INguquko YamaProthestani: Kuyini? izimbangela, abalingiswa

Funda ngalesi sihloko esithakazelisayo mayelana nokunyakaza kwemibono eyachuma ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha eYurophu, eyaziwa kakhulu Izinguquko ZamaProthestani. Futhi, thola ukuthi obani ababengabalingiswa bayo abakhulu.

Luyini uguquko lwamaProthestani?

INguquko YamaProthestani yayiyinhlangano yezimfundiso zenkolo eyazalelwa eJalimane ekhulwini le-XNUMX, kamuva yasabalala kulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu. Le nhlangano kwakuyizwi lokubhikisha elaphakanyiswa ngokumelene nezisekelo zenkolo yamaKatolika, likhiqiza ukuhlukana phakathi kwemiphakathi embalwa yamaKrestu yamaJalimane.

INguquko YamaProthestani yakhuthazwa izazi zenkolo nezazi zefilosofi ezazigxeka kakhulu indlela iSonto LamaKatolika elaliqondisa ngayo ukholo futhi lichaza izwi likaNkulunkulu emiBhalweni Engcwele. Kulaba bantu abacabangayo, upapa njengegunya lesonto wayephambukisile umbono weqiniso walokho okwakumelwe ubuKristu nesigijimi sikaJesu Kristu.

Izihlakaniphi ezazithuthukisa inhlangano yamaProthestani nazo zazisekelwa iziphathimandla zezombangazwe zaseYurophu njengohlobo oluthile lokusekela. Osopolitiki ababehlose ukukhuthaza ushintsho olukhulu emikhubeni yenkolo yamaKatolika, ikakhulukazi endabeni yokuthi upapa wayefuna kanjani ukumisa uhulumeni wendawo yonke onamandla angokwenkolo.

Inguquko yenkolo yobuProthestani yayingesinye sezehlakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi seRenaissance eYurophu, ngenxa yezinguquko ezibalulekile ezenzeka enkolweni yamaKatolika.

Izimbangela ZeNguquko YamaProthestani

Ekhulwini le-XNUMX, inkolo yamaKatolika neziphathimandla zayo, yayiwulungisile umbono nencazelo yemibhalo engcwele, ngaleyondlela yalahlekelwa isiqondiso seqiniso esasisho ukholo lobuKristu. Lezi zinguquko zingaqondwa kangcono ngokubonisa izimbangela ezabangela ukugxekwa kanjalo nenguquko yobuProthestani; ukuba yizona eziyinhloko:

• Isakhiwo sesonto esishodayo esinokungahleleki okumakiwe.
• Opapa ababengesona isibonelo ngempilo yabo ngokuthatha izikhundla eziphambene nomoya wokuthula womKristu, befuna ukungenela ezingxabanweni zezombangazwe nezindawo ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi. Kulaba bopapa kungashiwo ngoGregory VII noJulius II.
• UPapa Alexander VI waqokwa futhi wagxekwa ngokuphila impilo ehlanganisa kakhulu.
• Ukubukiswa kokunethezeka, amandla nengcebo eboniswa yiBandla lamaKhatholika neziphathimandla zalo. Isimo sengqondo esiphambene nesigijimi sokuthobeka nobulula esafundiswa iNkosi uJesu Kristu.
• Isifiso sokuvelela esangena phakathi kwabefundisi abaphakeme ngokufuna ukuba nesikhundla eVatican. Lolu hlobo lwesifiso sokuvelela yilo olwadala ukuthi ngesinye isikhathi eNkathini Ephakathi kwakukhona opapa abathathu ngesikhathi esisodwa nasezindaweni ezihlukene: eRoma, e-Avignon naseConstantinople.
• Opapa baziphatha njengokungathi bangamakhosi, banezindawo ezingaphansi kokulawula kwabo ukumisa uhlobo lukahulumeni wezwe. Ngaphezu kokuhileleka ezingxabanweni ezihlomile zezifunda ezingomakhelwane, ukusungula imifelandawonye nabanye kanye nobutha nabanye.
• Ibandla lasebenzisa izinto ezinjengokuthengisa izono, izinkathi, izikhalo, ilungelo lokungcweliswa, okweshumi, njll. njengendlela yokugcina izindleko zokuphatha.

Lezi zenzakalo zanda kangangokuthi ukudunyazwa kokuziphatha kwe-Holy See kwaba okungenakunqotshwa. Ukubangela ukuphakama kwezwi lokubhikisha kwenhlangano yemibono eyaziwa ngokuthi iNguquko YamaProthestani.

Ama-Protagonists noma izandulela zeNguquko yamaProthestani

Kwakukhona abalingiswa abaningana abaphakamisa amazwi abo bephikisana nokuhlukunyezwa iSonto LamaKatolika elalikwenza ngesikhathi sekhulu le-XNUMX eYurophu. Lawa mazwi ahamba phambili ayebhekwa njengezandulela zenguquko yobuProthestani ngeNkathi Ephakathi, futhi okungase kubizwe ngakho okulandelayo:

• Inhlangano yamavukela-mbuso yenkolo yama-Albigensian eyaqala ekhulwini leshumi nambili futhi yayibhekwa iSonto LamaKatolika njengembuka. Le nhlangano yacela ngesikhathi sayo ukuguqulwa kwesonto futhi ngokuphendula uPapa Innocent III wamisa inkantolo yokuqulwa kwamacala, njengendlela yokushushisa.
• Isazi semfundiso yenkolo esingumJuda nomshisekeli wenguquko uJohn Wycliffe wesiNgisi odabuka ekhulwini le-XNUMX, ochazwa umlando njengoyise wenhlangano yamaProthestani. Le ndoda yaba ngeyokuqala eyahumushela iBhayibheli olimini lwesiLatini, elaziwa ngokuthi i-Vulgate Bible, futhi izwi layo elikhulu lokukhononda laliwukuchaza upapa njengomphik’ ukristu.
• UJuan Hus, isazi semfundiso yenkolo, umshisekeli wenguquko nesazi sefilosofi saseCzech, kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-1415 nasekuqaleni kwele-XNUMX; ngesikhathi sakhe ubambe isikhundla sokuba ngumphathi weCarolina University yasePrague. Lomanduleli wagwetshwa ukufa esigxotsheni, ngemva kwesigwebo sokuhlubuka esashiwo uMkhandlu waseConstance ngo-XNUMX.

UMartin Luther Protagonist weNguquko eJalimane

UMartin Luther wayeyisazi semfundiso yenkolo nendela engumKatolika edabuka eJalimane, wazalelwa edolobheni lase-Eisleben ngo-1483 futhi wafa ngo-1546. Le monki yohlelo lwamakholwa ase-Augustinian, enguprofesa eNyuvesi yaseWittenberg, yasusa omkhulu umsindo eJalimane. ngo-1517, ngokubhala amaphuzu angu-95 ngokumelene neSonto LamaKatolika.

Kulemibhalo uLuther waqala ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi wakhe njengomshisekeli wenguquko nomProthestani. Ngendlela efanayo, wenza enye yezinguqulo ezingcono kakhulu zeBhayibheli olimini lwesiJalimane, leyo ngosizo lomshini wokunyathelisa eyayingasakazwa ngokushesha futhi yafinyeleleka kubantu abavamile.

Funda kabanzi mayelana nalesi sandulela se-reformist lapha UMartin Luther: Impilo, umsebenzi, imibhalo, ifa, ukufa nokunye. Indoda eyakhuthaza isonto lobuKristu ukuba libuyele endleleni yokuqala yesigijimi salo, kanjalo yaphawula indima eyinhloko emlandweni weNguquko YamaProthestani.

I-Indulgence Controversy

Ngesikhathi uLuther evela emlandweni njengomshisekeli wenguquko nomProthestani, uPapa Leo X wayephethe eSontweni LamaKatolika.Lopapa wayekwenze umgomo wakhe ukuqeda isonto likanokusho likaSaint Peter eRome, elaqala uJulius II eminyakeni edlule. .

ULeo X, efuna ukuxhasa umsebenzi wokwakha, waxoxisana ngezono, edayisela abantu amavoti lawo, ngokukapapa, amelela ukusindiswa ezonweni.

IRoma yagunyaza abefundisi ukuba badayise lezi zenzo zokuxolelwa izono obala ukuze bathole imali, eJalimane leli bhizinisi lalisingathwa ngomyalo wabapristi baseDominican. Lesi senzo sokudayiswa esidlangalaleni kwezincwadi zokuxolelwa izono samcasula indela uLuther nalo lonke uhlelo lwabefundisi baka-Augustinian ayeyingxenye yalo.

Ezimpendulweni, uMartin Luther wazinika umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa nokubhala izihloko ezingama-95 ezazibuza ukudayiswa kwentethelelo kubantu; ebashiya bebethelwe eminyango yaseNyuvesi yaseWittenberg. Kamuva, kwaphakama impikiswano enkulu phakathi kwabameleli ababevuna upapa nalabo ababesekela isikhundla sikaLuther, abababaza:

"Kungcono ukunikeza abampofu izipho kunokunikeza uPapa."

UMartin Luther

Ukulahlwa kukaLuther

Impikiswano eyabangelwa izinkulumo-mpikiswano zikaLuther ezingu-95 zokuthengisa izono yiSonto LamaKatolika, yabangela ukuba upapa asole indela eyisihlubuki yase-Augustinian icala elingokomthetho. Ngemva kokungqubuzana okungaphumelelanga nokhadinali ukuze ahoxise imibono yakhe, uLuther ekugcineni uyazanywa.

Icala laphetha ngokuxoshwa kukaLuther ebandleni futhi walahlwa njengembuka nombaleki ebulungiswa. Impendulo kaLuther yaba ngokushesha, yashisa iNkunzi kaPapa yesigwebo sakhe kanye nenani elikhulu lemibhalo yamaKatolika emnyango weNyuvesi yaseWittenberg.

Izimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu ze Inkolo yamaLuthela

Isikhundla esathathwa nguLuther ngemva kwazo zonke izehlakalo singafingqwa kulawa maphuzu alandelayo enguquko yamaProthestani:

• Ukuhweba noma izinkonzo zenkolo kwakudingeka zenziwe ngolimi lwesifunda ngasinye hhayi ngesiLatini.
• Ikholwa kwakumele libe nesipiliyoni salo kanye nencazelo yalo siqu yemibhalo yeBhayibheli hhayi eyebandla jikelele.
• Imvume yomshado kubefundisi ukuze bazokwakha amakhaya abe yisibonelo emphakathini. Endabeni kaMartin Luther, washada noCatherine waseBora owayeyimfundamakhwela.
• Amathathu kuphela amasakramente amaKatolika avunyelwe: Ubhapathizo, I-Ekaristi, ne-Penance.
• Ayiboni isibalo sikaPapa njengegunya eliphelele nelingenaphutha.
• Inkolo yeNcasakazi nabaNgcwele, kanye nezithombe, iyaqedwa.
• IBandla liyasungulwa lizungezwe ubulula nokuthobeka njengoba kwakunjalo kumKrestu wasendulo, ngokuhambisana nomyalezo kaJesu Kristu.
• Ukuvuma izono okuphoqelekile kwamakholwa akuvunyelwe, ngoba ikholwa likwazi ukuxhumana noNkulunkulu noJesu Kristu njengokuphela komkhulumeli.

Uguquko lwamaProthestani kanye nezingxoxo zeDiets of State

Ezombusazwe zadlala indima yazo ehamba phambili ngesikhathi kuqubuka inhlangano kaMartin Luther yezinguquko ekhulwini le-XNUMX. Ngalokhu, iziphathimandla zombuso zabiza imihlangano yezingxoxo ebizwa ngokuthi izidlo, phakathi kwazo okungashiwo okulandelayo:

Ukudla Kwezikelemu

I-Diet of Worms yayingumhlangano wezingxoxo owabizwa uMbusi waseJalimane uCharles V ngo-January 28, 1521, owaphela ngo-May 25 walowo nyaka. Lokhu kudla kwavela ngenxa yesicelo sikaPapa Leo X kuCharles V ukuba aqede ukuhlubuka kukaMartin Luther.

ULuther uvela futhi uvela phambi komhlangano wezikhulu zoMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma owasungulwa eWorms, eJalimane. Kuyo, indela imela imibono yayo futhi iyenqaba obala ukuhoxa, isho ukuthi ngeke iwukhaphele unembeza wayo.

Ngalo mqondo, iDiet ehlangene eWorms iphetha ngokulahla uLuther nokuyala ukuba abanjwe futhi aboshwe ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kokuyala ukushiswa kwemisebenzi yendela ehlubukayo kanye nokwenqatshelwa kokunyathelisa noma yini ebhalwe nguye.

I-Spire Diet

I-Diet of Speyer kwakuwumhlangano owabizwa uMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma futhi waba ngo-1526 edolobheni laseSpeyer. Inhloso yalo mhlangano kwakuwukuthatha kalula ukuthi inkosana ngayinye yoMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma yayizibusa esinqumweni sokuvumela izimfundiso nezinkolo zobuLuthela embusweni wayo.

Esinye sezinqumo ezivelele zalo mhlangano waseSpeyer wango-1526 sasiwukungavumeli inkolo yamaLuthela ukuba isakazeke ngale kwezindawo lapho kakade zazikhona. Lokhu kwenqatshelwa kwamcasula uLuther, kwabangela ukubhikisha okunobudlova kwabalandeli bakhe, besuka lapho bamukela igama lamaProthestani.

UMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma uphinde wabiza umhlangano eSpeyer ngo-1529 ukuze ugxeke izinqumo ezathathwa ekudleni kwango-1526. Ngaphezu kokuthatha kalula ukwenqatshelwa kwezinguquko zesikhathi esizayo zemvelo yenkolo.

Ukudla kwase-Augsburg 

Edolobheni laseJalimane i-Augsburg, inqwaba yemihlangano yesifunda yayiqhutshwa kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX kuya kwele-XNUMX. Nokho, okwakufaneleka kakhulu yilezo ezenzeka ekhulwini leshumi nesithupha phakathi nokuphakama kwenguquko yamaProthestani kanye nezingxabano zenkolo phakathi kwamaKatolika namaProthestani.

Ilandelayo imihlangano eyayisedolobheni lase-Augsburg ekhulwini le-XNUMX, ngenxa yeNguquko YamaProthestani:

Unyaka we-1530

Lo mhlangano wawunenjongo yokudambisa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamaKatolika namaProthestani; amaLuthela ethula kuwo umqulu obizwa ngokuthi i-Augsburg Confession yango-June 25 walowo nyaka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abameleli bamaKatolika baphikisa amaLuthela ngokuletha incwadi kaPontifical yango-August 3, 1530; Ekugcineni ubuLuthela basabela kumuntu womguquli wenkolo nesazi saseJalimane uPhilip Melanchthon nge-Apology of the Augsburg Confession of 1530.

Iminyaka engu-1547-1548

Lokhu kudla komhlangano kwathola ihlelo lokudla okunamandla noma okunezikhali; ngoba wenziwa ngemva kwempi yaseMühlberg futhi esimweni sokungezwani nebutho elizungezile. Kulo mhlangano kwaphuma isimemezelo sombuso esasifuna ukuqeda ukungqubuzana kwenkolo, sinikeza amaProthestani imvume, kodwa sibeka ubuKatolika kuqala.

Unyaka we-1555

Njengoba umhlangano odlule wabeka ubuKatolika kuqala, izikhulu zoMbuso Ongcwele zivuna amaLuthela, zaqala kabusha izingxabano ezabangela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi iMpi Yezikhulu. Umhlangano omusha noma Ukudla kwenzelwa edolobheni lase-Augsburg ngo-1555, kwaba nemiphumela emihle eyaqeda impi, ngemva kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Peace of Augsburg.

Isivumelwano sokuthula saqaphela inkolo yamaKatolika endala ngokusungula isimiso esithi "inkosi enjalo, inkolo enjalo", lesi simiso sanikeza inkosana ngayinye ukuzimela kokunquma phakathi kwalezi zikhundla ezimbili zenkolo, futhi yavimbela ingxenye yesithathu, njengehlelo lamaCalvinist. Emhlanganweni walo nyaka ezinye izindaba bezilindile kwaze kwaba yiMpi Yeminyaka Engu-30.

Unyaka we-1566

Lo mhlangano wedolobha lase-Augsburg wavumela ukuba kube semthethweni kwezimemezelo zoMkhandlu WaseTrent Wamazwe owawuvuna ubuKatolika eJalimane.

INguquko YamaProthestani kanye neNhlangano YaseSmakalda

I-League of Smakalda noma i-Esmalcalda kwakuyiqembu elakhiwa izikhulu zoMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma ezazivuna noma zivikela inhlangano yamaProthestani. Leli qembu lababusi lavela ekhulwini le-XNUMX ngenjongo yokulwa noMbusi uCharles V, umvikeli othembekile wobuKatolika.

Iligi yaqala ukusungulwa ngu-Felipe I wase-Hesse kanye no-Juan Federico I wase-Saxony, e-Esmalcalda ngo-1531. Kamuva, izindawo ezifana nalezi:

• I-Anhalt.
• Bremen.
• I-Brunswick-Lüneburg.
• eMagdeburg.
• I-Mansfield.
• eStrasbourg.
• Ulm.
• I-France (yahlanganiswa ngo-1532).
• IDenmark (yahlanganiswa ngo-1538).

Nakuba iSchmalkaldic league ingazange icule impi kuCharles V ngokuqondile, yadala umonakalo eSontweni LamaKatolika. Njengoba benza ukuxoshwa kwabaBhishobhi bamaKatolika, kanye nokuthathwa komhlaba.

Izenzo ezinjalo zezikhulu zamaLuthela zaphumela ekubeni uMbusi uCharles V angqubuzane neNhlangano YamaProthestani. Le mpi yombango phakathi kwamaKatolika namaProthestani yaba nengxenye:

• Izinkulungwane eziyi-16 zamaJalimane namaDashi.
• Izinkulungwane eziyi-10 zamaNtaliyane, ezivuna ubuKatolika
• Abantu baseSpain abayizinkulungwane eziyi-8, bevuna ubuKatolika.

Ukuthula kwe-Augsburg

Ngo-1555 uMbusi uCharles V wenqaba ngokusayina isivumelwano sokuthula, asithatha njenge "Peace of Augsburg". Lesi sivumelwano sasayinwa izikhulu ezazivikela inhlangano yamaProthestani yamaLuthela kanye noMbusi uCharles V.

Isivumelwano Sokuthula sase-Augsburg sathatha kalula lezi zimo ezilandelayo ezilinganayo kuzo zombili izinkolo:

• Yamukela inkululeko yokukhulekela okungokwenkolo kuzo zonke izifunda zoMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma.
• Qaphela i-secularizations eseyenziwe kakade.
• Vimbela ukushintshwa kwezwe okusha.
• Ukusungula ukulamula okuyimpoqo ukuze kuxazululwe izingxabano zesikhathi esizayo phakathi kwamaKhatholika namaLuthela.

Esigabeni sezimfundiso sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nathi ngokufunda lesi sihloko: Izimpi Zenkolo: izizathu, imiphumela nokunye okuningi. Okwakuwukuhlasela kwezempi okungokwenkolo okwakhuthazwa iSonto LamaKatolika phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi.

Ngaphezu kokufunda ngesihloko esibalulekile nesibalulekile se Itshe le-angular: Kwenzenjani? incazelo nokunye okuningi. Ngoba imibhalo engcwele yeBhayibheli ichaza uJesu Kristu njengetshe legumbi lesakhiwo.

Lokho kusho ukuthi iNkosi yethu uJesu iyisisekelo okwakhiwe kuso ibandla likaKristu, ibandla lamaKrestu.