Kunezinganekwane eziningi nezinsumansumane ezikhona emasikweni aseMexico, futhi cishe enye edume kakhulu yi Inganekwane kaQuetzalcoatl, inyoka enezimpaphe. Futhi kungale ncwadi lapho sizokuyisa khona ukuze ufunde ngaleyo nganekwane nolunye ulwazi oluthakazelisayo ngalo nkulunkulu wasendulo waseMexico.
Inganekwane kaQuetzalcoatl: Umsuka
I-Quetzalcóatl (ebizwa ngokuthi i-Quet-zal-có-at) kwakuyinguquko yama-Aztec yeNyoka Enezimpiko eyayigcwele izinganekwane zaseMesoamerican. Nakuba avela njengonkulunkulu wezitshalo, indima kaQuetzalcoatl ezindabeni zama-Aztec yanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngakho lapho amaSpanishi efika eZweni Elisha, uQuetzalcoatl wayebhekwa njengonkulunkulu womoya, umvikeli wabapristi nomsunguli wamakhalenda nezincwadi. Kwakubuye kusetshenziswe ngezikhathi ezithile njengophawu lokufa nokuvuka.
Igama likaQuetzalcoatl elihunyushwa ngokuthi "inyoka enezimpaphe", lisuselwa kumagama esiNahuatl enyoni ye-quetzal kanye "nejazi", elifanekisela inyoka. Ngokungafani nonkulunkulu abasha bama-Aztec pantheon, uQuetzalcoatl wabelana ngamagama akhe nonkulunkulu bezinyoka ezinezimpiko zamaK'iche Maya namaYucatec Maya.
Igama likankulunkulu wamaMaya K'iche I-Gucumatz isho ukuthi "Inyoka yaseQuetzal," kuyilapho unkulunkulu wamaMayan aseYucatec uKukulkan ehumushela kokuthi "Inyoka Enezimpiko." Lo nkulunkulu wayaziwa nangokuthi Ehecatl, by Huasteca of the Gulf Coast.
Izethulo
Unkulunkulu Wenyoka Enezimpiko ovamile engxenyeni enkulu yeMelika Ephakathi waqala ukubonakala ezithombeni, ezifanekisweni, naseziqoshweni kusukela ngo-100 BC. Le mifanekiso yayihlanganisa negobolondo lekhonsathi, elaliwuphawu lomoya. Kusukela ngo-1200 AD indlela iQuetzalcoatl eyayimelwe ngayo yaqala ukushintsha. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, wayevame ukuvezwa njengendoda egqoke isigqoko esiqinile, i-conch shell pectoral brooch, ubucwebe begobolondo, kanye nemaski yobuso enebhilidi ebomvu.
Isibopho somndeni
Unkulunkulu uQuetzalcóatl wayeyindodana yesithathu kankulunkulu ombaxambili u-Ometéotl (Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl). Abafowabo abadala kwakunguXipe Tótec noTezcatlipoca, kanti umfowabo omncane kwakunguHuitzilopochtli. Ezinye izinganekwane zazithi uQuetzalcóatl wayeyindodana kankulunkulukazi uChimalma. Nakuba lezi zindaba zihlukahluka, abanye bathi u-Mixcoatl (unkulunkulu wokuzingela wama-Aztec) wakhulelisa unkulunkulukazi uChimalma ngokudubula umcibisholo womnsalo wakhe.
Kule nganekwane, uMxcóatl udubule u-Chimalma ngokwenqaba iseluleko sakhe. Nokho, uChimalma wathatha imicibisholo esandleni sakhe, okuyiyona ndlela athola ngayo igama lakhe (okusho ukuthi "Isandla Sesihlangu"). Kamuva uChimalma washada noMiccóatl, kodwa bobabili abakwazanga ukukhulelwa. Ngemva kokuthandaza e-altare likaQuetzalcóatl nokugwinya itshe eliyigugu (isimaragidu noma i-jade, kuye ngokuthi inguqulo yendaba ithini), uChimalma wakhulelwa uTopiltzin-Quetzalcóatl, owayezoba umsunguli wohlu lwamakhosi olwaluyohlala kuze kube ngo-1070 AD.
inganekwane ye I-Quetzalcoatl
Indima kaQuetzalcoatl ku-Mexica noma i-Aztec cosmology yayiyinkimbinkimbi futhi inezici eziningi. Nakuba ayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokudala isintu nokubanikeza izitshalo zabo eziyisisekelo, kwakungumfowabo uTezcatlipoca owagcina ephethe inkathi yesimanje. Njengabanye ontanga yakhe, indima kaQuetzalcoatl iye yabuyekezwa kuwo wonke umlando futhi yashintshwa ukuze ivumelane kangcono nemizwelo yababhali besikhathi samanje baseSpain, ababezama ukuqonda indlela ehluke ngokuphelele yokucabanga.
Ngakho uQuetzalcoatl ngezinye izikhathi wayevezwa njengonkulunkulu oyiqili, futhi nakuba amacebo akhe engasebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi njengoba ayelindelekile, ayehlale ezuzisa isintu.
Ukudalwa komhlaba
Njengenye yamadodana amane onkulunkulu abadali bama-Aztec u-Ometecuhtli no-Omecíhuatl, uQuetzalcoatl wadlala indima ebalulekile ekudalweni kwendawo yonke. Ngemva kokuzalwa kwakhe, yena nomndeni wakhe balinda iminyaka engu-600 umfowabo omncane u-Huitzilopochtli (owazalelwa ngaphandle kwenyama) ukuba abahlanganyele ohlelweni lokwakhiwa kwendawo yonke.
I-Quetzalcoatl kanye ne-Huitzilopochtli noma i-Tezcatlipoca (ngokusho kwenganekwane) yibo ababenomthwalo wemfanelo ekudaleni indawo yonke. Ngemva kokudala umlilo, benza ilanga elincane futhi bazala indoda nowesifazane bokuqala. Ezinguqulweni eziningi zezinganekwane zikaQuetzalcoatl, wasebenza ngokumelene nomfowabo uTezcatlipoca. Lo mbango wawuyindikimba ephindaphindayo ezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec, inyoka endizayo (Quetzalcoatl) yayivame ukuqhudelana ne-jaguar emnyama (Tezcatlipoca).
Umdlalo ngamunye uqede inkathi eyodwa kwezine zomlando wama-Aztec, wagcina ngokuthi i-Tezcatlipoca ilawule iminyaka yesihlanu (neyamanje). Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi uQuetzalcoatl anganqoba umfowabo futhi futhi aphinde athole amandla. Lokhu kungenzeka kwakuyoba nokubaluleka kwezinganekwane lapho abanqobi baseSpain befika ekhulwini le-XNUMX.
Ukweba amathambo endaweni engaphansi komhlaba
Unkulunkulu uQuetzalcóatl waba nendima ebalulekile ekudaleni abantu ababezogcwalisa inkathi yesihlanu. Ukuze enze lokhu, ngokwenganekwane kaQuetzalcóatl, kwadingeka anyonyobe aye endaweni engaphansi yaseMictlan futhi akhohlise uMictlantecuhtli noMictecacihuatl (INkosi Nenkosikazi Yokufa); ukuze bamnike amathambo abawaqaphayo.
I-Mictlantecuhtli izonika u-Quetzalcoatl amathambo kuphela uma ekwazi ukudala umsindo ngokuphephezela kugobolondo le-conch elingenazimbobo. I-Quetzalcoatl ikwazile ukuqeda le nselelo ngamasu akhaliphile. Wenza izikelemu zabhoboza imbobo ekhoneni wabe esegcwalisa igobolondo ngezinyosi. Izenzo zikaQuetzalcoatl ziphumelele ukukhohlisa uMictlantecuhtli ukuthi amnike amathambo, kodwa lokhu akwanele kuQuetzalcoatl. Emzamweni wokuqhubeka nokukhohlisa uMictlantecuhtli, uQuetzalcoatl wamtshela ukuthi uzohamba eMictlan ngaphandle kwamathambo.
Nokho, ngaphambi kokuba uQuetzalcóatl abaleke eMictlan, uMictlanecuhtli wathola inkohliso yakhe. Kwavela umthombo ojulile phambi kukaQuetzalcatl, owawumvimbela ukuba abaleke. Ewela emthonjeni, uQuetzalcoatl waquleka futhi waxuba amathambo ayewaphethe. Ngemva kokuphunyuka ekugcineni, u-Quetzalcoatl wahlanganisa amathambo manje ashayeke kancane negazi lakhe nommbila ukuze akhe abantu bokuqala beminyaka yesihlanu. Ama-Aztec asebenzisa lo mfanekiso ukuze achaze ukuthi kungani abantu beza ezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukene.
Ukutholakala kommbila
Ngokwale nganekwane kaQuetzalcoatl, abantu base-Aztec ekuqaleni babekwazi ukufinyelela izimpande kanye nomdlalo. Ngaleso sikhathi, ummbila wawungaphesheya kwezintaba ezazizungeza izwe lama-Aztec. Abanye onkulunkulu base bezamile kakade ukubuyisela ummbila ngokususa izintaba, kodwa yonke imizamo yabo ayizange iphumelele.
Lapho abanye babeye bafinyelela khona le nkinga ngamandla abo anonya, uQuetzalcoatl wakhetha ukuthembela emqondweni wakhe okhaliphile wabe esephenduka intuthwane emnyama, lapho alandela khona ezinye izintuthwane ezintabeni. Ngemva kohambo olude nolunzima, uQuetzalcoatl wafinyelela ummbila futhi wabuyisela okusanhlamvu kubantu base-Aztec.
Ezinye izinguqulo zezinganekwane zabonisa uQuetzalcoatl ethola intaba enkulu yembewu ayengakwazi ukuzihambela yedwa. Kunalokho, wacela usizo lukaNanahuatzin, owacekela phansi intaba ngombani. Njengoba imbewu idaluliwe, i-Tlaloc, unkulunkulu wemvula ovame ukuhlotshaniswa noQuetzalcoatl, waqhubeka eyihlwitha futhi wayisakaza ezweni lonke.
Ukuwa kweTopiltzin-Quetzalcoatl
Umbusi u-Topiltzin-Quetzalcóatl (owaziwa nangokuthi «uunkulunkulu wethu ohloniphekile akahlali emhlangeni») wayedume ngokubusa kwakhe ngokuhlakanipha. Ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe, inhloko-dolobha yaseTula yachuma ngendlela emangalisayo. UTopiltzin-Quetzalcóatl walondoloza ukuhleleka kuzo zonke izindawo ayezibusa futhi wakugwema ngisho nomkhuba wokwenza imihlatshelo ngabantu.
Nakuba abaningi babejabule ngokubusa kukaQuetzalcoatl, imbangi yakhe uTezcatlipoca yayingekho futhi yenza uzungu lokumehlisa. Ngobunye ubusuku, uTezcatlipoca wageza iTopilitzin-Quetzalcóatl nge-pulque (utshwala obenziwa nge-agave); emva kwalokho, umbusi odakiwe walala nodadewabo ongumpristikazi ongashadile. Enamahloni ngalokho ayekwenzile, uTopilitzin-Quetzalcóatl wasuka eTula walibangisa olwandle.
Akwaziwa ukuthi kwenzekani ngokulandelayo. Ezinye izinguqulo zazithi uQuetzalcoatl waya empumalanga, ngakho lapho efika ogwini wagibela isihlenga sezinyoka wahamba wayoshona ekushoneni kwelanga lapho afike wazishisa khona; abanye bathi wachitha izinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili endaweni engaphansi ngaphambi kokuvela kabusha njengeVenus noma inkanyezi yokusa.
Kodwa enye inguqulo yale nganekwane yayinoQuetzalcoatl ehlukanisa ulwandle futhi ehola abalandeli bakhe ohambweni oluwela phansi olwandle. Ukubonakaliswa okusobala kwale nguqulo yendaba kaMose cishe kwakuwumkhiqizo wethonya lakamuva laseSpain.
Ukubonakala kukaCortés: ukubuya kwesibili kukaQuetzalcóatl?
Ama-Aztec ayekholelwa ukuthi uTezcatlipoca wabusa kusukela enkathini yesihlanu, futhi nakuba ayecabanga ukuthi ilanga lesihlanu laliyilanga lokugcina, kwakungesona isiphetho esabikezelwa ukuthi uTezcatlipoca wayeyohlala ephethe. Nokho, uma uQuetzalcoatl engabuya, bebeyomazi kanjani? Lo mbuzo cishe wawusemqondweni woMbusi uMoctezuma II lapho ethola izindaba ngo-1519 zokuthi kufike abaseSpain bevela ogwini olusempumalanga.
Ukubuya kukaTopiltzin-Quetzalcoatl, owayesuke empumalanga ngolwandle, ngokuqinisekile kwabonakala kuyinto engenzeka ezikhulwini zama-Aztec njengoba zazicabangela ukufika kwalaba basolwandle abasha. I-Moctezuma yathumela isipho sokudla kanye nezingubo zomkhosi zonkulunkulu abane (omunye wabo okwakungekaQuetzalcoatl) kwabasanda kufika, mhlawumbe ukuze banqume izinhloso zabo zangempela.
Kungenzeka ukuthi uCortés wayebonakala eyingxenye kankulunkulu, egqoke izigqoko zokuzivikela eziwugwadule zangaleso sikhathi futhi efika ngezikebhe zikaseyili eziqhutshwa umoya, kodwa izenzo zakhe ngokushesha zembula ukuthi wayengeyena uQuetzalcoatl oziphethe kahle. Ekugcineni, inganekwane yokuthi uMontezuma nama-Aztec bakholelwa ukuthi uCortés unguQuetzalcoatl yayiwukuthi: inganekwane eguqulelwe kabusha yaba "iqiniso" lomlando ngababhali baseSpain.
Kungenzeka ukuthi laba babhali abayiqondanga inkulumo kaMoctezuma ayinikeza uCortés, noma bavele bakha lo mbono ngoba uhambisana nalokho ababekulindele emlandweni. Umphostoli ozulazulayo uQuetzalcoatl wahlala engumuntu onamandla ngemva kokuba abaseSpain benqobe iZwe Elisha.
UFrar Diego de Durán wasikisela ukuthi uQuetzalcóatl kungenzeka ukuthi wayengumphostoli uThomas oNgcwele. Lo santa wayewushiyile uMbuso WaseRoma ngemva kokufa kukaKristu, futhi uDurán wayekholelwa ukuthi uhambo lwakhe lwasolwandle lwalungase luchaze izici zenkolo yama-Aztec ezazibonisa ubuKristu. Lesi sixhumanisi esiya eYurophu samukelwa abashisekeli bobuzwe baseMexico bangekhulu le-XNUMX ngoba kwakusho ukuthi amasiko abo angaphambi kwethonya laseSpain.
Quetzalcoatl kanye Venus
Ukuguqulwa kukaQuetzalcoatl abe yiVenus kubonakala kuyisici esiyinhloko kuma-akhawunti ahlukene amxhumanisa nombusi odumile waseTula. UTopiltzin-Quetzalcóatl waxoshwa emzini imbangi yakhe enkulu, uTezcatlipoca (“isibuko sikagwayi”), futhi waphoqeleka ukuba aye empumalanga olwandle, lapho aba khona inkanyezi yokusa.
Kwezinye izindaba, inhliziyo yakhe yathathwa yayiswa ezulwini ukuze ibe yinkanyezi yokusa neyakusihlwa, kodwa ngokuvamile ishintsha ibe inkanyezi yokusa. Emibhalweni ye-Annals of Cuauhtitlán Chimalpopoca Codex, kuthiwa uQuetzalcoatl washa lapho efika olwandle futhi inhliziyo yakhe yaphakama yaya ezulwini njengenkanyezi yokusa.
Ngaphambi kokuvela njengenkanyezi yasekuseni, u-Quetzalcoatl wehlela endaweni engaphansi kwezinsuku ezingu-8, evusa isixhumanisi senani elimaphakathi lezinsuku iVenus engabonakali kunyunyana ephansi. Abanye abacwaningi kula masiko baveza ukuthi le nganekwane ibonisa ukuthi uQuetzalcoatl wadlala indima yenkanyezi yakusihlwa, kodwa futhi uthola ubufakazi bokuzihlanganisa nenkanyezi yokusa, njengakuCodex-Telleriano Remensis.
Ngenkathi ukulandisa kweVenus kuCodex Borgia kusikisela ukuthi iQuetzalcoatl imele iVenus phakathi nayo yonke inkathi ye-orbital.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko esimayelana nenganekwane ye-Quetzalcóatl sithakazelisayo, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye izixhumanisi ezizokuthakazelisa ngokuqinisekile: