGreki ayekwazi lokhu qobo futhi, nge-epithet "i-barbarian", ayengasho nje ukuthi lokho ababebhekisela kukho kwakungesona isiGreki, kodwa futhi ukuthi abazange bahlanganyele kukho. umphefumulo wesakhamuzi owakhuthaza Hellenes.

Ngoba isiGreki mhlawumbe siyisiko lokuqala ngempela lasemadolobheni lasendulo. "I-polis", ukutholwa okuphezulu kwesiko layo, yakha izimpilo zezakhamizi, kanye nokuphuma kwayo: "ipolitiki".

Eminyakeni engamakhulu amahlanu, le corpus yamasiko inqume ukukhathazeka nezifiso zawo wonke amagugu aseYurophu naseNtshonalanga. Ukuze siyiqonde, kufanele sibuyele emuva emsuka wayo weCretomycenic, impilo yezifunda zayo zamadolobha kanye nezigigaba zezingxabano zayo zangaphakathi kanye nabanye abantu.

IGreece yase-Archaic yayiyizwe elihlala abantu abangamaqhawe nabasolwandle. Impucuko yokuqala yavela esiqhingini saseKrethe eminyakeni engaba yizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili edlule, yandisa umngcele wayo ogwini loLwandle i-Aegean. Isibalo sabantu bakudala bezibalo ze-Neolithic sisukela kulesi sikhathi.

INHLANGANO YOMPHAKATHI YASEGrisi

Kodwa ukugxuma okukhulu kwenzeka cishe ngo-3000 BC. C., njengoba kwembulwa ezinye izinto zasekhaya nezempi ezenziwe ngethusi elisezingeni elihle. Kulula ukuphetha ngokuthi uma lalingekho ithini esiqhingini, lalivela kwenye indawo.

Kakade ngaleso sikhathi, futhi ngomfutho omkhulu obheke enkulungwaneni yesibili BC, kulezi zakhiwo zamatshe e-labyrinthine, kungenzeka ukuthi zizohlanganisa yonke impilo yomphakathi.

Lokhu kubonakala lapho ubheka izinsalela ezigcinwe ePhaistos, Mallia, Hagia, Triada naseKnossos, amadolobha abaluleke kakhulu esiqhingini. Ngaphandle kwamagumbi kanokusho, kukhona izitolo zokudla okusanhlamvu nokunye.

historia

Ekuqhakazeni okuphelele kwesiko lamaKrethe, elibizwa ngokuthi "iMinoan", ngemuva kukaMinos, inkosi yaseKnossos, umzenzisi omusha wavela kulesi sigaba oLwandle i-Aegean cishe ngo-1500 BC. Kwakungama-Achaeans akha amadolobha nezigodlo zaseMycenae, Pylos, Tiryns kanye nezakhiwo zaseSparta.

Kubonakala sengathi lezi zizwe, ezibizwa ngokuthi amaMycenaeans, zaqala cishe ngo-1300 BC. C. ukwanda kwawo esifundeni, futhi ngokungenakugwenywa kwashaya amaKrethe.

INHLANGANO YOMPHAKATHI YASEGrisi

Uma lezi bezingazange zikwazi kahle ngaphambili, kwakungenxa yemikhumbi yazo eqinile, kodwa isiphetho sazo esiyinhlekelele sagcwaliseka ngokungenakuphikwa emakhulwini amabili eminyaka kamuva, lapho ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo okubhubhisayo kuthinta ulwanga lwazo, kwadala ukundindizela nokuzamazama. izinhlekelele, ezanciphisa ukumelana kwabo.

Ama-Achaean ayesebhale igama lawo emlandweni eminyakeni eyikhulu nengxenye edlule, ngenkathi evimbezela futhi ebhubhisa iTroy. Ngakho bakha inhlanganisela enkulu yamadolobha oLwandle i-Aegean, kuhlanganise neKrethe. Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi yokulwa, idolobha elinezindonga ezinkulu lanqoba ngobuqili.

Kusukela lapho, uMycenae nenkosi yakhe u-Agamemnon basungule ukubusa kwabo phezu kwaleli gumbi lomhlaba. Kodwa umbuso wabo wawungewona owaphakade, futhi imibuso yaseMycenaean yathathelwa indawo ukuhlasela okusha, amaDorian, okwathi ngemva kwesikhathi eside kwazalwa idolobha lamaGreki.

Nakuba amadolobha ayesevele ekhona eKrethe nasePeloponnese, kanye namadala aseGibhithe noma eMesophothamiya, kwakunomehluko owodwa phakathi kwala madolobha amakhulu asempumalanga kanye ne-polis esanda kuzalwa: indikimba eyodwa yomphakathi yamaGreki.

Okokuqala nje, la madolobha aseMpumalanga awakwazanga ukufaneleka njengedolobha. Izixuku zezigodlo, amathempeli, nezindawo zokuhlala ezisemthethweni zazihlala kuphela emndenini wenkosi, izintandokazi zawo, izikhulu, nezinceku.

INHLANGANO YOMPHAKATHI YASEGrisi

Abakha ngezandla zabo ingcebo yabanamandla nodumo lwamakhosi abo babengahlali khona. Abalimi bale miphakathi babehlala emasimini.

Emaphandleni nasedolobheni

Kubonakala sengathi amaGreki ayesebenzisa ukulima okukhethekile, endaweni ewumqansa kakhulu futhi ephukile, engahambisani kakhulu neqembu lezifunda eziningi. Lokhu kukhuthaze ukungazihlanganisi nezixuku zayo zasemadolobheni.

UmGreki wangaleso sikhathi wathola leli dolobha indawo yokuphila komphakathi futhi ukusondelana kwamasimu kwakwenza kube lula ngomuntu ompofu ukuba abe izakhamuzi zasedolobheni. Yebo, isimo esinjalo besingeke sigcinwe unomphela njengoba inani labantu landa futhi amasimu aya ngokuya eqhelelana.

Kodwa kwenzeka ukuthi, endaweni efana neGreece, egcwele izithiyo ekwandiseni umnotho wokusanhlamvu, okhiqiza kakhulu, ukungqubuzana okubangelwa ukukhula kwabantu kuye kwaxazululwa ngokufuduka.

Abahambi kanye nalabo abanokufinyelela okunzima emhlabeni bahlangane ohambweni olwasungula idolobha elisha kwenye ingxenye yogu. Ngakho-ke, izisekelo eziningi zamasiko ezingavamile nezindala ze-polis zafinyelela oLwandle Olumnyama.

INHLANGANO YOMPHAKATHI YASEGrisi

Ukuzalwa kwePolis

Laba bantu abakhuluma isiGreki, amaDorian, njengempango eyomele umhlaba, bagijima cishe ngo-1200 B.C. C. esigcawini esidala sahlanganiswa abakwaMinoan namaMycenaean endaweni enkulu yokucekela phansi kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezintsha.

Ukungalondeki kwangaleso sikhathi kwabaholela ekubeni bakhe indawo yokuzivikela endaweni ethile phezulu, abayibiza ngokuthi i-Acropolis. Lapho, izakhamuzi ziphephela ekuhlaselweni kwabahlaseli. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lena kwaba yindawo lapho ababehlela khona amathempeli onkulunkulu babo.

Khona-ke, idolobha selikhulile nemakethe yalo kanye nemizi yezakhamuzi zakhona. Ambalwa kulawa madolobha abedlula izakhamuzi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi, futhi ambalwa ngisho nalawo aphindaphindeka kabili lesi sixuku.

Eyodwa kuphela ephindaphindeka ngeshumi: I-Athene, idolobha elikhulu elalinabantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu ngemuva kwezindonga zalo futhi lakwazi ukuqoqa ingxenye yesine yesigidi endaweni encane yase-Attica.

Phela, le nombolo yayihlanganisa izakhamuzi kanye nabangezona izakhamuzi, kanti laba bakamuva benza iningi labantu, okokuqala abesifazane, bese kuba abokufika nezigqila. Izakhamuzi kwakuyiqembu elikhulu kodwa elikhethekile lamadoda angaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa, azalelwa e-Athene kanye nenzalo eqondile yama-Athene.

INHLANGANO YOMPHAKATHI YASEGrisi

Ngisho nomthetho wangesikhathi sikaPericles wawuthi abantu base-Athene akufanele bashade nabantu bezinye izizwe. Yena ngokwakhe wahlawuliswa futhi washintsha umsebenzi wakhe womphakathi lapho, ethandana no-Aspasia waseMiletus, eshiya umkakhe ongumGreki ngenxa ye-hetaira enhle.

Amanye amaphoyisa ayegqamile kwakuyiThebesi, elinye elalinamasango ayisikhombisa; Megara, isihlalo se-Euclid School of Philosophy; kanye neKorinte, unina wamadolobha amakhulu njengeCorfu neSirakuse, ukuncintisana kwawo ne-Athene kwaholela eMpini yasePeloponnesian edabukisayo.

Futhi kulolu hlu, amakhosi amaqhawe afakwe emgodleni, okwakuyindawo yokuhlala yama-Achaeans, kanye ne-Sparta, imbangi yase-Athene, ayikwazi ukushaywa indiva. Imizi yomibili yayinjengobusuku nemini.

I-Athene yayiyidolobha elinabantu abaningi nelinothile, eligcwele ongqondongqondo nabadwebi, elidume ngezakhiwo zalo nokusungula kwalo kwezombusazwe, okuyoba nomthelela omkhulu ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Imayelana nentando yeningi, ithonya layo elivela e-Athens liyosakazekela emaphoyiseni amaningi ogwini lwase-Aegean naseziqhingini. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-Sparta yamaqhawe yaphendula imodeli yezempi. Ekuphakameni kwayo, yayingadluli “ontanga” abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi.

INHLANGANO YOMPHAKATHI YASEGrisi

Babengabanikazi bendawo ababeyibusa ngesandla sensimbi, bebeka intela kubantu bomdabu, ababebenza izigqila ezweni labo. Ngakho, amaMessenia asephenduke ama-helots.

Abanamathele kancane kwezobuciko futhi ngisho nangaphansi kwemicabango eqagelayo, abaseSparta bahamba phambili empini kuphela. Ngenxa yokuthi babelawula inani labantu abaningi ngokuphindwe kaningi, ngokungangabazeki bemagange ukuvukela lokhu kubusa, kwakunzima ngabo ukwenza imikhankaso kwamanye amazwe.

I-Legendary Troy

Ogwini lwaseHellespont, ekungeneni kweDardanelles, yayikhona ngenkulungwane yesibili BC. umuzi obiyelwe ngodonga, owavinjezelwa isikhathi eside waze wagcina unqotshiwe futhi wabhujiswa.

Umlando wayo kungenzeka ukuthi ukhohliwe, kodwa uTroy uye wahlala emcabangweni womuntu ngokusebenzisa "I-Iliad," inkondlo okuthiwa uHomer, umGreki owayehlala e-Asia Minor ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. c.

Lapho ulandisa ngemvelaphi nomphumela wempi eyahlanganisa umbimbi lwamadolobha ase-Achaean, ayebuswa uMycenae, ngokumelene neTroy yeNkosi uPriam. AbakwaTrojan, abadume ngohlu lwamahhashi abo, basizakala ngesikhundla sabo esikahle ukuze bakhokhise imikhumbi eyayifuna ukungena oLwandle Olumnyama.

Ubufakazi bethonya elikhulu

Ngokuvamile, ukwanda kwezimali kuhlotshaniswa nokuthuthukiswa kwezohwebo. Ngakho-ke, akukhona ukuqondana nje ukuthi izinhlamvu zemali ezindala kakhulu zamaGreki (ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC) zatholakala phakathi kwamanxiwa ezifunda zedolobha lase-Asia Minor, ngoba kwakuyindawo yokuthutha phakathi kweMpumalanga Ekude neMpumalanga ye-Asia.

Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, amaGreki aqala ukwenza izinhlamvu zemali zesiliva ezihlanzekile kuze kube manje, isiliva negolide, okwakukhona kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lesi-XNUMX BC. C. Nakuba i-polis ngayinye yakhipha imali yayo, njengophawu lokuzibusa, imali ye-polis enamandla kakhulu ibilokhu ikhona.

Izinhlamvu zemali ezifanayo, ukufaneleka kwazo okwamukelwa endaweni enkulu kakhulu, zaziyingxenye yenkathi yamaGreki, umphumela wokwanda kweMakedoniya eyayiholwa u-Alexander Omkhulu.

Ekuqaleni, izinhlamvu zemali zaziyizicucu zensimbi ehloniphekile, ezinesisindo esivamile, i-solvency yayo yaqinisekiswa isithombe futhi, kamuva, ngombhalo oqoshiwe. Ku-numismatics, umngane omuhle kakhulu we-historiography, lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuwuphawu lokuthuthuka kwamasiko.

Ukutholakala kwezinhlamvu zemali zamaGreki kuwo wonke amagumbi aseMedithera, kanye naseMpumalanga Ekude - eNdiya naseChina, isibonelo - kuwubufakazi bethonya elikhulu lempucuko yamaGreki.

INHLANGANO YOMPHAKATHI YASEGrisi

Isigodlo saseKnossos

5 km ukusuka ogwini olusenyakatho yesiqhingi saseKrethe, Isigodlo saseKnossos saqedwa cishe ngo-1600 BC. futhi isibe yisizinda sayo yonke indawo yethonya lesiko laseCreto-Mycenaean.

Njengoba kunamayunithi namagumbi angaphezu kwenkulungwane okusabalele kumahektha amabili, yayihlala idolobha lonke ngaphakathi. Kwakuyindawo yokuhlala yenkosi edumile uMinos.

Kusukela ebunyeni bakhe noPasiphae uMinotaur wazalwa, isilo esinekhanda lenkunzi kanye nomzimba wendoda eyayivalelwe ku-labyrinth eyakhiwe ngokukhethekile nguyise. Ikhiyiwe lapho, idla inyama yomuntu. Wabulawa nguTheseus.

Inkazimulo kaMycenae

Phakathi kuka-1600 no-1100 BC, isiko lamaMycenaean lathuthukiswa ezwekazini laseGreece, kusukela emhlanganweni phakathi kwabantu abathile bomdabu namaqembu endabuko yase-Indo-European, ikakhulukazi ama-Achaeans, angena ngokuthula ephethe ulimi olungaziwa, okwathi ngemva kokuhlangana okulandelanayo, kwanikeza. ukuzalwa kwesiGreki sakudala.

Leli siko alizange libonakale ngombuso owodwa, kodwa ngamadolobha ahlukene azimele abelana ngolimi olufanayo. Phakathi kwalawa maphoyisa, idolobha laseMycenae livelele, kokubili ngomcebo walo kanye nezakhiwo zalo eziyisikhumbuzo, lapho sigqamisa khona ithonya lesiko laseKrethe.

INHLANGANO YOMPHAKATHI YASEGrisi

Ngokwezinye izazi-mlando, isiko lamaMycenaean lalibonakala ngehlelo lobudlova elidlulele. Kwakuwumphakathi owawugcwele impi, owawunomunye wemisebenzi yawo eyinhloko phakathi nempi.

Wayelokhu ehlukumeza amadolobha angomakhelwane futhi, ikakhulukazi, waphikelela ekugcineni amadolobha asePylos naseTiryns enqotshwa, okwakudinga iminikelo emikhulu kanye nokulethwa kwezinsizwa empini.

I-POLISI YESIGriki

Ngemva kokuncipha nokunyamalala kwempucuko yaseMycenaean, amaGreki ahlukaniswa abe imiphakathi emincane, ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. C., baba yizifunda zamadolobha. Izwe elimangelengele lasePeloponnese libe negalelo kule nqubo yokuhlukana kwezombusazwe.

Ezinsukwini zabo zokuqala, i-polis ehlukahlukene yayibuswa abaholi bezempi ("basileus") okwathi ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX B.C. C. Baxoshwa uhulumeni wemindeni yama-oligarchic. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umbuso wezicukuthwane wathathelwa indawo umbuso wentando yeningi, okukhula kwawo okukhulu kwenzeka e-Athens ekhulwini lesihlanu BC. C., "ikhulu leminyaka likaPericles".

I-Acropolis yase-Athene

Kwakujwayelekile ukuthi uhlelo lwezokuvikela lwesifunda-dolobha luzungeze indawo ebiyelwe endaweni ephakeme kakhulu. Ngalezi zindlela ezifanayo, i-Acropolis yase-Athene yazalwa, izungezwe izinqaba zamasosha.

INHLANGANO YOMPHAKATHI YASEGrisi

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi sikhungo sasemadolobheni siye saba isikhungo senkolo. Nakuba ukwakhiwa kokuqala kudala emuva eminyakeni engaba ngu-6000, indawo ebiyelwe yagcina ithole bonke ubukhazikhazi bayo ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. C., phakathi nokubusa kukaPericles, owakha amathempeli ancomeka kakhulu eGreece yakudala.

I-Acropolis, eyayinikezelwe kunkulunkulukazi uPallas Athena, yayiphawula ukuzalwa kwe-Athene. Umuzi wasakazeka phansi entabeni. Ezinsukwini zayo zakuqala, yayibuswa amakhosi, asheshe athathelwa indawo i-archon eyakhiwe i-oligarchic caste ye-Eupatridae, igama lesiGreki elilingana nelithi 'ozelwe kahle'.

USolon, waqokwa njenge-archon ngo-594 BC. C., senza izinguquko ezijulile ezavumela ukumiswa kwamaqembu ezombusazwe ahlukahlukene. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwaba yilabo abasekela "intando yeningi", okusho ukuthi "uhulumeni wabantu".

Osopolitiki abafana noPisistratus noCleisthenes baguqule isiphakamiso saba sikahulumeni, futhi uPericles wasifeza. Yile ndlela i-Athene, eyaba amandla olwandle, yaba ngayo indawo enkulu yokubhekisela eGreece yakudala. Imodeli yakhe "yentando yeningi" isakhuthaza ukufundwa okuningi.

Ezinye iPolis

I-Syracuse: Kwakuyikoloni eyasungulwa eSicily ngabaseKorinte ngo-734 BC. C. Yanqotshwa umshiqela uGelon ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. C. futhi yazuza ukuzimela kwayo. Isiphenduke amandla amakhulu kwezomnotho, esekelwe ekuthuthukisweni kwezolimo nokuhweba.

INHLANGANO YOMPHAKATHI YASEGrisi

I-Aegina: etholakala esiqhingini esibhekene ne-Athens, ibilokhu ingqubuzana nenhloko-dolobha yase-Attica. Ngo 431 BC abase-Athene baqhubeka besusa abantu kuso sonke isiqhingi.

I-Megara: ihlale iqhudelana nomakhelwane wayo i-Athene. Yazuza ukuchuma okukhulu ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. C. futhi wasungula izindawo zokuhlala eziningana esifundeni soLwandle Olumnyama.

I-Milethu: Yasungulwa ama-Ionian, yaba isikhungo esibalulekile samakoloni ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. C. Kwakuyizwe lezihlakaniphi ezivelele, njengoThales noHecataeus.

I-Efesu: Yasungulwa ama-Ionian cishe ngo-1000 BC. C. Sekuyisikhungo esikhulu sezitolo. I-Artemision Yakhe, manje eseyincithakalo, yayingesinye sezimangaliso Eziyisikhombisa Zomhlaba.

Izimpi ZasePheresiya

Ngaphansi kwegama le-Medical Wars, siyazi imiqhudelwano emibili, phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-V a. C., wamelana nezifunda zamadolobha zamaGreki eMbusweni WasePheresiya.

INHLANGANO YOMPHAKATHI YASEGrisi

AmaHellene asebenzisa amagama athi “Persian” kanye “Mede” ngokushintshana, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abezindaba, abasakhuluma “ngeMpumalanga Ephakathi” namuhla, eqinisweni babeyisifunda esihlangene nePheresiya futhi esixhunywe embusweni wayo.

Impi yokuqala yezokwelapha yenzeka phakathi kuka-494 no-490 a. C., kanti eyesibili, phakathi kuka-480 no-468 a. C. I-Peace of Callas, eyasayinwa ngo-449, yaqeda ukulwa. Emcabangweni wamaGreki, lezi zimpi zabonakala njengokungqubuzana phakathi kwentando yeningi nokucindezela, phakathi kwempucuko nobuqaba.

Izimpi zasePheresiya zabonisa izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lesayensi yezempi yamaGreki. AmaPheresiya ayethembele ekuphakameni kwezinombolo (ukulinganisa komthamo), amaGreki ekuhlakanipheni komzamo (umbandela wekhwalithi). Ama-phalanxes agqekeza amarenki ezitha ahlehla. Njengoba amaPheresiya ayevame ukuvala igebe, enza buthaka izinhlangothi zawo, lapho, ekuzulazuleni okuzungezayo, amathangi namasosha ahamba ngezinyawo aqhubekela phambili.

Mayelana ne-Hellenism

Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX BC Ibizwe ngokuthi "inkathi yegolide" ngokuba impucuko yamaGreki ehlakaniphe kakhulu. Kodwa leso sikhathi sasigubuzelwe impi ende eyabulala ababengabasekeli bayo. Impi ebizwa ngokuthi iPeloponnesian War isiqede amandla laba bantu kwezomnotho nakwezepolitiki.

Ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka, banqotshwa ukubusa kweMakedoniya, isiko eliphansi kakhulu kunesabo. Ngemva kokunqotshwa kukaFelipe II, kwavela izwe elisha. Umlandeli wakhe, u-Alexander Omkhulu (352-323 BC) wasakaza ithonya lesiko lamaGreki kulo lonke elaseMedithera naseMpumalanga.

Indodana yamakhosi futhi efundiswe ebusheni bakhe ngu-Aristotle, u-Alexander wathatha isihlalo sobukhosi saseMacedonian ngo-336 BC. C. Ngemva kokumenyezelwa ukuthi i-generissimo eKorinte, wahlasela iPheresiya. Ngo-334 wanqoba uDariyu futhi wakhulula yonke i-Asia Minor ekubuseni kwamaPheresiya.

Ngalezi zenzo, wayesekufanelekele ukuba ngu-Alexander Omkhulu, kodwa akazange aneliseke. Wathatha iTire futhi wathatha iGibhithe, lapho asungula khona i-Aleksandriya. Wabe esethatha iBabiloni futhi wadlulela eNdiya, wakha umbuso omkhulu kunawo wonke owake waziwa.

Lona kanye lesi sandiso bekuyisitha esingakwazi ukunqoba. Ubukela phansi umbuso ngenkohlakalo, ngemva kokufa kwakhe ngoJuni 13, 323 BC. C., ojenene bakhe bamnika yona.

U-Alexander wenza kahle isimo se-phalanx yamasosha, eyatholwa nguPhilip II waseMacedon ngesikhathi evalelwe eThebes. Kodwa yayinephuzu elibuthakathaka: indawo emagebhugebhu.

Ama-Spartan phalanxes asatshwayo ahlulwa e-Leuctra (371 BC) ngu-Epaminondas, kwathi ama-Macedonian phalanxes anqotshwa ePydna (168 BC) kumaRoma. Iphalanx kwakuyiqembu lamasosha akleliswe ngaphandle kokuhlukana phakathi kwawo, ehleleke ngemigqa, imikhonto yawo ibekwe phambili futhi isiyala ngokuqinile ukuthi singahlukani.

Le "hedgehog" enkulukazi ayizange inikeze ithuba esitheni futhi yaqiniswa abagibeli bamahhashi. Empini yaseHydaspes, inkosi yaseNdiya uPoros yabhaxabula izindlovu zayo

Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX BC Ibizwe ngokuthi "inkathi yegolide" ngokuba impucuko yamaGreki ehlakaniphe kakhulu. Kodwa leso sikhathi sasigubuzelwe impi ende eyabulala ababengabasekeli bayo. Impi ebizwa ngokuthi iPeloponnesian War isiqede amandla laba bantu kwezomnotho nakwezepolitiki.

Ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka, banqotshwa ukubusa kweMakedoniya, isiko eliphansi kakhulu kunesabo. Ngemva kokunqotshwa kukaFelipe II, kwavela izwe elisha. Umlandeli wakhe, u-Alexander Omkhulu (352-323 BC) wasakaza ithonya lesiko lamaGreki kulo lonke elaseMedithera naseMpumalanga.

Indodana yamakhosi futhi efundiswe ebusheni bakhe ngu-Aristotle, u-Alexander wathatha isihlalo sobukhosi saseMacedonian ngo-336 BC. C. Ngemva kokumenyezelwa ukuthi i-generissimo eKorinte, wahlasela iPheresiya. Ngo-334 wanqoba uDariyu futhi wakhulula yonke i-Asia Minor ekubuseni kwamaPheresiya.

Ngalezi zenzo, wayesekufanelekele ukuba ngu-Alexander Omkhulu, kodwa akazange aneliseke. Wathatha iTire futhi wathatha iGibhithe, lapho asungula khona i-Aleksandriya. Wabe esethatha iBabiloni futhi wadlulela eNdiya, wakha umbuso omkhulu kunawo wonke owake waziwa.

Lona kanye lesi sandiso bekuyisitha esingakwazi ukunqoba. Ubukela phansi umbuso ngenkohlakalo, ngemva kokufa kwakhe ngoJuni 13, 323 BC. C., ojenene bakhe bamnika yona.

U-Alexander wenza kahle isimo se-phalanx yamasosha, eyatholwa nguPhilip II waseMacedon ngesikhathi evalelwe eThebes. Kodwa yayinephuzu elibuthakathaka: indawo emagebhugebhu.

Ama-Spartan phalanxes asatshwayo ahlulwa e-Leuctra (371 BC) ngu-Epaminondas, kwathi ama-Macedonian phalanxes anqotshwa ePydna (168 BC) kumaRoma. Iphalanx kwakuyiqembu lamasosha akleliswe ngaphandle kokuhlukana phakathi kwawo, ehleleke ngemigqa, imikhonto yawo ibekwe phambili futhi isiyala ngokuqinile ukuthi singahlukani.

Le "hedgehog" enkulukazi ayizange inikeze ithuba esitheni futhi yaqiniswa abagibeli bamahhashi. Empini yaseHydaspes, inkosi yaseNdiya uPoros yashaya izindlovu zayo - ezazingaziwa kwabaseMacedonia - ngokumelene namaphalanxes, kodwa izilwane, ezilinyazwe imikhonto, zaphendukela kuye.

U-Alexander wanqoba iGibhithe ngaphandle kobudlova, ekhothamela unkulunkulu u-Amun. Lolu phawu lwenhlonipho lwamenza waqanjwa ngokuthi uGrand kanye nozwelo lwamaGibhithe kanye nezinye izizwe. Inhloko-dolobha yombuso wasePheresiya iPersepolis, indawo yokuhlala yasebukhosini yama-Achaemenids, eyayihlelwe uDariyu I futhi yakhiwa abalandela esikhundleni sakhe, yashiswa u-Alexander Omkhulu ngo-330 BC. c.

U-Alexander wazuza idumela elibi ngokubulala ojenene bakhe abayishumi nantathu “njengamambuka,” kodwa wayengumholi owayewathanda amasosha akhe futhi ethandwa yiwo. Wamelana namandla ezikhulu eziphezulu zebutho lakhe ngokuhlakulela ubuhlobo obuqondile namasosha. UJenene Hephaestion wayengumngane wakhe omkhulu.

Wabulawa esenzweni ngo-324 BC. C., e-Ecbatana. Ithuna lakhe eliyisikhumbuzo elimise okwebhubesi lisagcinwe eHamadan, e-Iran. UJenene Clito, ngokusola u-Alexander ngokuzidla kwakhe, wabulawa nguye ngesikhathi edakiwe.

UJenene uCraterus wayengujenene wakhe ohlonishwa kakhulu, futhi u-Alexander wamhlonipha ngokushada neNkosazana u-Amestris, umshana kaDariyu III.

Ibutho laseMakedoniya elalikhathele ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi nantathu yemikhankaso enzima lenqaba ukuwela uMfula iHyphasis, umfula ongenela e-Indus, futhi lafuna ukuba u-Alexander abuyele ezweni lakubo.

Laba bakamuva, benganelisekile, kwadingeka bamukele. Amakhilomitha angu-4.125 ahlukanise iMacedonia noMfula iHyphasis, indawo esempumalanga eyafinyelelwa u-Alexander Omkhulu ekamu lakhe lase-Asia.

Endleleni ebuyela ogwadule lwase-Iranian, u-Alexander wafuna ukuthi inqubomgomo yamaGreki ibonwe njengonkulunkulu nokuthi izikhonzi zakhe ze-prokinesis zikhothame phambi kwakhe, nakuba amaGreki amsola ngokuthi "ukhulume" kuphela u-Sparta wenqaba.

Izimpawu nezigaba zesistimu yakho

Njengomphumela wokwakhiwa kwendawo yaseHelad, inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yaseGreece yasungulwa, eyayizungeza izifunda ezihlukahlukene zedolobha noma i-polis.

Enhlanganweni yezenhlalo yaseGreece, izwe ngalinye ledolobha elalijabulela ukuzimela nokuzimela lalihlanganisa isizinda sasemadolobheni kanye nomhlaba okufanele ulinywe, nokho, abalimi abaningi baba izakhamuzi zenhloko-dolobha, bethola izindawo zempilo yomphakathi lapho. .

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi idolobha lalingeyona nje indawo ebonakalayo, kodwa ukuthi izakhamuzi zalo zazakhela ngomqondo ojulile wokuba ngabangane, noma kunjalo zazisebenzisana nezinye izikhungo zasemadolobheni ukuze zihlele imincintiswano. ezentengiselwano, ezasolwandle noma ezemidlalo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakuyisigqila nomphakathi ongalingani kakhulu, lapho abesifazane bengenawo amalungelo ezombangazwe, bengaphansi kwamadoda, kungaba umyeni noma uyise.

Imodeli eyayibusa i-hierarchy yezenhlalakahle zamaGreki yayihlanganisa ngokuyisisekelo isimo somuntu njengesakhamuzi sedolobha elifanele, ngendlela efanayo, kwakucatshangelwa uma ekhululekile noma isigqila, enquma isikhundla sakhe ngaphakathi kwezwe. umphakathi, ngezinga lawo lomcebo.

Indlela inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yaseGreece eyakhiwe ngayo

Umphakathi ngamunye ogxile e-polis yawo, ngaphakathi kwenhlangano yezenhlalo yesiko lamaGreki, wanquma ukuba yisakhamuzi noma cha, ngokwalokhu, ukuhlukaniswa okulandelayo kwasungulwa:

Izakhamizi: umbandela kuphela wokujabulela ukuba yisakhamuzi kwakuwukuzalwa endaweni, nalokhu, umuntu wayenenkululeko ephelele namalungelo omphakathi, njengokuvota noma ukukhetha isikhundla somphakathi, ngaphezu kokukhethwa. Futhi babenezibopho ezinjengokukhokha izintela zemikhosi yomphakathi, ukungena ezinhlwini zezempi, nokuba ngamalungu ezinkantolo.

Abangezona izakhamizi: Enhlanganweni yezenhlalakahle yaseGreece, abezinye izizwe, nakuba bekhululekile, babengenawo amalungelo okuba yisakhamuzi, noma kunjalo, e-Athene, ebizwa ngokuthi ama-metics, bakhokha izintela ezikhethekile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, ngokushintshanisa izinkonzo ezikhethekile, bangathola amalungelo izakhamuzi, kuyilapho e-Sparta zaziwa ngokuthi ama-periecos futhi zingenamalungelo.

Izigqila: Njengoba zazingenamalungelo omphakathi, zaziyimpahla yezakhamuzi ezikhululekile noma umbuso, kuhlanganise neziboshwa zempi, izingane zoyise nomama abayizigqila, nalabo abenze ubugebengu noma abaphule umthetho. Imithetho yamaGreki, nakuba yayikwazi ukwenza noma yimuphi umsebenzi ngaphansi kokuqondisa komnikazi wayo.

Iphuzu elibalulekile lenhlangano yezenhlalakahle yaseGreece ukwethulwa kwezinto ezifana nokubamba iqhaza kwentando yeningi namalungelo omuntu ngamunye noma izibopho ezilawulwa ngumthetho.

Ezinye izici zenhlangano yezombangazwe yamaGreki

Isici esiphawulekayo senhlangano yezombangazwe yamaGreki ezinsukwini zabo zakuqala kwakuwukuba khona kwezikhungo zikahulumeni ezifana ne-Citizens' Assembly, uMkhandlu kanye nezimantshi, nakuba kuphela ezimbili zokugcina ezazikwazi ukufinyelela umbuso wasebukhosini owawulawula amandla.

Eqinisweni, inqubo yoguquko umphakathi wamaGreki obhekene nayo yadudula izinguquko zezombangazwe ekubambeni iqhaza okukhulu, kangangokuthi kwanikezwa ukungenelela okuphawulekayo ezakhamuzini ezinikezwe amandla omnotho okungewona awezikhulu, kwasungulwa umbuso wentando yeningi. Nokho, kamuva okwabangela intando yeningi, ngokuhlanganyela kwazo zonke izakhamuzi ezindabeni zezombangazwe, kwenzeka emadolobheni athile anjenge-Athens, njengoba iSparta yayilondoloza isimiso sezicukuthwane.

Indlela inhlangano yezombangazwe yamaGreki eyahlukaniswa ngayo

Ngokwalokhu okungenhla, edolobheni-isifunda sase-Athene yesiko lamaGreki, isakhiwo sezombangazwe sahlukaniswa phakathi kwamandla alandelayo:

Umthetho: I-Ecclesia noma i-Citizens Assembly: Njengoba iyinhlangano kahulumeni ephakeme kakhulu, yayakhiwe abantu abakhululekile, abaneminyaka engu-20 ubudala.

I-Bulé noma uMkhandlu Wamakhulu amahlanu: kwaba umhlangano wokubonisana owalungisa izikweletu ukuthi zigunyazwe yibandla.

I-Prytany: eyasungulwa ngamakhansela angamashumi amahlanu, yayinganyelwe yizibongo, ezaziphethe ukugcinwa kophawu nezikhiye zoMbuso.

Isikhulu:Kuhlanganiswe izimantshi ezigunyazwe ezindabeni zomthetho noma ama-archons, kanye namakhomishana okuhola amasosha noma osomaqhinga.

Ijaji:I-Heliea noma iNkantolo Yabantu: yakhiwe ngamalungu ayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu amele i-Citizens' Assembly.

I-Areyophagu: eyakhiwe ngama-archons angaphambili, yayinesibopho sokwahlulela amacala okubulala ngamabomu.

Imiphumela: eyakhiwe yizakhamizi ebezithatha lokhu kubulala njengokungahlosile.

Inhlangano yezombangazwe yamaGreki edolobheni-isifundazwe sase-Sparta yayibuswa incwadi yezombangazwe enegunya, ilandela isigaba segunya esilandelayo:

Ama-Ephors: laba kwakuyizimantshi eziphakeme ezinhlanu, ezazinikezwe amandla aphelele okuqondisa imithetho nokulawula umyalo wamakhosi.

I-Gerousia: owakhiwa uMkhandlu Wabadala kanye namakhosi amabili abusayo, wonke amalungu awo ayengawezikhulu.

Igama: Kwakuwumhlangano owakhiwa abaseSpartan iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu.

Sengiphetha, akungabazeki ukuthi inhlangano yezombangazwe yamaGreki yabeka isisekelo sezinhlelo eziningi zamanje zikahulumeni emhlabeni.

Nazi ezinye izixhumanisi onentshisekelo kuzo:

Yiba ngowokuqala ukuphawula

Shiya umbono wakho

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