Uma sikhuluma ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo asibhekiseli "ekuhlukahlukaneni kwezinto eziphilayo" ezihlushwa yizo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo neziphilayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye maqondana nalokho okuzizungezile. Lesi isihloko esibaluleke kakhulu futhi abantu abaningi abangasazi, yingakho namuhla sizokhuluma ngezici zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo okufanele uzazi ukuze uqonde sonke lesi sihloko esibalulekile.
Iyini i-biodiversity?
Ngonyaka ka-1988 yilapho kwakhulunywa ngakho okokuqala yini ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo, owaletha lokhu emhlabeni futhi wakwenza kwaziwa kwakungu-EO Wilson, noma kunjalo, leli gama liye lafundwa kusukela phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, kodwa manje ukuthi kuningi okungazwakala ngakho futhi okuningi kwaziwa ngale ndaba.
La incazelo yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ayigcini nje ngokukhuluma ngezinguquko eziphilayo ezingabhekana nazo. Le thiyori isitshela kabanzi ngazo zonke izihloko ezihlobene nezinguquko nokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ikakhulukazi igxile ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kanye nemvelo yayo yonke iplanethi enguMhlaba.
Lokhu kusitshela ukuthi uma sibhekisela ezinhlobonhlobo, asikhulumi nje kuphela ngenani lezinhlobo ezikhona, kodwa sibhekisela ngisho nokuthi ukuhlukaniswa okuhlelekile nokuhleleka kwezidalwa eziphilayo kubamba iqhaza kanjani kulokhu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izilwane, izitshalo noma amaselula. izinto eziphilayo.
Phakathi nokuba khona kuka-Aristotle, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziye zaziwa futhi zacwaningwa yilabo abathanda ukwazi ukuthi zisebenza kanjani. Njengoba isikhathi sekuyisikhathi, kuye kwaba nesithakazelo esinamandla sokwazi kahle ukuthi zonke izidalwa eziphilayo zinjani futhi ngaleyo ndlela zikwazi ukudala uhlelo lwe-hierarchical lapho zihlelwa ngendlela yokuhlukanisa, nokho, ngalezo zikhathi, izazi zefilosofi zenza lo myalo ngokungafanele. . Lena yindlela ukuhlukaniswa nokufunda kokuhlukahluka kuqala ngayo ngokwesayensi.
Izici zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Manje sesizokwazi yiziphi izici zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, lezi zimbalwa futhi kuzodingeka sizazi ukuze sisiqonde ngokugcwele isihloko, njengoba sihlukaniswe saba izinhlobo eziningana zezinhlobonhlobo ezihlangene zakha inkolelo-mbono eqinisekile yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Okulandelayo, sizoqala ukuchaza konke mayelana ezahlukene izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhona nokuthi ngayinye yazo iquketheni:
ukuhlukahluka kofuzo
Ukuhlukahluka kwebhayoloji kungahlaziywa ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukahlukene, enye yazo kungofuzo, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi sonke isidalwa esiphilayo sakhiwe nge-DNA eyingqayizivele etholakala ezingeni lamangqamuzana futhi ehlukaniswa ngokuhlelekile, kangangokuthi akukho okufanayo okunye.
Ngokuqondile iqiniso lokuthi ngokofuzo isidalwa ngasinye esiphilayo sizohluka ngokuphelele, kuchaza incazelo yezinto eziphilayo. Izingxenye ezihlukene zofuzo esizibonayo zaziwa ngokuthi “ama-alleles”. Kumele sikugcizelele ukuthi kunesibalo esincane kakhulu sezidalwa eziphilayo ezinofuzo olushintshayo phakathi kwazo ngendlela yokubona kancane, okusho ukuthi zifana kakhulu ngokofuzo.
Umehluko ezingeni lezakhi zofuzo esingawubona phakathi kwezinhlobo ezifanayo ubangelwa izinguquko ezihlukahlukene eziye zabhekana nazo phakathi neminyaka edlule, njengoba lezi zinguquko, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indawo yokuhlala, isimo sezulu, ukudla, ziye zaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuguqukeni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezibangela lokho. ngisho nangokwezakhi zofuzo kukhona ukuguquguquka.
Ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo kuwumsuka osekela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo lapho isidalwa esiphilayo kufanele senze ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ukuze siphile. Inqobo nje uma iqembu eliphilayo linikeza umthamo omuhle wokuguquguquka, lizokwazi ukusinda ezinguqukweni ezenzeka endaweni ezungezile kanye nezinhlobo zayo kanjalo ngeke zilahlekelwe kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, uma, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuzivumelanisa kwazo nezimo kuncane noma kuyize, zizofa zifinyelele iphuzu Ukushabalala kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Ngakho-ke ukubaluleka kokwazi nokwamukela ukuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Uma sikhuluma ngabantu abahlola ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kumelwe siqokomise iqiniso lokuthi kumelwe bazi ukuthi lezo zinhlobo zezilwane okumelwe zivumelane nezimo ezingakanani ukuze ziphile, ngale ndlela zingangenela futhi zisize ngokwenza izimo zibe lula. Lokhu kuyodingeka ukuze iqembu elinjalo liqhubeke likhona.
ukuhlukahluka komuntu ngamunye
Lapho sifunda ingxenye ecacisayo singaqaphela ukuthi kukhona umehluko esicini se-anatomical nesokuphila, ikakhulukazi uma sikhuluma ngomkhuba womuntu. Nokho, isidalwa ngasinye esiphilayo siveza ukuhlukahluka komzimba, isimo sangaphakathi nokuziphatha, ngisho nalapho singezohlobo olufanayo futhi sikhona manje siye sadlula ekuguquguqukeni okufanayo.
Ukuhlukahluka kwabantu
Uma sibhekisela "ebantwini" emkhakheni wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, sikhuluma ngamaqembu ezibonelo zezinhlobo ezifanayo futhi abelana ngemvelo efanayo, lokhu kusho ukuthi bangathinteka ndawonye, kokubili okuhle nokubi.
Ukukhuluma ngeqembu lezakhamuzi zendawo eyodwa, kusiholela ekwazini ukuthi umuntu ngamunye wethula ukuhlukahluka ezingeni lofuzo, lokhu kuba, njengoba sesishilo ngaphambili, isisekelo sokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Enye yezinto ezinhle kakhulu izibonelo zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo esingakubeka kungaba okomuntu, ngoba, nakuba singabantu abaningi bezinhlobo ezifanayo, ngamunye wethu unomehluko ezingeni lofuzo kanye nelomzimba.
Zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ezingaguquki ezingeni lezakhi zofuzo futhi ezilingana zizonke, zisengozini enkulu yokubhubha, ngoba ngeke zikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zezulu, izinguquko zemvelo ngisho nalezo ziguquko umuntu abhekana nazo. dala endaweni lapho zingahlala khona. Ngakho-ke ukubaluleka kokwamukela nokufunda ukuthi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuphila.
Ukuhlukahluka ezingeni lezinhlobo zezilwane
Uma sikhuluma ngokuhlukahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo ezifanayo, siyobe sesingena ezindabeni ezihlobene ne-ecology kanye nokulondolozwa okuvamile kwezinhlobo ezifanayo. Lokhu kuyinto ezocutshungulwa yilabo sosayensi bezinto eziphilayo abangochwepheshe kule ndawo futhi abazokwazi ukuqonda ukuthi le nqubo iyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani kangangokuthi ihlanganisa izinhlobo zezilwane ngokujwayelekile hhayi nje umuntu ngamunye.
Ikalwa kanjani izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo?
Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zokukala ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo. Ososayensi banendlela yokwenza lokhu kubala ngokusebenzisa izinombolo ze-biological diversity. Lokhu kwenziwa ngendlela yokuthi bangahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ngaphandle kokuhlukahluka okungokoqobo kanye nemibono.
Enye yezindlela zokulinganisa ukuhlukahluka iwukufunda ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo, imindeni kanye nendawo ezungezile. Isisekelo salolu cwaningo sigxile kumehluko we-hierarchical ofaka "i-alpha, i-beta ne-gamma" ehlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kukhona futhi ithuba lokwenza ucwaningo oluhlukahlukene olususelwa kumehluko okhona phakathi komuntu ngamunye.
Izibalo zibalulekile ekucwaningweni kokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezilwane, njengoba nazo impendulo yobuningi ingaziwa ngamasampula esibalo sabantu asondelene nento ngqo ecwaningwayo.
Ukuhlukahluka kwe-Alpha, i-beta ne-gamma
Lokhu kwehlukahlukana kwahlongozwa u-Robert H. Whittaker, isazi semvelo esaziwayo ngo-1960. Lolu hlobo lokwehlukahlukana kwezikhundla luye lwaqashelwa yi-IUCN futhi lusasetshenziswa nanamuhla ekuhloleni ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlobo lwezilwane zizonke njengenani labantu.
Uma sikhuluma ngokuhlukahluka kwe-alpha sibhekisela ocwaningweni lwenani lezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala endaweni efanayo, okungukuthi, zihlala ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem efanayo. Ukuhlukahluka kwe-Beta kubhekisela ekuqhathaniseni okwenziwe phakathi kwezibalo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zohlobo olufanayo. Okokugcina, ukuhlukahluka kwe-gamma kuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, okungukuthi, kusikhombisa ezingeni elijwayelekile ukuguquguquka kwezinhlobo zezilwane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikuphi noma indawo yazo.
Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo locwaningo lwe-gamma lunezinkinga ezinkulu njengamanje, ukuthi lufunwa ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo okuhloswe ukuthi zifundwe, njengoba alwenziwa kucatshangelwa inqubomgomo yendawo, noma i-geology, njengoba ingxenye indawo yokuhlala yezilwane ingalahleka.ukufunda njengoba zingahlali endaweni eyodwa noma izwe imbala.
Ngakho-ke, kulezi zigaba ezintathu zokuhlukahluka, okusetshenziswe kakhulu, futhi okuqondile, kungaba ukuhlukahluka kwe-alpha, ngoba isetshenziswa kuphela eqenjini elithile elihlala endaweni ethile, ngakho-ke kuyoba lula kakhulu ukukwazi hlola ukuguquguquka nokuhlukahluka kwayo.
Izinkomba zokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezilwane
Izinkomba zokuhlukahluka ngokuvamile zibaluleke kakhulu lapho ufunda ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo njengoba kungenye yezindlela ezilula zokubala ngezibalo lokho okufundwayo.
Le nkomba yokuhlukahluka inganqunywa njengokuhlanganiswa kwezibalo okuthatha lonke uhlobo lwezilwane ezihlala endaweni efanayo kodwa indawo yazo yokuhlala ihlukile, futhi yenze ukubala okuphelele kwakho ukuze kuchazwe inani lesampula elilapho.
I-Shannon Diversity Index
Le nkomba inesibopho sokuhlola okuqondile kokuhlukahluka kwemvelo. Lokhu kungafanekiselwa u-H' futhi kubonisa amanani avumayo kuphela, lokhu kusho ukuthi awabali lawo masampuli abhubhayo phakathi nokulinganisa. Ukuthambekela kwendawo yokufunda kuyohlale kwaziswa ngezilinganiso ezisuka ku-2 kuye ku-4.
Uma amanye amanani avela angaphansi kuka-2, kuthiwa isampuli inokuhlukahluka okuncane, lokhu kungabonakala esimweni sezinto eziphilayo zasogwadule. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho amanani angaphezu kuka-3 evela, kusho ukuthi inani elikhulu lokuhlukahluka lingabonwa, isibonelo salezi zimo kungaba izixhobo.
Ukuthola inkomba, amanani akhombisa ukuthi zingaki izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezizofundwa futhi isamba esiphelele sokufanayo kumele kwaziwe. Uma lezi zifundo ezimbili zithathwa futhi kutholwa umphumela wokugcina, lokhu kungaba phakathi kuka-0 no-5. Ukuba 5 inkomba yokuthi kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo futhi u-0 uzositshela ukuthi endaweni efundwayo kunezinhlobo zendawo eyodwa kuphela.
I-Simpson Diversity Index
Lokhu kumelelwa ngu-D, futhi kunesibopho sokucwaninga ukuthi amasampula athathwe ngokungakhethi angaweqembu elifanayo lezifanekiso noma uma, ngokuphambene, engabeqembu elihluke ngokuphelele.
Le nkomba ingalinganiswa ngo-0 kanye no-1, kulokhu izosazisa ukuthi yimaphi amathuba akhona ukuthi amasampula akhethiwe awayona ingxenye yohlobo olufanayo, kodwa kunalokho ahlukile.
Ukumelwa kwayo kungabonwa ngezindlela ezimbili: 1 – D noma 1/D. Lapho u-1 ebhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi akukho ukuhlukahluka kusampula. Uma inani likhuphuka lisuka ku-1, lokhu kuzobonisa ukuthi, kuye ngenani elibonisiwe, kukhona ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezilwane phakathi kwaleso sibalo sabantu esicwaningiwe.
Namuhla kunezinkomba ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziselwa ukuqoqa idatha ye-biodiversity, nokho, lezi ezishiwo yizona ezivame kakhulu futhi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu izazi zezinto eziphilayo.
Kungani kufanele silinganise izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo?
Ngaphambilini sike sakhuluma ngezindlela ezahlukene ongagcina ngazo umkhondo ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Ososayensi banezinhlobonhlobo zezinsimbi ezingasetshenziswa ukufeza lo msebenzi. Nokho, abaningi bazozibuza ngesizathu sokuthi kungani kufanele kwenziwe ukubalwa kwezibalo zezinto eziphilayo.
Lezi zibalo zibaluleke kakhulu ukuze ukwazi ukwenza ucwaningo ngokuhlukahluka okukhiqizwa njengoba kwenzeka izinguquko endaweni, kungaba ngesandla somuntu noma imvelo ngokwayo. Ukwazi lokhu kuzobaluleka ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda nokuhlola ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezilwane ezikulungele ukuzivumelanisa noshintsho olwenzekayo nezingase zibe sengozini ngenxa yokuthi ukuzivumelanisa kwazo nokuhlukahluka kuphansi kakhulu noma akunalutho.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngenxa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo: izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zikhiqizwa kanjani?
Izinto eziphilayo zamaselula sezikhona emhlabeni wethu izigidi zeminyaka, zibala cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.5. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi lezi zinto eziphilayo bezilokhu zishintsha futhi zijwayela izinguquko. Namuhla singabazisa ngezinhlobo nezinhlobo ezahlukene, lezi zonke izilwane, izitshalo kanye nezidalwa eziphilayo esizaziyo.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyimbangela yokuba khona kwenani elikhulu lezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhona namuhla. Isibonelo esicacile kungaba ingwenya, isilwane esivela eNkathini ye-Mesozoic (iNkathi yama-dinosaurs) futhi esashintsha kancane kancane saze saba isilwane esiyiso namuhla, ngaphambi kokuba sibe yingxenye yezilwane. Ama-Dinosaurs Asemanzini. Ngale ndlela kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezidalwa eziphilayo eziye zavela phakathi neminyaka edlule.
Kunezifundo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezinesibopho sokudala ukuhlukahluka esikwaziyo namuhla. Lezi izi:
• Ukukhululwa kokuncintisana
• Ukwehlukana kwemvelo
• Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo
Manje sizochaza kancane ngalezi zinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Ukukhululwa kokuncintisana
Ulwazi lwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo lusibonisa ukuthi, ngemva kokuhlola izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyaphila noma lezo esezivele zashabalala, ukuthi zonke izinto eziphilayo noma ezingaphili zingafunda ukuhlukahluka ngokushesha, lokhu kwenzeka lapho imvelo inezinsiza ezidingekayo zokwenza lokho. . Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi “ama-vacant niches”.
Ngesikhathi lezi zilwane zifika, noma zethulwa, endaweni lapho zingekho engozini, okusho ukuthi azinabazingeli bemvelo, zizokwazi ukuqala inqubo yokuhlukahluka futhi zizothatha njengezazo "izindawo ezingenalutho" ezinikezwa yimvelo. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwaziwa ngokuthi "i-adaptive radiation".
Uma sibuyela kuma- dinosaur njengesibonelo, lapho ebhekana nokuqothulwa kwawo, izindawo ayehlala kuzo zazingenamuntu, zilungele ukuba izilwane ezincelisayo zithathe lezi zindawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
ukwehlukana kwemvelo
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kungaba nomthelela ekutheni izinto eziphilayo ziyakwazi ukuthatha izindawo ezingenalutho. Njengoba ziyizinto eziphilayo ezingaphakathi komkhakha ofanayo wokuguquguquka, zitholakala endaweni efana kakhulu neyabanye. Ngenxa yalokhu kusondelana, nangenxa yokuthi izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zihlala endaweni eyodwa, ukuncintisana kuba namandla kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene ezitholakala lapho.
Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi lapho izinhlobo ezimbili zezilwane ziphila ndawonye, ukuncintisana kuzoqala ngazo zombili ezingeni elifanayo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eyodwa izosebenzisa enye, ngaleyo ndlela idale ukubusa nokubusa. Kwezinye izimo kuqashelwa ukuthi uhlobo olulodwa lwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili lunquma ukuthola enye indawo ezuzisayo ukuze ukuncintisana kunciphe futhi zombili zihlale ndawonye ngaphandle kokuzifaka engozini. Lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Yile ndlela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ezihlala ndawonye ezifunda ngayo ukuthola ezinye izindlela zokudla, ukusinda, ngisho nokufunda ukuhlala endaweni entsha, lokhu kunomthelela ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni kwezinhlobonhlobo phakathi neminyaka.
ukuziphendukela kwemvelo
Kunezimo lapho ukuhlalisana kwezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene kuholela kulokho okwenzekile ngesinye sazo esithinta ukuvela kwesinye, lokhu kuzenza zibe yingxenye yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Isibonelo esicacile yilezo zinhlobo zezilwane okuthi ngandlela thize zisize enye ehlala endaweni efanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma leyo eletha insiza iqala inqubo yokuhlukahluka, enye yenza kanjalo ngenxa yokuvumelana nezimo okufanele ifunde ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisa usizo lomunye.
Esinye isibonelo esihle saleli cala yileso sabazingeli kanye nokudla kwabo (inyamazane), ngoba lapho umzingeli ejwayela indlela entsha yokuthola isisulu sakhe, uyaphoqeleka ukuba adlule inqubo eguquguqukayo esiza ukuba isebenzise ithuba futhi ikwazi ukuphunyuka. . Lokhu singakubona lapho sibuka iqulu lamabhubesi lizingela izimpala. Uma ingonyama ifunda indlela entsha yokuzingela i-impala, izophumelela ekuqaleni, noma kunjalo, inyamazane izoqala ukujwayela lolu shintsho futhi uzofunda izindlela ezintsha zokugwema ibhubesi futhi usindise ukuphila kwayo.
Ukubaluleka kokuhlukahluka kwemvelo
Kubantu, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zibaluleke kakhulu ngezindlela ezahlukene. Hhayi-ke, sincike kukho ngoba ngaphandle kwenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo noma ukuzivumelanisa nezimo asikwazanga ukusinda ezimeni ezahlukene esikuzo manje. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isintu besingeke sibe khona ezindaweni ezibandayo noma ezishisa kakhulu. Ukube abantu bebengehlukene, bebengeke bakwazi ukusinda ezinguqukweni zesimo sezulu esibhekana nazo namuhla. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi enye yalezi Izici Zomuntu kube ngokunembile ukuzivumelanisa.
Futhi hhayi nje umuntu kuphela, yonke into ephilayo izoncika ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ukuze iphile. Umuntu unquma ukuthutha futhi aphile esimweni esihlukile kunaleso ayesijwayele ngaphambili, ezimweni eziningi le ndawo entsha iza nezimo zezulu ezihlukene, izibalo zabantu ngisho namasiko okufanele azivumelanise nawo ukuze avele. Kwenzeka okufanayo nangezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, umehluko wokuthi ezimweni eziningi ziphoqeleka ukushintsha indawo yazo, ngakho ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze ziphile endaweni yazo entsha.
Njengamanje, inqubo yokujwayela izilwane ibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yengozi yokushabalala eziningi zazo ezigijimayo. Kungalesi sizathu namuhla kunenani elikhulu lezazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-ecologists ezifunda izindlela ezahlukene zokujwayela uhlobo oluthile lwemvelo endaweni ngaphandle kwasekuqaleni ukuze luzethule ezindaweni eziphephile lapho lungaphumelela futhi lwande futhi, ngaleyo ndlela lugweme ukushabalala kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane. Lokhu kwenzeka nangezinhlobo zezitshalo ezihlala zisengozini yokushabalala.