Funda mayelana ne-Impressionism eSpain nabameleli bayo

Kulesi sihloko sizokunikeza lonke ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nokuthi yini impressionism eSpain, obuqonde umphakathi nabaculi abehlukene abebewumele. Kanye nezici zayo nokuthi kungani yayibaluleke kangaka ngaleso sikhathi nanamuhla. Qhubeka ufunda isihloko futhi uthole konke!

IMPRESSIONISM ESPAIN

I-Impressionism eSpain

Ukunyakaza okwenzeka eSpain phakathi kweqembu labadwebi, kodwa impressionism eSpain yenzeka ngokushintshashintshayo futhi inobuhlanga kakhulu kunemfundiso, njengoba impressionism eSpain ichazwa ngokuqhubekayo kwemivimbo enamandla futhi ephilayo hhayi njengamaFulentshi ayesekelwe umugqa obucayi kanye nama-nuanced.

E-Spain, i-impressionism yayisekelwe ekuthatheni umzuzwana ekuhambeni kwesikhathi kwamahhala, esikhundleni sobude besikhathi. Ngale ndlela kube nokuxazululwa kwezinkinga zokukhanyisa ngombala futhi kwakungasekelwe ekuxazululeni kwendawo yomoya. Kunalokho, ukukhanya kuthathwe yimoto ye-chromaticism.

Ngale ndlela, i-Impressionism eSpain yaba negalelo elikhulu kakhulu ku-Impressionism eFrance, njengoba iphimbo elimpunga laliyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kweminye yemisebenzi eyenziwa abadwebi u-Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (1599-1660), u-Bartolomé Esteban. UMurillo (1618-1682), uFrancisco de Zurbarán (1598-1664), noFrancisco de Goya (1746-1828), abavusa isithakazelo esikhulu phakathi kwababukeli bemidwebo ye-Impressionist eSpain.

Khona-ke babangela isasasa elikhulu kubadwebi abaningi baseFrance, okugqama phakathi kwabo umdwebi owazalelwa eFrance u-Édouard Manet (1832-1883), owayengomunye wabadwebi benhlangano ye-Impressionist owafika ezokhombisa ukuthi i-Impressionism eSpain yayikhona. inkathi yegolide lapho anquma ukuvakashela eSpain ngonyaka we-1865 okokuphela kwesikhathi empilweni yakhe futhi afunde konke mayelana ne-impressionism eSpain.

Umthelela omkhulu owanikezwa yi-Impressionism eSpain wabangela uguquko olukhulu lwabadwebi baseSpain ababesebenzisa amasu, izindlela nezindlela nezindlela ze-Impressionism eSpain, kodwa kwakungekho ukusetshenziswa ekukhulumeni kwayo okuphezulu, ngoba ngokusebenzisa ama-brushstrokes avulekile ayizange ihlukaniswe. njengethonya le-impressionism eSpain njengoba lalikhona ekwakhiweni komdwebo waseSpain.

Kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-impressionism e-Spain yenza abadwebi basebenzise imiphumela ekhanyayo ne-chromatic emisebenzini yobuciko eyahlukene eyayiyintsha yangempela ku-impressionism e-Spain, kodwa ukucatshangelwa okujwayelekile kwanikezwa phakathi kwama-impressionists kanye nama-post-impressionists. Ukuthi abadwebi abaningi bahlukaniswa ngale ndlela engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu le-XNUMX.

IMPRESSIONISM ESPAIN

Abaningi balaba badwebi baguqukela ekubeni yi-impressionism eSpain kusukela enhlanganweni eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-realism, eyayinegama eliyinkinga kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Nakuba i-impressionism yayibizwa nangokuthi eSpain njengezikhanyisi, okwakungacacile kangako. Ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabadwebi ababedabuka eValencian.

Ukuthi banqume ukuqamba ngamagama ama-luminist aseValencia, okugqama phakathi kwabadwebi uJoaquín Sorolla (1863-1923), uTeodoro Andreu (1870-1935). Kukhona nabanye abadwebi be-Impressionist eSpain abagqamayo, njengoDarío de Regoyos (1857-1913), u-Ignacio Pinazo (1849-1916), u-Aureliano Beruete (1845-1912).

impressionism

I-Impressionism yayiyinhlangano eyenzeka emhlabeni wobuciko futhi yachazwa njengeqoqo lemidwebo ye-impressionist eyazalwa ngokuphawula okucasulayo komhlaziyi wezobuciko uLouis Leroy, ngaphambi komdwebo onesihloko esithi "The Rising Sun" owenziwe ngumdwebi uClaude Monet.

Lokho kwethulwe esaluni yabaculi abazimele eParis kusukela ngo-Ephreli 15 kuya kuMeyi 15, 1874, leli qembu labadwebi lakhiwe ngabadwebi uCamille Pissarro, u-Edgar Degas, uPierre-Auguste Renoir, uPaul Cézanne, u-Alfred Sisley Berthe Morisot.

Izici eziyinhloko ezizochaza i-Impressionism eSpain naseFrance zilula, umbala, ama-brushstrokes kanye ne-plenairism, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukunweba ngisho nobuciko bepulasitiki obufana nezakhiwo nemifanekiso. Ngale ndlela kungachazwa ukuthi i-impressionism eSpain naseFrance ngomqondo oqinile ingenzeka kuphela kumdwebo, izithombe kanye ne-cinema.

Nakuba kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi impressionism eSpain naseFrance yayizokhula kusukela phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, futhi yayizobonakala ngokubanzi ngokuthwebula ukukhanya emisebenzini yobuciko, ikakhulukazi emidwebeni, ngaphandle kokubheka isidingo sokuthola. ukukhanya kwalokho akuveza emdwebeni. Leli kwakuyiphuzu elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko bakamuva obaziwa ngokuthi yi-post-impressionism kanye ne-avant-gardes.

IMPRESSIONISM ESPAIN

Ukuqala kwe-Impressionism eSpain

Inhlangano yezithombe eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Impressionism yazalelwa ezwenikazi laseYurophu futhi yavela eFrance kanti i-Impressionism ibonwa ngendlela ehlukile eSpain futhi, njenganoma yimuphi umkhuba wobuciko, izoba nomthelela emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, izwe ngalinye linezici zalo eziyinhloko njengoba abaculi abaningi benikeza izici ze-impressionism. eSpain ezingajwayelekile kwamanye amazwe.

Inhlangano ye-Impressionism eSpain yaqala lapho amaciko amaningana ejoyina iqembu elaziwa ngokuthi yi-Barbizon, ngaphambi kwabaculi benhlangano ye-Impressionist ukuze baveze ubuciko babo ngaphandle. Lezo kwakuyizizathu ezihluke kakhulu ezincwadini ezingcwele kanye nokugxeka okwakujwayele abahlaziyi bezobuciko.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, lokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi iSikole SaseBarbizon kwanikezwa ukubaluleka okukhulu, njengoba kwakungesona isikole kodwa amaciko amaningana ahlangana ndawonye ngenxa yokuthi ayenezithakazelo ezifanayo futhi, ngokuvumelana ngezimo eziningana ezilinganayo, lokhu kwavuna ukuhlangana kwawo ndawonye ukuze aqhubekisele phambili umsebenzi wawo. benza imisebenzi yobuciko kanye nabanye abaculi abaya esikoleni sase-Barbizon bakha iqoqo lamaciko elaziwa ngokuthi yi-Impressionism movement e-Spain.

Izici Eziyinhloko ze-Impressionism eSpain

Abadwebi ababeqonda amasu e-impressionism eSpain, baqonda ukuthi iqiniso liyinto evamile futhi imisebenzi yabaculi yizinto ezibonakala zinjalo hhayi ukuthi kufanele zibe kanjani. Abaculi abaningi abavule umbono wabo wezinzwa zalesi sikhathi futhi babhala ukuthi isikhathi somdwebo kufanele siqoshwe ngesivinini ngale ndlela izici eziyinhloko nezici ze-Impressionism eSpain yilezi:

Ukukhanya njengentshisekelo eyisisekelo

Abadwebi bama-impressionist ababesekela imidwebo yabo endaweni yokukhanya eyisisekelo babewucwaningo olwalusekelwe endleleni yezithombe, njengoba abadwebi abaningi be-impressionist babeqonda ukuthi imibala ayiyona into yezinto kodwa iwumphumela wokungqubuzana kokukhanya. .

Ngaphambi kokuba ukukhanya kuhlolisiswe njengophawu lobunkulunkulu nolwazi kubuciko beGothic, ngendlela efanayo ukukhanya kwakufundwe njengento yepulasitiki ukuze kuzuzwe ivolumu emifanekisweni yemvelo nengenakwenzeka yeRenaissance kanye ne-classicism.

IMPRESSIONISM ESPAIN

Njengoba abaculi ababesekelwe ku-impressionism bathembele ekukhanyeni njengesikhungo sesithakazelo futhi ngale ndlela bagxila ekumeleleni imiphumela ehlukene ukukhanya okunikeze umsebenzi, yingakho ukukhanya kufundwa njengento eyenzeka ekuziphatheni. Ngenkathi isebenzisana nezinto ezahlukene ezitholakala emdwebeni.

Wonke lawa masu, amasu kanye nezici ezisetshenziswa amaciko ahlukahlukene enza i-Impressionism eSpain yaba yinto yobuciko.

Uhlaka olusha nendawo yokubuka

Amaciko amaningana azinikele ekutadisheni ama-engeli emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yobuciko, ayehlale efuna umbono ongcono kakhulu kanye nezinhlaka ezinhle kakhulu ukuze umbukeli abone umsebenzi wobuciko ngemibono ehlukahlukene.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ukuthwebula izithombe kwahlala kuqondile futhi kwakudala kusukela ngeRenaissance, kodwa ama-engeli amasha nezindlela zase ziqala ukushintsha. Yingakho abaculi ababesekelwe ku-Impressionism banquma ukuhlukana ne-canon ebekwe umphakathi wezobuciko ngokubona izinhlaka eziyinhloko zomsebenzi wobuciko futhi banquma ukwenza izinhlaka ezingalindelekile zemisebenzi yobuciko.

Ukulahlwa komdwebo olungile

Ku-Academy, kwakudingeka kwenziwe umdwebo ophelele ukuze uhambisane nezindinganiso zobuciko lapho kwenziwa umsebenzi wobuciko, kodwa amaciko ayesekelwe kumbono waseSpain esikhundleni sokusebenzisa umugqa ohlukanisiwe futhi onembile futhi abaculi be-impressionist baveza umugqa imiqulu ifaka imibala ngokuqondile lokho okwembule ulwazi olukhulu nobuciko kulaba baculi.

Nakuba abanye abaculi beqhubeka nokusebenzisa imigqa efana ne-Toulouse-Lautrec noma u-Edgar Degas, kodwa hhayi njengoba kuchazwe ngendlela okufanele ibe ngayo emaphethini okudweba kodwa ngesigqi esithe ukuthuthumela esinezibuyekezo ezimbalwa kanye nokuvela okuningi phezulu.

IMPRESSIONISM ESPAIN

Imbondela yombala kukhanvasi

Enqubweni ye-impressionism eSpain abaculi abasekelwe ku-impressionism bebengaphoqelekile ukuthi baxube imibala yabo kuphalethi. Yingakho abaculi abaningi benqume ukuzikhulula kulesi sinyathelo baphuma bayodweba obala befuna izinhlobo ezintsha zokukhanya ngomsebenzi ababewenza, kwazise base befunde ulwazi olusha nge-optical theory.

Yingakho abadwebi ababesekelwe embonweni we-impressionists baqala ukuxuba imibala kuseyili efanayo ukuze bathole umbala oqondile emsebenzini wobuciko.

Le nqubo yenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili, eyokuqala yayihlanganisa umbala owodwa phezu komunye kanti eyesibili yayiwukusebenzisa imibala eyinhloko omunye usondelene kakhulu nomunye ukuze kuthi lapho ubonwa ukude, ukudlidliza abakwenzayo kukhiqize umbala ogqamile. umbono wombala ababewudinga emsebenzini wobuciko.

Ibhulashi imivimbo, ibhulashi imivimbo namachashazi

Enye yezinjongo ku-impressionism yaseSpain kwakuwukugqamisa imibala ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka emsebenzini wobuciko ukuze kuthwebule umphumela wokukhanya okwakuzokhiqizwa emdwebeni.

Yingakho abaculi be-Impressionist bekhetha ukusebenzisa ama-brushstrokes aqondile, futhi izikhathi eziningi benza imisebenzi yobuciko ngemivimbo ewugqinsi noma ngama-brushstrokes ukuze baqedele kangcono futhi lokho kukhanya kunomthelela omkhulu emsebenzini wobuciko. Baphinde basebenzisa ukugqagqana ukuze bakwazi ukudala inqwaba ngevolumu eyengeziwe emdwebeni.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sx6a6y6-puw&t=109s

 Ukungabi bikho kokuqedwa nokucindezelwa kwemininingwane evuna yonke

Emidwebeni, izenzakalo ezikhanyayo zaziyizimo futhi zifushane, yingakho abadwebi be-Spanish Impressionist babedinga ukucindezela imininingwane eyayithakazelelwa kakhulu ezikhathini ezedlule kangangokuthi kufanele isetshenziswe ngenhloso yokuvuna ukubhekwa kwendawo yonke. .

Ku-Impressionism eSpain, abadwebi babegxile ekufuneni ukuthi umdwebo ube nokuqedwa okuhle nokuqondile, kodwa imigqa yashiywa ivulekile futhi ingaqediwe, kuyilapho ukuthungwa kwesulwa ukuba kube yi-porous futhi uma kunemigqa emdwebeni, kubuyekezwe noma ishiywe ingaxhumekile..

I-Psychology nayo ibamba iqhaza kancane kulokhu, kusukela lapho ubuka umsebenzi ubuchopho bombukeli buqala ukubhalisa yonke le mininingwane futhi lokho azokwazi ukukubona kuyoba isithombe esinqunyiwe somdwebo, inqobo nje uma umsebenzi ubhekwa njengento yonke. .

Izihloko ezivamile noma ezingabalulekile

Ezinhlelweni zangaphambi kokuvela kwe-impressionism kanye nokunye ukunyakaza kobuciko kwavela, okuqukethwe okwakuzomelwa kwakufanele kube izikhathi ezinezizathu ezithile futhi ezinikeza ukubaluleka komsebenzi wobuciko. Kusukela lapho kupenda owesifazane onqunu kufanele alingane noma abe ngcono kuneVenus. Akumele neze abe ngowesifazane nje. Ukufa kwakungeke kube yinto yobuqhawe noma eyedlulele futhi izindawo zezwe zenziwe njengezwi lezinye izikhathi noma eminye imihlaba.

Ngenkathi abaculi base-Impressionist baseSpain beshiya yonke le mibono yemidwebo futhi baqala ukuqaphela iqiniso ababenalo phambi kwabo ngokulipenda, njengoba ngesikhathi sokudweba owesifazane onqunu kwakungowesifazane onqunu kuphela futhi akukho okunye.

Isibonelo esicace kakhulu salesi sici se-Impressionism eSpain yilapho i-Olympia yapendwe khona emdwebeni lapho umdwebi akhuthazwa umdwebo owaziwayo kaVenus wase-Urbino, owenziwa uTitian ekhulwini le-XNUMX. Okwenziwa umdwebi we-Impressionist kwaba ushintsho. izici zeVenus zalezo zowesifazane oyisifebe.

Emadolobheni zalungiswa ukuze zibonise indawo yezimboni, lapho kwenziwa khona imifanekiso yabantu, imizila ehamba ngaphansi, izimoto nemigwaqo emikhulu. Ngaphezu kwezinye izici ezifana namaphathi, ukudla, impilo ye-bohemian, ipaki, ukuzilolonga, umgodi we-orchestra, imijaho yamahhashi, ukubheja, i-boulevard...

Nakuba kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lokhu kwakungenzelwanga ukuhlonipha lezi zihloko, kodwa ukuqinisa ukubaluleka kolimi olusetshenziswa ukulethela umbukeli umsebenzi wobuciko ocacile ngaphandle kokuba nezaba zokwenza umdwebo omuhle, kwazise indikimba ayinjalo. okubalulekile kodwa ukukumela ngendlela engcono kakhulu.

Abamele Abakhulu Be-Impressionism eSpain

Njengoba sekushiwo ngaphambili, i-impressionism eSpain idalwe iqembu labadwebi abavumelana nemibono ehlukahlukene futhi bafuna ukwenza imidwebo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ezikhona, lapho umdwebi uCarlos de Haes azinikezele ekufundiseni amasu akhe okudweba ngokusekelwe ezindaweni kumaciko amaningana agqamayo phakathi kwawo:

Umdwebi we-Impressionist uCarlos de Haes (1826-1898)

UngowaseBelgium owazalwa edolobheni laseBrussels ngoJanuwari 27, 1826 futhi washonela eSpain edolobheni laseMadrid ngoJuni 17, 1898. Empilweni wayengumdwebi waseSpain owayedabuka eBelgium futhi wazinikela endaweni. ukudweba futhi wayeyilungu leqembu le-impressionism eSpain.

Wazinikela ekwenzeni imidwebo ngesitayela samaqiniso futhi wathembisa ukwabelana ngolwazi lwakhe lokudweba nabanye abadwebi kulokho okubizwa nge-Landscape Chair e-Escuela Superior de la Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando eMadrid kusukela ngo-1857.

Wayengowokuqala kubazalwane abayisikhombisa abazalelwa emndenini wabaxhasi bezimali nabathengisi. Kodwa emkhayeni wakhe kwakunezinkinga zezimali, banquma ukuthuthela eSpain ngonyaka ka-1835, beza bezohlala edolobheni laseMalaga kuleli dolobha uCarlos de Haes waqala ukudweba amakilasi kathisha wakhe umdwebi uLuis de la Cruz y Ríos (1776) Ngo-1853).

Ngonyaka ka-1850 wayesenothisha wesibili owaziwa ngokuthi uJoseph Quinaux (1822-1895), umdwebi waseBelgium, ngaleso sikhathi wavakashela izifundazwe eziningana ezingomakhelwane baseMalaga futhi waqala ukudweba izindawo zakhe zokuqala, ngonyaka we-1855 uCarlos de Haes wabamba iqhaza. i-Antwerp Salon enemidwebo ehlukahlukene.

Kamuva uba umngane kaJuan Federico Muntadas, owayevame ukubhala izinkondlo naye uCarlos Haes, wenza umdwebo awubiza ngokuthi. “Ukubuka eduze kwe-Monasterio de Piedra e-Aragón” Khona-ke lowo msebenzi wobuciko wazuza umklomelo wendondo yegolide embukisweni owawungonyaka ka-1858.

Ngonyaka we-1857 wawina indawo yokufundisa ikilasi lokuklama indawo eSikoleni Esiphakeme se-Academy of Fine Arts yaseSan Fernando, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi wazinikezela ukuhlala edolobheni laseMadrid. Ngemva konyaka wawina umklomelo e-Spanish National Exhibition. Ngonyaka ka-1860 ukhethwa njengothisha wokuqala we-Academy lapho esebenza khona efundisa.

Phakathi neminyaka ka-1871 no-1876, wazinikela ekunikezeni amakilasi abaculi abahlukahlukene ohambweni oluvulekile, okwenza kube ne-Impressionism eSpain. Lo thisha weza ukuzokhuthaza imikhankaso enyakatho yeSpain enza imidwebo eminingana yeziqongo zase-Europe kanye nezwe laseBasque.

Khona-ke umbono wakhe we-Impressionism eSpain wasakazekela emazweni amaningana, kuhlanganise ne-French Basque Country, Brittany, Normandy kanye neFriesland, nasenyakatho yeHolland. Konke lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho umdwebi uCarlos de Haes akwenze wacabanga nge-impressionism eSpain, enza imidwebo esekelwe ekubukeni kwemvelo kwemvelo okuyi-anthology yakhe enkulu yokudweba ngaphandle kwaseSpain.

Umdwebi we-Impressionist ushona eneminyaka engama-62 ngenxa yenyumoniya, eshiya amafa amabili entandweni yakhe yokunquma ngayo yonke impahla yakhe nemidwebo, okwahlelwa ukuthi kwenziwe ikamelo elinikezelwe ku-impressionism eSpain eMuseum of Modern esanda kuvulwa. Ubuciko kusukela umdwebi uCarlos Haes wayenemidwebo eyizinkulungwane ezingu-4000 namanothi esikhwameni sakhe, iningi lazo elifinyelele eMnyuziyamu waseMalaga, iJaime Morera Museum futhi ekugcineni i-Prado Museum.

U-Aureliano Beruete (1845-1912)

Wazalelwa edolobheni laseMadrid ngoSepthemba 27, 1845 futhi washonela edolobheni lase-Ibid ngoJanuwari 5, 1912, empilweni wayesaziwa njengongqondongqondo, wayengumdwebi nomdwebi wezindawo kanye nosopolitiki waseSpain waphothula eNyuvesi yaseMadrid. ngo-1867 nesihloko esithi Doctor of Law.

Njengomdwebi waqeqeshwa e-Academy of Fine Arts eSan Fernando eMadrid, engumfundi womdwebi uCarlos Haes wayeyingxenye yeqembu le-Impressionism eSpain kusukela isimo sakhe njengomuntu wemali samvumela ukuba azinikezele. ngokwakhe ukudweba ngokugcwele, phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe yokuqala mayelana nezindawo umdwebo owaziwa kakhulu wokuzilibazisa we-Orbajosa, lapho umdwebi we-impressionist waseSpain aphinda adala i-villa ecatshangelwayo nguGaldós inoveli yakhe ebizwa ngokuthi i-Doña Perfecta.

Isitayela somsebenzi wakhe sasisekelwe emibonweni yaseSpain, engumfundi futhi engumngane womdwebi uCarlos Haes, umdwebi u-Aureliano Beruete wenza umdwebo oxekethile futhi wenza imisebenzi eminingana lapho eveza khona izindawo eziningi azithwebula ezincwadini zakhe, phakathi kwazo okuma ngaphandle kwezindawo ze-castile Ama-brushstroke awanikezayo abe nomthelela omkhulu ekubukekeni eSpain njengoba imisebenzi yakhe yavula ithuba lokuvula imidwebo enokukhanya okuningi.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi evelele kakhulu yalo mdwebi waseSpain owahlanganisa i-Impressionism eSpain, imisebenzi ethi El Tajo (Toledo), uwoyela ngendwangu, 57 x 85 cm, wasayinwa, 1905, Pradera de San Isidro (La casa del deaf), uwoyela kukhanvasi. , 62 x 103 cm, esayiniwe, 1909 kanye ne-Autumn Landscape (Madrid), uwoyela kukhanvasi, 66 x 95 cm, isayinwe, 1910.

I-Anselmo Guinea Ugalde (1854-1906)

Umdwebi owazalwa edolobheni laseBilbao ngo-Ephreli 1, 1854 futhi washonela edolobheni elifanayo ngoJuni 10, 1906, empilweni yakhe wayengumdwebi wasemuva, i-watercolorist kanye nomdwebi we-impressionism eSpain, wenza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu Spain njengoba yayiyimisebenzi yobuciko ependwe emtatsheni wezincwadi we-Bidebarrieta, i-Foral Palace, isigodlo saseChávarri kanye nomdwebi wengilazi onamabala esigodlweni sase-Ibaigane.

Waqala imfundo yakhe edolobheni laseMadrid lapho afunda khona amakilasi kaSolwazi Federico Madrazo kwathi ngo-1876 wabuyela edolobheni lakubo ukuze afundise ikilasi lokudweba eSikoleni Sezobuciko Nezandla, ebambe okufanayo kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe. Ngonyaka ka-1890 waya eParis futhi wahlangana nenhlangano ye-French Impressionism eyathatha leso sitayela yajoyina iqembu lamaciko e-Impressionism eSpain. Imisebenzi yakhe eyinhloko yilezi:

  • I-Self-portrait (CP) 1875.
  • I-Aurresku-watercolor- (Álava Museum of Fine Arts)
  • UJuan Zuria efunga ukuvikela ukuzimela kweBizkaia (Guernica Assembly House) 1882.
  • I-Tarantella (i-Bilbao Museum of Fine Arts) 1884.
  • Umdobi (cp) 1888.
  • Indlela yokudonsa (cp) 1892.
  • Ama-Asturian (cp) c. 1896.
  • Christian (Foral Palace. Bilbao) 1897.
  • Impendulo (MNAC) 1898.
  • I-Allegory ye-Bizkaia (iwindi lengilazi elinebala ePalacio Foral de Bilbao) 1900.
  • Ibhuloho eRoma (Bilbao Museum of Fine Arts) 1904.
  • Izinkumbulo ze-Capri.
  • Umshado kafaro.

U-Adolf Guiard (1860-1916)

Uthathwa njengomunye wabaculi abayizifanekiselo kakhulu ze-Impressionism eSpain, wazalelwa edolobheni laseBilbao ngo-Ephreli 10, 1860 futhi washona ngoMashi 8, 1916, uthathwa njengomunye owethula umbono waseSpain ezweni laseBasque.

Umdwebi wazalelwa emndenini omkhulu kakhulu ngoba unezinye izingane zakubo eziyi-14, eyindodana yomthwebuli wezithombe waseFrance ogama lakhe lingu-Alphonse Guiard kanti umama kwakunguJuliana Larrauri. Umdwebi waqala izifundo zakhe zokudweba nomdwebi u-Antonio Lecuona esitudiyo sakhe saseBilbao eCalle de La Cruz.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umculi wanquma ukuhlala edolobheni laseBarcelona, ​​​​bese ethuthela eParis. Lapho enquma ukuhlala khona kusukela ngo-1878. Ungumdwebi nomdwebi wokuqala ozoshintsha indawo yakhe esuka eSpain aye eParis esikhundleni seRoma njengoba bonke abadwebi baseSpain benza ukuze baqeqeshe njengabadwebi abaqeqeshiwe.

Njengoba elwazi kahle ulimi lwesiFulentshi, umdwebi u-Adolfo Guiard wayesenezixhumanisi eziningi emdwebeni owawenziwa eParis kunaseRoma. Ngenxa yalokho kube ngesinye sezizathu ezenze ukuthi aye eParis. Lapho, wayefunda e-Colarossi Academy. Ngaleyo minyaka umdwebi wayesevele edume kakhulu futhi washicilela umsebenzi owaziwa ngokuthi "La vie moderne" lo msebenzi unezici ze-impressionism eSpain futhi wawuqondiswa u-Edmond Renoir, owayengumfowabo omncane womdwebi.

Phakathi kuka-1886 no-1887, umdwebi odumile wanquma ukubuyela ezweni lakubo futhi wavula istudiyo ukuze azinikezele ekufundiseni abanye abafundi ubuciko bokudweba indawo kanye namandla okukhanya emisebenzini yobuciko, njengoba kuyizici ze-impressionism eSpain. Lesi kuzoba isifundo sokuqala eSpain ukufundisa izici zeSpanishi Impressionism.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umdwebi u-Adolfo Guiard, usungula indawo yakhe yokuhlala edolobheni laseBakio, njengoba enesifiso sokupenda ngaphandle. Yize i-landscape yenziwa ngemuva ngoba into athanda ukuyidweba yizibalo zabantu abenza umsebenzi kulo mkhakha. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, wenza imisebenzi endaweni eluhlaza nabantu abasebenza, imidwebo yakhe igcwele ukukhanya, enye yezimpawu ze-Impressionism eSpain.

Abagxeki abaningi bezobuciko baye bazwakalisa imibono yabo mayelana nomdwebo ka-Adolfo Guiard, phakathi kwawo u-Unamuno agqama, owafika waqinisekisa ukuthi ngonyaka we-1918, ukuthi umdwebo owenziwe ngumdwebi ulawulwa yi-silhouettes yezibalo, kusukela umdwebo wakhe omncane- imidwebo enosayizi, okugqamayo umdwebo nokukhanyisa okuyisici esibalulekile kumbono waseSpain. Imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yomdwebi yile elandelayo:

  • Kwesethembiso (Isithembiso) (Bilbao Museum of Fine Arts).
  • Isakhamuzi esincane esine-carnation ebomvu (i-Bilbao Museum of Fine Arts).
  • I-cho (Bilbao Museum of Fine Arts).
  • The Harvest (Bilbao Museum of Fine Arts).
  • Isakhamuzi sase-Bakio (Bilbao Museum of Fine Arts).
  • Abawashi emfuleni.
  • Ichweba le-Axpe (i-Bilbain Society).
  • Ethafeni (Bilbaina Society).
  • Abazingeli baseNorth Station (Bilbaina Society).

UJose Salis Camino (1863-1927)

Umdwebi uJosé Salís Camino wazalelwa edolobheni laseSantoña ngoDisemba 1, 1863 futhi washona ngoDisemba 30, 1927, ungomunye wabadwebi baseSpain owaziwa njengomsulwa we-Impressionism eSpain.

Njengoba enza inombolo enkulu yemidwebo esekelwe ezindaweni ezahlukene ngenxa yokuthi izingqikithi zakhe zisekelwe eqinisweni. Izici zakhe ezivelele kakhulu ukuthi imidwebo yakhe icacile, iyakhanya futhi ama-brushstrokes akhe ayashesha kodwa aqiniseke kakhulu, izici ze-Impressionism eSpain.

Lo mculi ovelele ube nethuba lokuqeqeshwa edolobheni laseMadrid eSikoleni seRoyal Academy of Fine Arts yaseSan Fernando, kanye nomunye umdwebi ovelele we-Impressionism waseSpain, uCarlos Haes.

Ngo-1885 unquma ukuyohlala edolobheni laseBrussels ukuze aqedele ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe nomdwebi u-Antoine Van Hamme. Khona-ke unquma ukuya emazweni amaningana, kuhlanganise Paris, Rome, United Kingdom naseNyakatho Afrika. Ngemuva kwalokho ubuyela eSpain. Futhi funda amasu Okukhanyiselwa kuka-Joaquín Sorolla kanye nomsebenzi ka-Joaquim Mir, izici eziyisisekelo ze-Impressionism eSpain.

Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, umdwebi uJosé Salina ubhekwa njengomunye wabaculi abahamba phambili besikhathi sakhe kanye nereferensi ekusetshenzisweni kwamasu e-Impressionist eSpain.

UDario Regoyos (1857-1913)

Ungumdwebi osebenzisa amasu e-impressionism eSpain. Wazalelwa edolobheni laseRibadesella, ngoNovemba 1, 1857 futhi washona ngo-Okthoba 29, 1913, engomunye wabadwebi abakhulu baseSpain abanesitayela se-impressionist sekwephuzile.

Umdwebi waqala ukudweba kanye noyise uDarío Regoyos Morenillo, unjiniyela nomakhi wezakhiwo, ongowokuzalwa eValladolid, owayethanda ukudweba. Lokhu kuqala eRoyal Academy of Fine Arts yaseSan Fernando. Kodwa uyise uyashona futhi umdwebi u-Darío Regoyos uyabhalisa ngesikhathi sokwethulwa kokwakheka kwezwe okunikezwe uprofesa futhi ngipenda uCarlo ungomunye wabagqugquzeli abakhulu be-Impressionism eSpain.

Ngo-1879 unquma ukuya eBrussels ephelezelwa abangane bakhe u-Isaac Albéniz no-Enrique Fernández Arbós, njengoba babezothola indondo yeRoyal Conservatory yaseBrussels nge "Distinction" kanye "Excellence", edolobheni laseBrussels uhlangana noJoseph Quinaux. Futhi uba ngumfundi wakhe ukuze afunde ngesimanjemanje sobuciko.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umdwebi uDarío Regoyos wayebhekwa abagxeki bezobuciko kanye nabaculi njengengcweti yokukhanya nephunga okubhekiselwa kuyo emidwebeni yangaleso sikhathi, njengoba eveze amasu amaningi afundwa ku-impressionism eSpain ngalokhu wakwazi ukushiya inqubo pointllism futhi ujule ku-impressionism eyayisenzeka ngaleso sikhathi.

Umdwebi okwamanje unemidwebo eminingana kumamnyuziyamu ahlukene ezwekazini laseYurophu, phakathi kwawo amamnyuziyamu alandelayo agqamayo: i-Bilbao Fine Arts Museum, i-MNAC e-Barcelona kanye ne-Carmen Thyssen Museum eMalaga.

Isigaba sesithombe somdwebi u-Darío Regoyos singafingqwa esitatimendeni somdwebi ofanayo owafika waqinisekisa lokhu okulandelayo kumagazini wesiFulentshi i-Mercure de France ngo-1905.

"Ukube bengingaqala kabusha impilo yami, bengizophinda ngisebenzise iphalethi ekhanyayo, ngaphandle komhlaba, ngaphandle kokumnyama, futhi ngizokwenza i-landscape kuphela, ngizinikele ngokuphelele emibonweni engiyitholile evela emvelweni."

    U-Darío de Regoyos, Inhlolovo mayelana nezitayela zamanje kwezobuciko bepulasitiki

Ngale ndlela umdwebi wakwazi ukuthwebula amasu e-impressionism eSpain emidwebeni yakhe eminingi. Nakuba imisebenzi yakhe eminingi okuzobusa indawo nemvelo, kodwa ukwethula izibalo zabantu ukunikeza ukuthintana kwempilo emsebenzini.

UFrancisco Gimeno (1858-1927)

Umdwebi ogama lakhe linguFrancisco Gimeno Arasa wazalelwa edolobheni laseTortosa ngoFebhuwari 4, 1858 futhi washonela eBarcelona ngoNovemba 22, 1927. Wazinikela ekwenzeni imidwebo ehlukahlukene futhi engomunye wabamele i-Impressionism eSpain. Wayethanda ukudweba. futhi apende imisebenzi yakhe eyayinemibala egqamile futhi egqamile, lapho ayegqama khona kwaba yizithombe kanye nezithombe zakhe, futhi unemisebenzi eminingi apenda kuyo indawo ezungezile esebenzisa amasu e-impressionism eSpain.

Njengamanje miningi imisebenzi eyenziwa ngumdwebi eminyuziyamu ehlukahlukene, okugqamayo phakathi kwayo okulandelayo: iNational Art Museum yaseCatalonia (Barcelona), iPrado National Museum eMadrid, iMontserrat Museum kanye neVíctor Balaguer Museum Library.

URamon Casas (1866-1932)

Lo mdwebi wazalelwa edolobheni laseBarcelona ngoJanuwari 04, 1866 futhi washona ngoFebhuwari 29, 1932, wayengumdwebi ovelele futhi odumile waseSpain owenza imisebenzi eminingi nezithombe ze-elite yaseSpain, phakathi kwazo izibalo zezombusazwe, zamasiko. , umkhakha wezobuhlakani nezomnotho womphakathi waseSpain.

Nakuba ayesebenza njengomklami wezithombe ngaleso sikhathi, umsebenzi wakhe waqashelwa njengesimanjemanje seCatalan. Umdwebi osemusha unquma ukushiya isikole futhi waya ukutadisha umdwebo Juan Vicens Cots. Esemncane kakhulu, ngo-1881 wasungula umagazini i-L'Avenç. Ngo-Okthoba 09. Eminyakeni eyalandela wazinikela ekuhambeni nasekudwebeni ngaphambi kokubuyela eSpain.

Ngonyaka we-1890, umdwebi wenza isampula yemisebenzi yakhe yobuciko lapho imisebenzi yakhe yayizotholakala phakathi kwendlela phakathi kwesitayela semfundo kanye ne-impressionism eSpain. Nakuba kamuva isitayela sakhe sagqama njengesitayela sesimanje esasingakathuthuki kakhulu

Ngonyaka ka-1900 udumo lwakhe lwalukhula futhi ikomidi laseParis lakhetha imisebenzi yakhe emibili ebaluleke kakhulu, okwakuyizithombe ezimbili, eyokuqala yayiyisithombe sika-Eric Satie nesinye sikadadewabo kaCasas, lapho athola khona umklomelo owaziwa ngokuthi u-El Garrote VII. . Nakuba isitayela sakhe sadlula kumasu amaningi, wayengummeleli we-Impressionism eSpain isikhathi eside.

I-Santiago Rusiñol Prats (1861-1931)

Umdwebi owaziwayo waseSpain uSantiago Rusiñol y Prats wazalelwa edolobheni laseBarcelona, ​​​​eSpain, ngoFebhuwari 25, 1861 futhi washonela kuMasipala wase-Aranjuez ngoJuni 13, 1931. Wayengumuntu ozinikele emsebenzini wakhe. imisebenzi eminingi yobuciko, ehlanganisa umdwebi waseSpain, umbhali nombhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi ngolimi lwesiCatalan.

Wazalelwa emndenini ozinikele emsebenzini wezindwangu zezimboni. Ngenkathi umfowabo ezinikele ekutadisheni ezombangazwe nezamabhizinisi, umdwebi waqala ukufundela ukudweba esikhungweni saseBarcelona watercolor waba ngumfundi kaTomás Moragas.

Ngo-1889, umdwebi wanquma ukuya eParis lapho ahlala khona nabadwebi uRamón Casas no-Ignacio Zuloaga. Ngaleso sikhathi wazinikela ekutadisheni nasekuklameni imisebenzi yangaphandle. Ngaleso sikhathi ufunda amasu e-French Impressionism futhi asebenzise ama-nuances amasha kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Spanish Impressionism.

Ngesikhathi eseSpain, wasungula ishabhu yakhe yokufundisa nokuklama imisebenzi yobuciko eyaziwa ngokuthi iSitges. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wasungula ishabhu yemnyuziyamu ayibhapathiza eCau Ferrat futhi waqala ukuvakashela idolobha laseBarcelona futhi waqala ukuhlanganyela emibuthanweni yokuzijabulisa endaweni yokudlela edumile yase-Els Quatre Gats. Njengoba isikhundla sakhe emphakathini siphezulu futhi umnotho wakhe umvumela ukuthi aphile ngokunethezeka. Kuleyo sayithi uqala ukushintshanisa imibono mayelana ne-Impressionism eSpain.

Ngo-1908, umdwebi wawina indondo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-National Exhibition of Fine Arts, njengoba ethonywe amasu impressionism eSpain kanye nendikimba landscape. Kokubili ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasemakhaya. Uphinde azinikele ekwenzeni imisebenzi yobuciko yokuzimelela kanye nezithombe. Kanye nezingoma ezingokomfanekiso ezisekelwe ekukhuthazeni okusha kwesimanjemanje.

Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi ekuqaleni komsebenzi womdwebi wayesekelwe kuphela ekudwebeni izithombe ezizimele kanye nezibalo zabantu futhi ekupheleni kwesiteji sakhe wagxila kakhulu ekudwebeni izindawo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zangempela ezifana nezindawo zase-Aranjuez. kanye nepulazi lisebenzisa amasu e-impressionism.

Ngomhla ziyi-13 kuNhlangulana wezi-2006, kwahlonishwa umdwebi eminyakeni engu-75 ngemva kokufa kwakhe emadolobheni ase-Aranjuez nase-Sitges ngezenzakalo eziningi zamasiko eziqokomisa imisebenzi yakhe eminingana egxile ekudwebeni umhlaba ngamasu e-Impressionist eSpain.

UMartin Rico (1833-1908)

Umdwebi uMartín Rico wazalelwa kuMasipala wase-Escorial ngoNovemba 12, 1833 futhi washona ngo-Ephreli 13, 1908. Omunye wabadwebi baseSpain owayegxile ekudwebeni egxile ezindikimbeni zezwe, waqeqeshwa esikoleni esibizwa nge-barbizon eFrance. eyaba nomlando wayo phakathi kwawo-1830 no-1870.

Wazalelwa emndenini wamaciko futhi waqala izifundo zakhe eSan Fernando School of Fine Arts, wayengumfundi kathisha nomdwebi uJenaro Pérez Villaamil.

Ekanye nomfowabo, basebenza ndawonye endaweni yedrowa kanye nomqophi, bafinyelela isikhundla sokuba umqondisi wezobuciko we-Spanish and American Illustration.

Ngonyaka we-1854 usevele enolwazi oluningi mayelana nokufezeka kwemidwebo yangaphandle futhi isitayela sakhe sisekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwamasu e-Impressionism eSpain. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isethi yohambo yaqala kulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu, phakathi kwamazwe alandelayo: eParis, eSwitzerland, eNgilandi nase-Italy.

Ngonyaka we-1907 unquma ukushicilela incwadi elandisa zonke izinkumbulo zakhe ayibiza ngokuthi "Recuerdos de mi vida" enikezelwe komunye wabangane bakhe abakhulu, umdwebi nomdwebi wezwe u-Aureliano de Beruete, naye ongumdwebi kanye nomunye wabaculi abaphambili. impressionism eSpain. Phakathi kwemisebenzi esemqoka yombhali ihlanganisa:

  • Amabhange ase-Azañón (1858), i-Prado Museum.
  • ISierra del Guadarrama (1869). INewarkMuseum.
  • Usuku Lwehlobo eSeine (1870-1875), iMuseo Carmen Thyssen Málaga
  • Umlomo we-Bidasoa (c. 1865) Prado Museum.
  • Ladies Tower (1871-72), Prado Museum.
  • I-Riva degli Schiavoni eVenice (1873), i-Prado Museum.
  • Ukungena eGrand Canal (1877) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.
  • Igceke leSigodlo Sezinja ZaseVenice, ngo-1883, iBanco Santander Foundation.
  • Alcalá de Guadaira (h. 1890), Prado Museum.
  • Ukubuka kweVenice (h. 1900), Prado Museum.
  • ICanal eVenice (1906), iBrooklyn Museum of Art.
  • Self-portrait (1908) Paris, Michel Rico iqoqo.
  • San Lorenzo River with the bell tower San Giorgio dei Greci, Venice (1900), Museo Carmen Thyssen Málaga
  • Abalimi (1862), Museo Carmen Thyssen Málaga
  • Ukubukwa kweSanctuary of Covadonga (1856), Museum of Fine Arts of Asturias.

Uma uthole le ndatshana nge-Impressionism eSpain ibalulekile, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo:


Yiba ngowokuqala ukuphawula

Shiya umbono wakho

Ikheli lakho le ngeke ishicilelwe. Ezidingekayo ibhalwe nge *

*

*

  1. Ubhekele idatha: I-Actualidad Blog
  2. Inhloso yedatha: Lawula Ugaxekile, ukuphathwa kwamazwana.
  3. Ukusemthethweni: Imvume yakho
  4. Ukuxhumana kwemininingwane: Imininingwane ngeke idluliselwe kubantu besithathu ngaphandle kwesibopho esisemthethweni.
  5. Isitoreji sedatha: Idatabase ebanjwe yi-Occentus Networks (EU)
  6. Amalungelo: Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ungakhawulela, uthole futhi ususe imininingwane yakho.