Umkhathi uhlanganisa yonke into eyaziwa kuze kube manje, kodwa kuphela iyisihloko sentaba yeqhwa olwandle olukhulu lwezimfihlakalo. Enye yazo iyindaba emnyama futhi umbuzo ohlobene nayo: ingabe iyisici esichichima kakhulu? Impendulo ithi yebo.
Ekhulwini elidlule, kwaziwa lokho. Emkhathini, kunohlobo oluthile lwento enezinto ezibonakalayo ezingaqondakali ngokuphelele. Ayiqhathanisi nhlobo nezinye izinhlobo zamandla noma izinto, kodwa into eyodwa eqinisekile. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izakhi endaweni yonke, izinto ezimnyama zichichima izikhathi eziyisi-6 kuye kweziyi-7. Isizathu? Imibono eminingana isasingathwa, kodwa akukho okubambekayo.
Ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo esihlokweni sethu: Yazi le mishwana emihle ngendawo yonke nokuthi ubani owayisho!
Isingeniso sesihloko. Yini indaba emnyama?
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi yini indaba emnyama, Kufanele kulandelelwe emuva cishe eminyakeni eyi-100 edlule. Sibonga ukungenelela kuka-Jan Oort futhi kamuva, uFritz Zwicky, kuyaziwa ukuthi indaba emnyama iyiqiniso elibambekayo.
Umthombo: ivdes
Ngokweziphetho zabo, izinto ezimnyama ziyinto eningi endaweni yonke engakwazi ukubamba, ukumunca noma ukukhipha ukukhanya. Ikhona kuzo zonke izinqubo zamandla adonsela phansi zezinto ezinkulu zasemkhathini, okunomthelela ekwandeni kwemithala. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda ukuthi yini indaba emnyama kubaluleke kakhulu kunalokho okukholelwa ngokuqinisekile.
Kafushane. Yiziphi izici zento emnyama?
Kusukela kusisekelo esibaluleke kakhulu, udayi olumnyama luyingxenye etholakala ngobuningi endaweni yonke. Ngisho nasemhlabeni obonakalayo, kuze kufike kuma-85% enziwe ngezinto ezimnyama ngokwazo.
Ngokuvamile, laziwa ngalelo gama, ngoba liwuhlobo lwento engakwazi ukubamba noma ukukhipha imisebe kazibuthe. Okusho ukuthi, i-elementi ukwakheka kwayo kungakhiphi noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesignali yokukhanya noma ye-electrochemical.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwachazwa ngokuthi "noma iyiphi into ngaphandle kwamandla amnyama noma indaba evamile." Eqinisweni, ngisho nomphakathi wesayensi awuzange wenze isivumelwano esiqondile mayelana nokwakheka kwawo. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi ingase yenziwe ngama-neutrinos nezinye izakhi ezisindayo; nokho, ezinye zigodlile.
Noma kunjalo, ithiyori ye-neutrino yendaba emnyama isobala. Isizathu esiyinhloko siwukuthi ziyizinhlayiya ezincane ezingenasisindo esincane. Ngokulandelayo, awakhiphi amandla abonakalayo futhi awahlanganise lutho nezinye eziqondiswe endaweni yonke. Ngakho-ke, kungaba okuvamile ukucabanga ukuthi ziyingxenye yezinto eziningi kakhulu endaweni yonke.
Ngolunye uhlelo lwemibono, kuvamile ukubuza: Ingatholakala kanjani into engakhiphi ukukhanya? Umbuzo osebenzayo. Impendulo isekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi izinto ezimnyama zithonya ukunyakaza kwemithala nezinkanyezi.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ithonya layo liye labonakala ekuthuthukisweni kwemithala emikhulu, kanye nesivinini sokuzungeza kwezinkanyezi. Ngempela, nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukubona into emnyama ngesibonakude sokukhanya, manje sekusetshenziswe ezinye izindlela eziphumelelayo.
Umlando wento emnyama nokuthi yaguqula kanjani ukucabanga ku-astrophysics
Ukutholakala kwezinto ezimnyama kuhlehlela emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, ikakhulukazi phakathi kweminyaka ye-1930 ne-1933. Abanomthwalo wemfanelo kwaba UJan Oort y fritz zwicky, izazi zezinkanyezi zaseDutch nezaseSwitzerland ngokulandelana kwazo.
Bobabili, nakuba bengasebenzi ndawonye, babeka izisekelo zokuqonda kahle ubukhona bendaba emnyama. Nakuba kungeyona into engabonwa, ngenxa yabo, kuyaziwa ukuthi ikhona.
Ngisho, ithonya lakhe likhulu kunalokho okubonakala ngempela. Uyakwazi ukubamba iqhaza ekwandiseni imithala, kanye nokusebenzisana namandla adonsela phansi ezinye izinto zasemkhathini. Futhi, njengokungathi lokho akwanele, likhona kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba linjalo. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, iyingxenye eningi kakhulu eyaziwa kuze kube manje.
U-Jan Oort kanye nombono wakhe oqondile maqondana nezinkanyezi
Kusukela ngo-1930, uJan Oort Wayezinikele ekubhekeni nasekufundeni ijubane lokuzungeza kwezinkanyezi. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakwaziwa ukuthi izinkanyezi zinendawo ethile endaweni yonke ngokwejubane nobukhulu bazo.
Nokho, umbuzo ka-Oort wawulokhu olandelayo: ingabe umthala unesisindo esanele sokubeka zonke izinkanyezi? Futhi impendulo yamangala. Kokubili ubuningi bezinkanyezi nemithala kufanele kulingane ukuze izibalo zibe nembayo.
Ukuntuleka okukhulu emthaleni, kungadala ukuphuma emzileni wezinkanyezi endaweni ye-intergalactic. Ngalo mqondo, u-Oort waveza ukuthi ubuningi bomthala abanele ukuvimbela izinkanyezi ukuba zihambe ngendlela eguquguqukayo.
Nokho kungani-ke bagcina ukuziphatha kwabo? Ngokuyisisekelo, isiphetho siwukuthi indaba ebonakalayo neyaziwayo akuyona ukuphela kwento ezwakalayo. Empeleni, indawo yonke yakhiwe uhlobo “lwento engabonakali” ehambisanayo noma “egcwalisa” indawo engekho.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwegama elithi sibonga kuFritz Zwicky
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, uFritz Zwicky waqhubeka nesisekelo sendaba emnyama, kodwa ngombono ohlukile. Wasebenzisa indawo yokufunda efanayo ne-Oort, kodwa iqondiswe eqoqweni le-Coma lemithala.
Ngamafuphi, waqala ukulinganisa isivinini se-orbital phakathi kwemithala eseqoqweni, kanye nesisindo phakathi komunye nomunye. Ngokufanayo, ngokusekelwe ekhonweni lomuntu ngamunye lokucwebezela, waphetha ngokuthi ucezu lwendida lwalushoda.
Umthombo: ivdes
Ngokuyisisekelo, uZwicky wanquma ukuthi, ijubane lokuzungeza lemithala alivumanga nalokho okulindelekile. Yayingekho indaba eyanele yokukhipha idatha enjalo, ngakho-ke kufanele kube nokuthile okungaphezu kwalokho.
Ngenxa yalokhu, uZwicky naye waphothula izifundo zakhe, ememezela ukuba khona kohlobo lwento engabonakali. Kungani? Ngoba naphezu kokuntuleka kokuvumelana kwedatha, imithala yalondoloza ukuziphatha okufanayo. Isenzakalo esingachazwa kuphela ngokuba khona kwezinto eziningi kunokuvamile, kodwa ezingabonakali.