Inganekwane yama-Amazons, abesifazane abanamandla amakhulu nokunye

Ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki, kunezigidi zezindaba ezimangalisayo ezinezinhlamvu ezinekhono ngokwedlulele. Ama-Amazons akha umbuthano ovaliwe wabesifazane ababelwela ukuvikela amazwe abo, ngokungafani nezinye izinganekwane, lokhu kungaba ngokoqobo. Sikumema ukuthi ufunde lesi sihloko mayelana inganekwane yama-amazons, ukuze ufunde konke odinga ukukwazi ngabo kanye nomthelela wabo esikweni.

IZINGANEKWANE ZASE-AMAZON

Ake sikhulume ngenganekwane yama-Amazons

Ngokwezinganekwane zasendulo, ikakhulukazi isiGreki, ama-Amazons ayewumphakathi, owakhiwe amaqhawe wesifazane kuphela, kusukela kusiGreki sasendulo: ᾽Αμαζόνες, singamunye Ἀμαζών [Amazōn]. Laba besifazane babephawuleka ngobuhle babo nekhono lokulwa.

Babephatha izikhali ezahlukene futhi baqeqeshwa kusukela besebancane. Esikweni lamaGreki, ama-Amazons ayengenye yezitha zamaGreki. Ngamanye amazwi, izinganekwane eziningi ezikhona zichaza ukuthi ama-Amazons ahlala elwa namaqhawe amaGreki ahlukene, okwenza abukeke njengabalingiswa ababi.

Naphezu kwalokhu, kutholakale ukuthi bekungenjalo. Ama-Amazons ayeyibutho elalinomsebenzi owodwa, ukuvikela abantu bawo. Esinye sezici ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu zama-Amazons, kwaba ukudalwa komphakathi wabo wesifazane, kwabaningi, lo mqondo wawuhlaba umxhwele.

Inganekwane yama-Amazons esikweni elibhaliwe

Isazi-mlando esingumGreki uHerodotus, esasisendaweni lapho leli dolobha laliseduze nesifunda somngcele neScythia eSarmatia, nakuba, ngemva kwalokho, zazitholakala e-Asia Minor. Iqiniso lama-Amazons liyadida impela, ngokungafani nezinye izinganekwane zakudala, ubukhona bama-Amazons bubuzwa.

IZINGANEKWANE ZASE-AMAZON

Nakuba ngokuvamile sazi izinganekwane nezinsumansumane njengezindaba eziqanjiwe ezizalwa emcabangweni womuntu, inganekwane yama-Amazon inobufakazi bangempela. Emathafeni ase-Eurasian, kwakukhona izizwe eziningana ezabhala ukuthi abesifazane babeyingxenye yebutho ngisho. Babephethe ukuvikela indawo ababekuyo uma amadoda esempini.

Ngenxa yokutholwa kwemivubukulo eminingi, amathuna alaba bafiki atholakele. Sikumema ukuthi ufunde ezinye izihloko ezifana nalesi kubhulogi yethu, sincoma ukuthi ufunde Izinganekwane nezinsumansumane.

Izinganekwane zamaGreki kanye nenganekwane yama-Amazons

Kunezinganekwane ezihlukahlukene mayelana nama-Amazons, zihluka kancane ezindabeni esizazi namuhla ezivela emhlabeni wobuciko. Ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki, ama-Amazons awumkhiqizo wokuhlangana kukankulunkulu wempi u-Ares kanye nenymph ebizwa ngokuthi i-Harmonia.

Ngaphansi kwalowo mbono, amaGreki ayekholelwa ukuthi ama-Amazon ahlala eTerma, Isifunda SasoLwandle Olufile eTurkey. Idolobha lakhe, laliseduze nogu lolwandle, le ndawo yayibizwa ngokuthi iPonto Eucino. Babenombuso wobukhosi, kwaboniswa ukuthi indlovukazi yama-Amazons kwakunguHippolyta, abantu. Eqinisweni, yayakhiwe ukuhlangana kwamadolobha amaningana, okuhlanganisa iSmirna, i-Efesu, iSinope nePafo.

Umbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi u-Aeschylus wachaza ukuthi ama-Amazon ayehlala eScythia kodwa ngokuhamba kweminyaka, aba yiqembu elihambahambayo elagcina lizinze eThemyscyra. UHerodotus wababiza Ama-Andochtones, empeleni okwakusho ababulali besilisa. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi umphakathi wabo wawubunjwe yibo bonke abantu besifazane futhi kuthiwa bayawazonda amadoda, ngakho babelwa nawo njalo.

Homer kanye nenganekwane yama-Amazons

Kwaze kwaba yilapho elithi Iliad kaHomer libe khona lapho anti intukuthelo (labo abalwa njengamadoda) okuyisibonelo sokuthi ama-Amazon aqeqeshwa kusukela ebusheni ukuba alwe ezimpini. Okusho ukuthi, njengamasosha, isikhundla, ngokusho kwamaGreki, ngokwesiko samadoda.

Kubantu abaningi, ubukhona bama-Amazons bubuzwa ngeqiniso elilula lokuthi bawumphakathi owakhiwe ngabesifazane. Nokho, yayingekho indlela yokukhiqiza, izinganekwane ezihlukahlukene zichaza ukuthi nakuba amadoda ayengavunyelwe ukungena kulowo muzi. Ama-Amazons ahamba amakhilomitha ambalwa ukuya e-Gargaros, lapho aba nobuhlobo bobulili ukuze alondoloze uhlanga lwawo.

Uma ufuna ukufunda izindatshana eziningi ezinjengalezi, sincoma ukuthi ufunde Inganekwane ye-Mermaids esigabeni sethu sezinganekwane nezinsumansumane.

IZINGANEKWANE ZASE-AMAZON

Ama-Amazon awazange ahlale kulesi sizwe, uma ekhulelwe, abuyela edolobheni lawo. Izingane zesilisa zala maqhawe zazineziphetho ezihlukahlukene ezimbi, zazingase zithunyelwe koyise, zilahlwe isiphetho sazo noma ziphuphuthekiswe futhi zicwiywe izitho zomzimba ukuze zikhonze njengezinceku. Ama-Amazons agcina amantombazane akhuliswa ngabazali bawo, imfundo yawo yayisekelwe ebucikweni bempi, umsebenzi wezandla, ukuzingela nokulwa.

Amaqhawe amaGreki vs inganekwane yama-amazons

Ngaphakathi kwezinganekwane zamaGreki ezaziwa kakhulu zama-Amazons, sithola ukuthi amaqhawe u-Heracles, Bellerophon kanye no-Achilles aba nokuhlangana okuthile lapho kwadingeka abhekane nama-Amazons. Ngisho nonkulunkulu uDionysus wayehileleke kwezinye zalezi zenzakalo. UHeracles, ikakhulukazi, wazithola ehileleke kokunye kwezenzakalo ezinkulu zenkathi yamaGreki.

Wathunywa ukuba afune futhi antshontshe ibhande lendlovukazi yase-Amazon u-Hippolyta, lo msebenzi waqokwa ngu-Eurystheus. Ukuze enze lo msebenzi, wacela usizo kumngane wakhe uTheseus, ogcina ngokuthumba uPrincess Antiope, udadewabo kaHippolyta. Lokhu kuthunjwa kunomphumela omubi, njengoba kwadedela ukuhlasela kwe-Attica ukuziphindiselela ngalokho okwakwenziwe u-Theseus.

Kunezinguqulo ezahlukene zalokho okwenzeka ngokulandelayo, njengoba abanye bechaza ukuthi u-Theseus ugcina eshade no-Hippolyta ngokusiza u-Heracles. Ngenkathi abanye beqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu akwenzeki futhi u-Antiope, umkakhe, washona ngesikhathi sokuhlasela. AmaGreki ayekholelwa ngokwethembeka ukuthi ama-Amazon ayenecala futhi ayewuphawu lweshwa.

IZINGANEKWANE ZASE-AMAZON

AmaGreki nokuzonda kwawo ama-Amazons

Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi namuhla siyawazisa umlando wama-Amazon ngalokho abayikho, amaqhawe anesibindi avikela amandla awo, inzondo yamaGreki kulaba besifazane isobala kakhulu kuzo zonke izinganekwane ezaxoxwa kuwo wonke umlando.

Ama-Amazons ayebhekwa njengesitha noma ngisho, uma indaba yayingenzima kangako, ayebhekwa njengohlobo oluthile lomphikisi. Abazange bafune ngokukhethekileyo ukubhekana namaGreki kodwa uma kwenzeka kwenzeka, babekulungele ukuwabulala. Izinganekwane zamaGreki ziqokomisa izindaba ezimbalwa lapho kwakukhona ukuhlasela kwezempi okuholwa ngokuphelele ama-Amazons.

Izimfanelo ze-Amazon

Babenolwazi oluphezulu ngobuciko bempi, bephatha izikhali eziningi futhi benobuhlakani obunomona. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, naphezu kwenzondo efihlekile yamaGreki ngama-Amazons, agcizelela kakhulu ubuhle bawo. Emide, eqinile, enesikhumba esimhlophe nezinwele ezimnyama, ama-Amazons ayephelele. Okuwukuphela kwephutha lakhe kwakuwukoma kwakhe izingxabano, isidingo sakhe sokulwa saletha inkinga kubantu baseGreece ababejwayelene ne-pacifism.

Ezikhathini eziningi, kuthiwa ama-Amazon ayenobuhlobo nonkulunkulukazi u-Arthemisi, lokhu kubangelwa kakhulu ukuthi ayemkhulekela kunangenxa yokuthi wayenokuthile endalweni yakhe. Amaqhawe acela isivikelo sikankulunkulukazi, njengoba ayengunkulunkulukazi wokuzingela, ama-Amazons azizwa esondelene naye.

amazons adumile

Uma sikhuluma ngama-Amazons, sibhekisela ngokuphelele kubantu abakha lo mphakathi, nokho, kwakukhona ama-Amazon amaningana adumile emlandweni. Izinganekwane zilandisa izindaba zabo futhi bakwazi ukuqhubeka bephila phakathi neminyaka.

IPentesilea

Phakathi kwama-Amazons adumile singathola iPenthesilea, iqhawe elesabekayo elaziwa ngokubamba iqhaza eMpini YeThrojani, livikela idolobha ngesibindi esikhulu. Izinganekwane zezimpi zabo zazinomona yiwo wonke amaqhawe emhlabeni wonke, ngeshwa, uPenthesilea wabhekana nesiphetho esinonya, njengoba abulawa ngu-Achilles.

Hippolyta

Esinye isibonelo esingasithola uHippolyta, indlovukazi yama-Amazons. U-Hippolyta wayengudadewabo kaPenthesilea futhi wayaziwa ngokufaka ibhande eliwumlingo elalimnikeza ithuba lokudlula amanye amaqhawe. Leli qhawe lalwa nabalingiswa abahlukahlukene abavela ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki, kusukela eBellerophon, owayephethe uPegasus, waya kuHercules, owazama ukweba ibhande lakhe lomlingo.

U-Hippolyta ufela ezandleni zikaHercules lapho bebhekene empini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinakho ukuthi njengabantu, ama-Amazons nawo alwa ezimpini ezihlaba umxhwele, owaziwa kakhulu nguye owahola ngokumelene ne-Athens, le mpi yayiyimpindiselo, inkosi uTheseus wayethumbe inkosazana u-Antiope, udadewabo kaHippolyta, ama-Amazons athweswe icala edolobheni elingalindelekile.

Ungafunda izindatshana zangempela ezinjengalezi kubhulogi lethu, sikumema ukuthi ufunde Izinganekwane nezinsumansumane zaseMexico esigabeni sezinganekwane nezinsumansumane

ihlelo lobuqhawe

Nakuba ngaleso sikhathi, ayebhekwa njengezidalwa ezimbi, ama-Amazon ayehlonishwa ngemva kokunyamalala kwawo. Ngokwemithombo ehlukahlukene yasendulo, amathuna ala maqhawe wesifazane ayengatholakala kalula kulo lonke izwe elaziwa ngokuthi amaGreki.

Eziningi zazo zatholakala eMegara, Athens, Chaeronea, Calsis, Scotusa naseCynoscephalae. Ngemva kokunyamalala noma ukushabalala kohlanga lwabo, kwaphakanyiswa izithombe eziningana ukuze kukhokhelwe ukukhulekela kobuqhawe kulaba besifazane kulo lonke elaseGreece.

Kokubili eChalcis nase-Athene, kwakunezindawo ezibizwa amazonum, okwakungamathempeli lapho kwakwakhiwa futhi kwakhulekelwa khona i-altare lama-Amazon. Izintombi zangaleso sikhathi zenze imicikilisho lapho zazisina zihlome ngezikhali ezehlukene embuthanweni. Lo mdanso wawudalwe u-Hipólita nodadewabo.

Ama-Amazons kwezobuciko

Ngokwesiko lethu lesimanje, kulula kakhulu ukuthola izinkomba zobuciko zama-Amazons, ikakhulukazi kumabonakude nasemamuvi. Kodwa-ke, lawa masampula obuciko azalwa ngobuciko besiGreki benkathi yama-archaic. Izincwadi eziningi zangaleso sikhathi zazimelela izinganekwane nezinsumansumane zamaGreki.

Ngemisebenzi yobuciko, ungabona ukuthi ukulwa phakathi kwama-Amazons namaGreki kwahlala kanjani, okungukuthi, nakuba ayependwe njengezitha. Okungenani, isikhathi esithile, kwagcizelelwa kabanzi ukuthi ayenamandla noma anekhono ukwedlula amaqhawe angamaGreki ngokwawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvela kobuciko kwabonisa isango lokukholelwa ukuthi ama-Amazons akhona. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi baguqulwa babonakala bengabantu ngaphezu kwezinganekwane ezishiwo, okubenza basondelane nomuntu ovamile.

Indawo yama-Amazons kumamnyuziyamu amanje

Ukusesha okuncane kwemiboniso yobuciko ekhona kubonisa ukuthi ama-Amazons aboniswa kanjani ngezici zawo eziyinhloko nezici, kwakungekho ukucabanga okuningi. Bephethe isimo sobuqhawe, baboniswa ngezikhali ezihlukahlukene zokuzingela nempi, beveza indlela ababenamandla ngayo abesifazane.

Ama-Amazon ayekhulekela u-Arthemisi, unkulunkulukazi wokuzingela, ngakho isithombe sawo sashintsha kancane ukuze sisondele esifanekisweni esasivele sikhona sikankulunkulukazi. Ngengubo enhle eyayinanyathiselwe engxenyeni engenhla yomzimba, ama-Amazons alahlekelwa ingcosana yaleyo ngqikithi yobudoda eyayiwabonakala kakhulu.

Njengamanje, eBritish Museum, kunombukiso wezobuciko, lapho kuboniswa khona imidwebo evela kufrieze yethempeli lika-Apollo eBasas nezinye izinto zangaleso sikhathi, lapho kuboniswa khona kokubili isithombe sika-artemis nomfanekiso wama-Amazons.

Ungafunda izihloko eziningi ezinjengalezi kubhulogi yethu, sincoma ukuthi ufunde Inganekwane yePersephone esigabeni sezinganekwane nezinsumansumane.

Zithini izazi-mlando ngamaqhawe?

Ngokuvamile, izazi-mlando zesiko lamaGreki noma lesiLatini zamukela ukuba khona kwama-Amazons futhi zawafaka ezindabeni zawo eziningi.

UHerodotus waba isazi-mlando sokuqala esazinikela ekukhulumeni nasekuchazeni amaqhawe, lokhu wakwenza encwadini yakhe ethi Histories. Lapho uchaza umlando wama-Amazon ngendlela ehlukile kunaleyo esiyaziyo namuhla. Kuyo wachaza ukuthi kwakuyiqembu lababaleki elazama ukuwela iChibi iMeotida futhi kamuva lakwazi ukufika eScythia, lenza le ndawo ikhaya labo.

I-Sticia kwakuyisifunda esaziwa ngamawa, okwavumela leli qembu labesifazane elihambahambayo ukuba lizihlukanise neminye imiphakathi. Bamukela ukuphila okuzinikezele ekuzingeleni, ekudobeni nasekuphangeni, idolobha lase-Esticia lalingenamuntu, empeleni, kwakukhona izakhamuzi eziningana ezazingakwazi ukumelana nokuhlasela okuqhubekayo.

Okuningi ngo-Herodotus kanye nenganekwane yase-Amazon

Ama-Amazons avuma ukushada nezinsizwa zedolobha, inqobo nje uma zikwazi ukulondoloza impilo yazo ngendlela efanayo. Ngokuzihlanganisa nomphakathi, inani lamaqhawe lakhula, amasiko awo afundiswa inzalo yawo futhi kancane kancane, lelo qembu lemihambima laba yilokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi ama-Amazon. UHerodotus waveza izizathu ezilandelayo zokuthi ama-Amazons agcine amasiko nempilo yawo:

“Kithina (ama-Amazon) akwenzeki ukuthi sihlale phakathi kwabesifazane babo, bakhuliswe ngendlela esingayiqondi, kuyilapho befundiswa imisebenzi yasekhaya, ukunakekela umndeni ngisho nobumsulwa nokuziphatha, thina basifundisa ukuthi sizingela ukudla kwethu, ukusebenzisa izikhali, ukuvikela abangenacala, nokugibela amahhashi. Amakhono abanawo asiwanaki kanye nesikwenzayo, bacabanga ukuthi kuyahlanya "

Okuningi kwezinganekwane zase-Amazon kanye nezazi-mlando zasendulo

Incazelo kaHerodotus iphetha lapho echaza ukuthi leli qembu eliyingxubevange (amaqhawe ahambahamba nentsha yasemaphandleni) lihlala ngaphesheya kancane koMfula iTanais, endaweni manje eyaziwa ngokuthi uMfula iDon. Inzalo yabo kwakungamaSarmatians, alwa namaSkithe, empeleni ayeyizihlobo zawo ezikude, ngokumelene nenkosi yasePheresiya uDariyu I ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC uHerodotus wachaza ama-Amazons ngokoqobo ngokuthi:

“Abesifazane abahle ababengenalo ibele langakwesokudla, njengoba lalikhishwa isifuba besebancane. Omama babeka into yethusi inhloso yayo yodwa kwakuwukumisa ukukhula kwebele, lokhu kwenziwa ukuze bakwazi ukusebenzisa izikhali ngendlela ephumelelayo, ukuqina kwesifuba, bese iqondiswe ehlombe nasengalweni ngapha, ebanika amandla engeziwe kunowesifazane noma owesilisa ovamile”

Ezinye izindaba

Nakuba uHerodotus kwaba isazi-mlando sokuqala esaziwayo esakhuluma ngama-Amazons, iqiniso liwukuthi zaziningi izazi-mlando ezazikhuluma ngale ndaba. Ngesikhathi sika-Alexander Omkhulu, kwabhalwa ukuthi wathola ukuvakasha kwesikhashana okuvela kuma-Amazons lapho enqoba amazwe ase-Asia.

Lolu dwendwe lwalunabesifazane abangamaqhawe abangu-300, abazinikele ekumasheni izinsuku ezingu-25 benomgomo owodwa kuphela, wokuthi oyedwa wabo empeleni amkhulelwe. Kodwa-ke, abaningi ababhali be-biographer abazinikezele ekubhaleni ngo-Alexander Omkhulu babuza ukuthi lesi senzakalo senzeke ngempela noma kwakuyindaba nje eyenziwe ukunikeza igama lika-Alexander amandla amaningi.

Ama-Amazon namaRoma

Ababaningi abantu abazi ngezindaba ezibandakanya ama-Amazon ngokungaqondile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izindima zakhe eziningi, hhayi ukuba yizindima eziholayo, zasulwa emlandweni. Emlandweni wamaRoma, ama-Amazons amelela isikhundla esibalulekile. Phakathi nengxoxo eSigodlweni SaseRoma, uKhesari wakhumbula ukuhlasela okwakwenziwa ama-Amazon e-Asiya.

Leli qiniso laphefumulela amabutho amaRoma ukuba alwe futhi aphile ngaphansi kwezimfundiso zama-Amazons. Kuthiwa u-Pompey Trogus unake kakhulu indlela ama-Amazons alwa ngayo, ethatha isithakazelo kumasu awo okulwa futhi ezama ukuwasebenzisa ezinkundleni zakhe zempi.

Ezinye izinkomba ezibhaliwe zenganekwane yama-Amazons

Phakathi kwezinye izazi-mlando esinazo ukuthi uDiodorus wachaza indaba kaHercules ehlula ama-Amazons eThemyscira, kuyilapho uPhilostratus ezama ukuwathola ezintabeni zaseTaurus. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Ammianus wachaza ukuthi basempumalanga yoMfula iTanais nokuthi bangomakhelwane bama-Alans, futhi uProcopius wachaza ukuthi empeleni baseCaucasus.

Nakuba izazi-mlando eziningi zingabaza ukuba khona kwazo, ngisho nasezikhathini zanamuhla, iningi liyavuma ukuzifaka ohlwini lwezibalo ezibalulekile zomlando phakathi nenkathi yasendulo yakamuva. Obaba abaningana bomlando kanye nezinganekwane bafuna, iminyaka eminingi, ukuzama ukuqeda umkhondo wakhe, noma kunjalo, kwakungenakwenzeka.

Kusukela ezindabeni ezijabulisayo kuya emphakathini wangempela, ama-Amazon amelela ingxenye enkulu yomlando wamasiko ethu, evuma ukuba khona kwawo noma cha. Ngokwesiko, umlando wabo ube nomthelela kuyo yonke imiphakathi futhi namuhla, nakuba sibakhumbula njengendaba elula yakudala, inkathi yakudala isibonisa ukubaluleka kwayo kubantu abahlukahlukene.

Ungafunda ezinye izindatshana ezinjengalesi mayelana nezinganekwane zase-Amazon kubhulogi yethu, empeleni, sincoma ukuthi ufunde Perseus.

IZINGANEKWANE ZASE-AMAZON

Ama-Amazons ezincwadini

Ukuchaza zonke izincwadi nemisebenzi ebhekisela kuma-Amazon cishe akunakwenzeka. Kusukela kukhulunywe ngabo okokuqala ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki, ababhali abahlukahlukene baye baxoxa ngokuba khona kwama-Amazons, bechaza ukuziphatha kwawo, amasu noma indlela asebenza ngayo njengomphakathi.

Naphezu kwalokhu, kukhulunywe okuningana okubalulekile okungashiwo, mayelana nababhali abadumile abakhulume ngama-Amazons. Phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, uMarco Polo wabhala incwadi enesihloko esithi Travel Book, lapho alandisa khona lonke uhambo lwakhe enqamula e-Asia. Lapho ukhulume ngokuba khona kwesiqhingi esihlala abesifazane kuphela, nokho, akacacisi ukuthi lawa ama-Amazons, ngoba akasho lutho ngamakhono abo.

I-Renaissance kanye namaqhawe

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngesikhathi se-European Renaissance, ama-Amazons ayeyindawo yokugxila kubabhali benkathi ephakathi ne-Renaissance. Balandela umbono kaPliny Omdala, owachaza evuma ukuthi ama-Amazon asungula umkhumbi wempi. Leli qiniso lihlobene ne- ama-sagaris, isikhali esifana nse nembazo eyayihlotshaniswa nama-Amazons, kodwa esasisetshenziswa nezizwe eziseduze.

Paulus Hector Mair, wathi lokhu kwakungenakwenzeka, ngoba wayengakholelwa ukuthi izikhali ezinjalo “zamadoda” zasungulwa isizwe esihlala abesifazane kuphela. Imibono ngama-Amazons yayihluke kakhulu, kuyilapho abanye ababhali bencoma umphakathi wabo, abanye babekholelwa ukuthi ukuba khona kwawo akunakwenzeka.

IZINGANEKWANE ZASE-AMAZON

Izincwadi zasendulo nezenkathi ephakathi

umbhali we-Renaissance Giovanni Boccaccio, wanikezela izahluko ezimbili eziphelele kuma-Amazons, ikakhulukazi izindlovukazi uLampedo noMarpesia, emsebenzini wakhe. Ibhalwe nguClaris Mulieribus, elihunyushwa olimini lwesiSpanishi ngokuthi "Owesifazane Odumile" ngo-1374.

Isithombe sama-Amazons ngokusebenzisa izincwadi sishintsha kakhulu, isithombe sokuqala senganekwane yamaGreki, sasiguqukile njengoba ubukhona babo babubuzwa. Izindaba zalawa maqhawe mhlawumbe zingenye yamagatsha athakazelisa kakhulu ezinganekwaneni nasezincwadini zamaGreki.

Kunezigidi zezindaba ezichaza ubuqiniso bama-Amazons, ezimbalwa zazo ezisondela eqinisweni. Ngisho noma zikhona ngempela, izincwadi zaguqula laba besifazane baba umuntu omangalisayo, ongasetshenziswa ngokuvumelana nemibandela yomuntu siqu kanye nomuntu ngamunye wesihloko onquma ukubhala ngaye.

Ama-Amazons aseMelika

Inganekwane yama-Amazons ayitholakali kuphela eGrisi lasendulo, kodwa futhi iminonjana ingabonakala emphakathini waseSpanishi. Uma sikhuluma ngama-Amazons singabhekisela ezinhlakeni ezimbili ezihlukene. Esokuqala sikhuluma ngabantu, ngokwezinganekwane zamaGreki, ababesesiqhingini esincane kanti okwesibili, ngabesifazane emhlabeni wonke abagqama ngamakhono abo.

Ukuhlola kancane mayelana nenhlangano yesibili, sithola ukuthi izazi-mlando ezimbalwa, abavubukuli kanye nezazi zefilosofi, banquma ukuthi kwakukhona imiphakathi yama-Amazons emhlabeni jikelele. Babengasho ukuthi bavela endaweni eyodwa noma ukuthi banemvelaphi efanayo, kodwa kunalokho babengabesifazane abanezici ezifanayo, yingakho igama elithi Amazon lamukelwa ukuze libahlukanise kwabanye.

Kukholelwa ukuthi ama-Amazons aseMelika, okungukuthi, ama-Amazons ayekhona eMelika, ayekhona ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ezibalulekile zezwekazi. Phakathi kwazo eziphawuleka kakhulu yilezi: I-Antilles, uMfula i-Amazon, entshonalanga yeMexico kanye nesifundazwe saseLos Llanos eMbusweni waseGranada. Lezi zindawo zarekhodwa ngu-Christopher Columbus, u-Hernán Cortés, uFrancisco de Orellana kanye nabanye abathandi bokuzijabulisa kanye namakoloni njengezindawo lapho umphakathi wabesifazane bempi wawuqashelwa khona.

Amasiko aseMelika ama-Amazons

Laba besifazane bathatha izinhlobo ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi bahlala kuphi. Naphezu kwalokhu, babelane ngezici ezifanayo. Babengabesifazane abanamandla, ngokuvamile benqunu, ababevikela abantu babo ngezikhali zendabuko, iminsalo, imikhonto, imicibisholo nezinduku kwakuyizikhali ezivamile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwaphawulwa ukuthi umphakathi owawuhlala kuwo kwakungabesifazane ababenamandla amakhulu, amadoda ayekhona ayeyizinceku, izingane zalahlwa futhi amantombazane akhuliswa ukuze alandele isibonelo sonina.

Kungalesi sizathu nangenxa yokufana abakuveza ngezinganekwane zamaGreki, ukuthi la maqembu abesifazane aphinde aqanjwe ngokuthi ama-Amazons. Kunezinye izinkomba ezikhuluma ngama-Amazons aseMelika. Isibonelo, ikhophi ye-Dominico Gaspar de Carvajal, inolwazi oluningi mayelana nalokhu okubonwayo nokuthi lamaqembu abesifazane aphethwe kanjani, umlando ubizwa ngokuthi "Ukutholwa koMfula i-Amazon"

Inganekwane yama-Amazons aseMelika: iqiniso noma inganekwane?

Le ncwadi iqala ngohambo lukaGonzalo Pizarro, lapho elibangise lapho ephuma khona uMfula iMarañón, ngesikhathi efuna isihlahla sikasinamoni, futhi iyaqhubeka nokuhlangana noKaputeni uFrancisco Orellana, owake waba nokuhlangana okuseduze nalo mphakathi ngo-1542 .

Eqinisweni, umfula wamanje i-Amazon wawubizwa ngokuthi uMfula i-Orellana, ngoba uyena owawuthola. Nokho, ukuthola wonke umphakathi ohlala eduze, umfula wethiwa igama lawo lamanje.

Isiko lesimanje kanye nama-Amazons

Isiko lanamuhla lisifundise okuningi ngama-Amazons wezinganekwane zamaGreki kunama-Amazon wangempela emazweni aseMelika. Kunesizathu salokho, isibalo sabesifazane emlandweni saqedwa, kwabaningi, kwakungenakwenzeka ukucabanga ukuthi owesifazane wangempela, ngaphandle kwamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, uzokwazi ukuvikela abantu bakhe. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, kwakungakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi umphakathi lapho bonke abesifazane bekhona.

Naphezu kwemizamo yokwesula umlando, izazi-mlando eziningi ziye zathola ubufakazi obusho okuphambene ngokuphelele. Inganekwane yama-Amazons yenza uguquko oluphelele, kwakungaseyona nje indaba eyabhalwa emakhulwini eminyaka edlule, kodwa yaguqulwa yaba izinganekwane zabesifazane bangempela kanye nemiphakathi ebhalisiwe.

Ama-Amazons aseMelika awafani nama-Amazons wezinganekwane zamaGreki, angamasiko amabili ahlukene abelana ngezici ezifanayo. Isidingo sokusinda nokuziphendukela kwemvelo sichaza ukuthi amaqhawe ezwekazi laseMelika ayefana kanjani nalawo aseGreece yasendulo, ngisho noma ayengenalo ulwazi olufanayo.

Ungafunda ezinye izindatshana ezifana nalesi kubhulogi lethu, empeleni, sikumema ukuthi ubuyekeze lesi sihloko Inganekwane ka-Apollo noDaphne inokuqukethwe kwasekuqaleni okwenzelwe wena.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nenganekwane yama-Amazons

Namuhla, kunezinkomba eziningi kuma-Amazons kwezobuciko. Ithelevishini kanye ne-cinema yimithombo eyinhloko eyenza izinganekwane zama-Amazons zaziwe kakhulu emhlabeni wanamuhla.

Kusukela ochungechungeni, amafilimu ngisho nemidlalo, ama-Amazons abe yingxenye yesiko lanamuhla futhi nakuba izinganekwane zawo zingasafundwa kangako, akunakwenzeka ukuphika ukuthi izindaba zalawa maqhawe bezingaba mangalisa kangakanani. Okulandelayo, sizochaza imibuzo emi-5 okuxoxwe ngayo kakhulu kuwebhu mayelana nama-Amazon kanye nezinkomba zawo.

  • Ingabe i-Wonder Woman i-Amazon?

I-Wonder Woman noma i-Wonder Woman, njengoba aziwa kanjalo emazweni akhuluma i-Anglo-Saxon, ungomunye wabalingisi abadume kakhulu embonini yamahlaya. Idalwe ngu UWilliam Moulton Marston Ngawo-40, i-Wonder Woman ifuna ukusindisa umhlaba ezenzweni ezimbi ezinamandla.

Ukudalwa kwayo kwakunenjongo ethile, ekuqaleni kwawo-40, i-United States yayihlushwa imiphumela yeMpi Yezwe II, ukubhekana nezimo ezesabekayo. U-Moulton wenza inkomba yamandla abesifazane, okufanayo, ethatha ugqozi encwadini ethi The Superiority of Women kanye nezinganekwane zasendulo zamaGreki ngamaqhawe ase-Amazon. Izici zaleli qhawekazi yizi:

  • Amehlo aluhlaza nezinwele ezinhle ezimnyama
  • Umzimba we-Athletic
  • Amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo namandla okulwa
  • ukulwa nolwazi
  • Umfaniswano onefulegi laseMelika.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, i-Wonder Woman ibhekisela ngokuqondile kwenye yezinganekwane zamaGreki, ukufana kwazo kugxile enkosazaneni yaseThemyscira. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi esikhundleni sokulwa nezidalwa zasenganekwaneni zaseGreece lasendulo, le nkosazana yenziwa yaseMelika ukuba ibe Wonder Woman futhi ilwe namaNazi.

Esinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani sibona i-Wonder Woman njengowesifazane wase-Amazon ukuthi inani lokufana analo nezinganekwane zakudala alinakuphikwa. Owesifazane omangalisayo ugqama ngokuba muhle, unamandla futhi uhlakaniphile, lezi zici ziyafana ezichaza ama-Amazons ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki.

  • Ingabe ama-Amazon ayekhona ngempela?

Akuqinisekile kakhulu, uma siphenya umlando omncane, sizosheshe sifunde ukuthi imizamo yabesifazane ivamise ukusibekela noma isetshenziswe kuphela njengenkomba engokomfanekiso. Sekuyiminyaka kufihlwa indima yeqiniso yabesifazane, lokhu akusho ukuthi babekhona ngempela, kuphela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukube baba khona, umlando wabo ususulwe ngokuhamba kweminyaka.

Namuhla, siyazi ukuthi kwakukhona amaqhawe wesifazane, isibonelo esicacile, kwakuyizimpi eMpini Yezwe Yesibili, nokho, kunzima ukucacisa uma umlando wamaqhawe wesifazane ubuyela emuva kakhulu kunalokho esingakucabanga.

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, kwakukhona abantu ababethi ama-Amazons akhona. Ngokwesibonelo, uFrancisco Orellana, omunye wamadoda ahlanganyela ekuhloleni ukwenziwa kwamakoloni eMelika, wathi lapho efika osebeni loMfula iMarañón, wabona abesifazane abangamaqhawe bezama ukuvikela idolobha labo ngeminsalo.

Lesi sithombe esimangalisayo samenza wabhapathiza amanzi lapho ayeqale ukuwabona khona, uMfula i-Amazon. Ukunquma ukuthi lokhu kwenzekile noma cha akunakwenzeka, kodwa akunzima kangako ukukukholelwa.

Isiko labantu bomdabu lalihluke kakhulu kulokhu esinakho namuhla, amandla nezimfundiso zabo zakwazi ukudala amaqhawe anamandla nahlakaniphile. Ungafunda ezinye izindatshana ezinjengalesi mayelana nezinganekwane zase-Amazon kubhulogi yethu, empeleni, sincoma ukuthi ufunde Pegasus esigabeni sezinganekwane nezinsumansumane.

  • Uyini umsuka wama-Amazons?

Uma sikhuluma ngama-Amazons, omunye wemibuzo okukhulunywa ngayo kakhulu ngemvelaphi yawo. Ukuba umphakathi wabesifazane, kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi bazalwa kanjani, impendulo yalokho, empeleni, ilula kakhulu. Njengoba izinganekwane zisitshela ukuthi lawa maqhawe azalwa ekuhlanganiseni kukaNkulunkulu wamaGreki we-Ares kanye ne-nymph okuthiwa i-Harmonia.

Ukuze anikeze indalo yakhe umongo owengeziwe, ngaphambi nje kokuzalwa kwakhe, i-Athene yayingqubuzana neSparta, njengoba yomibili imiphakathi yayiphila ukuphila okuhluke kakhulu. I-Sparta yafuna ukuba ngumnqobi wazo zonke izimpi ezingenzeka ukuze inqobe insimu eyengeziwe futhi i-Athene ifuna ulwazi, babengamakholwa athembekile ukuthi ubuciko kufanele buvikelwe futhi buvikelwe ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye.

  • Ama-Amazon azihlanganisa nobani?

Ngokusobala nge-Sparta, zombili izimpucuko zazikholelwa ukuthi izingxabano zempi ziyisixazululo esingcono kakhulu, nokho, kunomehluko ocacile, abaseSparta bagxile ekuhlinzekeni amasosha emabuthweni, kuyilapho ama-Amazons kuyibo abaya empini.

Kokubili e-Sparta nase-Themyscira, idolobha-isifunda sase-Amazon, ubungqingili bamukelekile futhi babengenakho enye indlela, babeyimiphakathi lapho kwakukhona inani elibi lezakhamuzi zobulili obufanayo, kungaba enkundleni yempi noma ngaphandle kwayo. .

Ingabe ama-Amazons angempela ayengama-Spartan? Mhlawumbe noma mhlawumbe cha, njengoba sesishilo ngaphambili, uma ama-Amazon ayekhona ngempela akunakwenzeka ukucacisa imvelaphi yawo, ngakho-ke kuzodingeka sinamathele embonweni echaza izinganekwane zamaGreki.

  • Ingabe ama-Amazon ayengashadile?

Izindaba zama-Amazon zikhomba ukuthi kwakungumphakathi wabesifazane, okungukuthi, kwakungekho amadoda phakathi kwabantu bawo. Izinganekwane ngabo zisitshela ukuthi ama-Amazon ayengabazingeli besifazane abeza emhlabeni ngenjongo eyodwa: ukuvikela izindawo zabo.

IZINGANEKWANE ZASE-AMAZON

Ukwengeza, kwanezelwa ezinye izinjongo, njengokunqoba izimpi ezibalulekile zabanye abantu, ukuhlala ndawonye njengomphakathi nokugcina umphakathi wabo. Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi akukho sikhathi lapho kubhekiselwa khona kakhulu ukuthi ngabe kwakukhona amadoda e-Themyscira, iqiniso liwukuthi mhlawumbe benza.

Ama-Amazon ayenqaba umshado, kodwa ayejabulela ukwanelisa izifiso zawo zenyama, ngaphezu kwalokho, ayenomsebenzi wokulondoloza abantu bawo. Inganekwane yama-Amazon iphula imibono evamile yezinye izinganekwane, njengoba iqeda lowomqondo wokuthi ukuphela kwesiphetho sentombazane kwakuwukushada futhi ibe nomndeni.

Ukulandisa kucacile, njengomthetho ojwayelekile, ama-Amazons ayehlala engashadile, nokho, kwakukhona okuhlukile, isibonelo, u-Antiope washada noTheus esikhathini esithile ngemva kokumthumba.

  • Xena, inkosazana eyiqhawe yayikhona?

Ngawo-90s, uchungechunge oludumile olubizwa ngokuthi u-Xena, inkosazana eyiqhawe, lwasakazwa, lwahlelwa eGreece Yasendulo. Yayikhuluma ngendaba yowesifazane osemusha onesibindi owazithola esezimeni eziyinkimbinkimbi, izahluko eziningi zochungechunge zagqamisa ukuthi u-Xena wayengowesifazane omuhle (onezici ezivamile zama-Amazons) nokuthi wayekwazi ukulwa ngezikhali ezahlukene.

U-Lucy Lawless wayengumlingisi owaphilisa lo mlingiswa kusukela ngo-1995 kuya ku-2001. Nakuba kungekho kubhekiselwa kwangempela kokuthi u-Xena wayeyi-Amazon noma cha, kushiwo kabanzi ukuthi umlingisi wakhe unezinkomba ezimbalwa ezinganekwaneni.

U-Xena, njengomuntu empilweni yangempela, wayengekho. Awukho umbhalo emlandweni womuntu owayeyinkosazana ngalelo gama, ingasaphathwa eyeqhawe elivelele. U-Xena ungumlingiswa odalelwe umabonakude, iqhawe eliqavile elachaza futhi lagqugquzela abesifazane abaningi abasebasha bangaleso sikhathi.

Uma ufuna ukufunda ezinye izihloko ezinjengalezi, ungabheka ibhulogi yethu, empeleni, sincoma ukuthi ufunde Casandra

Ama-Amazons empilweni yangempela

Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi ubukhona bangempela bama-Amazons abuqiniseki ngandlela-thile, kukhona ukutholakala okungase kufakazele ukuba semthethweni kwawo. Inganekwane yamaGreki yama-Amazons isho ukuthi kwakuwumphakathi wabesifazane, lapho babeqeqeshelwa khona ubuciko bempi, bedala amasosha aphelele anobuhle obukhulu.

Emakhulwini eminyaka, kwakukholelwa ukuthi ama-Amazons angaba yisitha esibi kakhulu samaqhawe ahlukahlukene angaleso sikhathi, afana no-Hercules noma ama-Achilles, nawo anconywa ngomsebenzi wawo wokuvikela abantu bawo ngesibindi esikhulu. Izazi-mlando eziningana ziye zakwazi ukuthola leli qembu labesifazane e-Anatolian peninsula (Asia Minor)

Umfula i-Termodont uthulula lapho, okukholakala ukuthi yindawo lapho kungenzeka ukuthi lalikhona idolobha lase-Themyscira, izwe elithandwayo lama-Amazons. Isazi-mlando uHerodotus (484-425 BC) sabonisa ukuthi wayekholelwa ukuthi le ndawo itholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga, emathafeni asePontic, le ndawo namuhla yilokho esikwazi ngokuthi i-Ukraine, eningizimu yeRussia kanye nengxenye yeKazakhstan.

Lesi siza, futhi, bekungumngcele phakathi kwamaGreki namaSkithe, isiko lagqama kwabanye ngoba lalisekelwe ekwaluseni imihambima kanye nokuzalanisa amahhashi (amahhashi, ngaphezu kwalokho, avame ukukhulunywa ngawo lapho kukhulunywa ngenganekwane yama-amazons. )

Uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe ngokuqukethwe okufana nalokhu mayelana nezinganekwane zama-Amazons, sincoma ukuthi ufunde U-Echo noNarcissus kubhulogi yethu.

IZINGANEKWANE ZASE-AMAZON

Ukuhlola

Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-30 edlule, ngo-1988, uhambo lokuvubukula olwenziwa eRepublic of Tuva lwakwazi ukuthola into emangalisayo. Kwakuwumngcwabo oyingqayizivele kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-Iron Age, lokhu kutholwa kwenziwa endaweni yaseSaryg-Bulum.

Lapho kumbiwa, kwatholakala izindunduma ezimbili zokungcwaba, zahlanganiswa, zakha eziyisishiyagalombili. Lokhu kutholakala kwanqunywa ukuthi kusukela ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX BC. Ngaphakathi kwezindunduma kwakulele imikhondo yabantu abayisikhombisa abangcwatshiwe, ngamunye wabo uhambisana nezinto eziningi zobuciko.

Into emangalisa kakhulu kubavubukuli baseRussia kwaba lapho beqala ukusebenza ethuneni lesihlanu, lapho bethola khona ibhokisi le-larch trunk, elisivalo saso sasivalwe ngci. Ngenxa yemvelo yalolu hlobo lwezinkuni kanye nokuntuleka komoya, isidumbu esangcwatshwa kulelo thuna sasilondolozwe kahle kakhulu.

ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA

Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakukholelwa ukuthi kwakungumama wengane. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu kamuva nangemva kocwaningo oluhlukahlukene lwe-DNA, kuye kwavela ukuthi isidumbu esatholwa kwakungeyona ingane. Ngokuphambene nalokho, wayengowesifazane osemusha, owayengaba neminyaka eyi-13 lapho efa. Ngokocwaningo olushicilelwe yiRussian Academy of Sciences, amanye amathambo ayisithupha, amathathu kuphela kuwo okwakungabesifazane.

Okumangalisa nakakhulu ukuthi bangcwatshwa sengathi bagibele ihhashi. Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi amaGreki asendulo ayehlangene namaSkithe. Lezi zazibusa isigaba sase-Eurasia phakathi nenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka BC.

Kungenzeka ukuthi amaGreki ahlabeka umxhwele ngamakhono awo okugibela kangangokuthi lapho engcwatshwa, azithathela wona ukukhumbula lowo mzuzu kuze kube phakade.

intombazane yase amazon

Isidumbu sentombazane esatholwa ohambweni lwemivubukulo yisona esilondolozwe kakhulu. Lokho kwakungenxa yezimo angcwatshwa ngaphansi kwazo. Ezizungeze izinsalela, kwakungabonakala ukuthi wayegqoke isigqoko sesikhumba esipendwe ngohlobo lwe-pigment ebomvu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayegqoka ijazi elithungwe ngesikhumba segundane elihlala ogwadule.

Ukuze asekele ijazi, wayefaka ibhande lesikhumba eliwubukhazikhazi elinebhande elihle lethusi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isidumbu sentombazane sasingesodwa. Ethuneni lakhe, kwakubonakala izinto zobuciko eziningana, kuhlanganise nomgodla wesikhumba onezinsuku, izimbazo zawo ezazihlotshiswe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kutholakale ama-pickaxes empi amaningi kanye nomnsalo.

IZINGANEKWANE ZASE-AMAZON

Ezidumbu ezintathu zabesifazane ezitholakele, zimbili kuphela ezazinalezi zinsimbi zokulwa. Ngenxa yendlela abangcwatshwa ngayo, kwanqunywa ukuthi laba besifazane babengama-Amazon noma okungenani, into eseduze kakhulu nalesi sibalo.

Ngaphakathi kwamathuna aziwa ngokuthi i-Devita V, kungabonwa izindunduma ezingafinyelela kwezingu-19. Iningi lazo selifihliwe, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lesi sifunda siyindawo yokulima.

Emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, la mathuna ayembozwe ngamabhulokhi e-oki axhumene. Baphumula ezinsikeni eziyi-11 noma okungenani, yindlela ocabanga ngayo leyo ndawo.

Abesifazane abangcwatshiwe

Abesifazane abangcwatshwa futhi abatholakala ohambweni lwemivubukulo babeneminyaka ehlukene. Ababili kubo bebesebancane, abalinganiselwa eminyakeni ephakathi kuka-20 no-29. Ngenkathi abanye phakathi kuka-25 no-35, ngaphezu kowesifazane osemusha oneminyaka engu-12 noma engu-13 nowesifazane oneminyaka engu-45. Leli qiniso lokugcina liyathanda ukwazi. Lona wesifazane wayeseledlule iminyaka eyayiphilwa amaSkithe, eyayiyiminyaka engu-30 kuya kwengu-35.

Ngokungafani neminye imingcwabo, lokhu kwalesi sibongo sabesifazane kwenziwa kanyekanye. Okungase kubonise ukuthi bonke bafa cishe ngesikhathi esisodwa. Izingcezu eziningi ezingasikhanyisela ngale mfihlakalo azikho. Abaphangi bamathuna beba izingcezu ezihlukahlukene zezingubo nezinto zobuciko emathuneni.

Naphezu kwalokhu, isidumbu sowesifazane sangcwatshwa endaweni yomgibeli wehhashi. Okusho ukuthi, njengokungathi ugibele ihhashi, laliphelele. Ngaphakathi kwethuna lowesifazane osekhulile, kutholwe umqhele, inkemba kanye nezinhlamvu zensimbi ezimbalwa. Okumangazayo ukuthi amaphuzu anjalo abekhethekile njengoba enziwe ngemfoloko.

Amalungelo e-Amazon

Ngale kwalokho okungacatshangwa, lokhu okutholakele kungase kusho ukuthi mhlawumbe ama-Amazons abenendawo yangempela emlandweni. Ngisho noma kungeyona indaba emnandi ukuthi wonke umuntu useyazi.

Emlandweni wethu namasiko, lokhu okutholakele kungasho ushintsho emlandweni wethu. Eqinisweni, bekuzovumela umuntu ukuba aqale ukungabaza ubuqiniso bezinganekwane.

Uma ama-Amazons ekhona, yiziphi ezinye izidalwa, amaqhawe noma abalingiswa befantasy ababeyingxenye yeqiniso?

Uma ufuna ukufunda okuqukethwe okwengeziwe okufana nalokhu mayelana nezinganekwane zama-Amazons, sikumema ukuthi uhlole ibhulogi yethu. Sinezinhlobonhlobo zezigaba nezindatshana zokuqala. Bagcwele ukuzijabulisa nokufunda ngenxa yakho nje. Sikumema ukuthi ufunde isihloko sethu sakamuva esishicilelwe Inganekwane ye-Icarus


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  1. Ubhekele idatha: I-Actualidad Blog
  2. Inhloso yedatha: Lawula Ugaxekile, ukuphathwa kwamazwana.
  3. Ukusemthethweni: Imvume yakho
  4. Ukuxhumana kwemininingwane: Imininingwane ngeke idluliselwe kubantu besithathu ngaphandle kwesibopho esisemthethweni.
  5. Isitoreji sedatha: Idatabase ebanjwe yi-Occentus Networks (EU)
  6. Amalungelo: Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ungakhawulela, uthole futhi ususe imininingwane yakho.