Ngo-1886, kwazalwa omunye wabadwebi abathandwayo nabatuswa kakhulu baseMexico emlandweni kazwelonke, okhunjulwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi omangalisayo awuthuthukisa emzabalazweni wobuciko wokudwetshwa kwezithombe ezidongeni. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe mayelana Ukwakhiwa by Diego Rivera, hlala futhi ufunde nathi ngalesi sihloko esifundisayo esiye sasenza.
Imisebenzi emi-5 eyaziwa kakhulu nguDiego Rivera
Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokuzikhandla, u-Diego Rivera waba ngomunye wabadwebi abahlonishwa kakhulu kulo lonke elaseMexico futhi waba ngomunye wabafisa ukuvelela ekhulwini lama-XNUMX, njalo ezama konke okusemandleni akhe ukweqa imingcele yakhe. Ngisho nanamuhla, umsebenzi wakhe oyingqayizivele njengomdwebi wezithombe usanconywa kakhulu. Imisebenzi ka-Diego Rivera iyamangalisa.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi baningi abamgxekayo mayelana nentuthuko yakhe njengochwepheshe futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, njengomuntu, imisebenzi yakhe iye yathandwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuzibophezela kwakhe okuphezulu emphakathini. Futhi kungenxa yokuthi, empeleni, imidwebo yakhe yasezindongeni yambeka phezu kwesitebele sobuciko abantu baseMexico abambalwa kakhulu abasifinyelele ngaphandle kwendawo yabo.
U-Rivera wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuzalweni kabusha kwalolu hlobo lomdwebo, ombuzo wakhe ungenakucatshangwa. Izindonga nosilingi akwenza ezakhiweni zomphakathi zezwe lakhe ngokushesha kwaba ngabangane bakhe abaseduze kakhulu mayelana nokuvikela isigaba sabasebenzi. Zibhekwa njengeminye yemisebenzi ka-Diego Rivera enobuhlakani kakhulu.
Ngokungangabazeki uthathwa njengomlandeli othembekile wobukhomanisi, njengoba ebambe iqhaza elinjalo impilo yakhe yonke, ngezindikimba zezenhlalo nezobuzwe njengabalingiswa abakhulu bemidwebo yakhe. Kuwo ngamunye wasebenzisa insada yombala, kuyilapho evame ukubhekisela esikhathini esidlule saseMexico sangaphambi kweColumbian.
Ngale ndlela, umdwebi wasemuva wenza kabusha izigcawu ze-costumbrista ezinhlobonhlobo zangaleso sikhathi. Yize ikhathalogi yombhali ibanzi impela, ngezansi, sikhethe ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuzithuthukisa ngayinye ngayinye:
Indalo (1922)
Ngo-1922, u-Diego Rivera wapenda umdwebo wakhe wokuqala odongeni ngaphakathi kwe-Simón Bolívar Amphitheatre, e-Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso esendaweni yomlando yaseMexico City. Lo mdwebo unikezwe amandla nguNobhala Wezemfundo Yomphakathi waseMexico ngaleso sikhathi, uJosé Vasconcelos.
Lokhu kugqugquzelwe iqoqo lezinto zobuhle, ezitholwe kokuhlangenwe nakho aphila ohambweni lwakhe lokuya edolobheni eliseningizimu-mpumalanga yeMexico, iSanto Domingo Tehuantepec. Isikhungo sokubunjwa okunjalo yindawo yokuqala, lapho kuvela khona uhlobo lwengqamuzana lokuqala, indoda enezingalo ezivulekile ngesimo sesiphambano.
I-semicircle eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka etholakala phezulu kwe-mural idlala indima yophawu lwamandla noma isimiso somdali, ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho ikhipha ukukhanya kwayo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi zomdwebo. Kuzo zombili iziphetho sithola izigcawu ezimbili ngazinye, kodwa ziyaphelelisana.
Leli elingakwesobunxele liwumfanekiso ocacile womculo, kuleli cala limelwe yintombi egqoke isikhumba semvu ishaya nomtshingo. Enkampanini yalo mfanekiso, ungabona ezinye izifaniso ezihlobene nokucula (ingubo ebomvu), amahlaya (ogqoke izingulube ezimbili), futhi, ekugcineni, umdanso, omi ngezingalo eziphakanyisiwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, izimfanelo ezinhle zezenkolo zenezelwa kukho konke: uthando, ukholo nethemba. Ngokwengxenye yalo, ephaneli elingakwesokudla sasikwazi ukuhlonza izifaniso zezinganekwane (ubani ogqoke ingubo enemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka negolide) kanye nesiko (ogqoke okubomvu).
Ngokufanayo, singabona izinkondlo ezivusa inkanuko nenhlekelele, lo wakamuva esebenzisa isifihla-buso ukuze avale ubuso bakhe. Ukwengeza, engxenyeni engenhla, emi, yizinto zomuntu ezicacile zezimfanelo ezine eziyinhloko: ukuhlakanipha, ubulungisa, amandla kanye nokuzithiba. Ezinyaweni zeqembu ngalinye, owesifazane (kwesokunxele) nowesilisa (kwesokudla) bahlala nqunu.
I-Epic yabantu baseMexico (1929-1935)
"I-Epic of the Mexican People", ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi "Umlando waseMexico", i-fresco eyenziwe nguRivera ezindongeni zezitebhisi ezinkulu zeNational Palace yaseMexico, phakathi neminyaka engu-1929 no-1935. ngaphansi kokugunyazwa ngunobhala wezemfundo yomphakathi, u-José Vasconcelos, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-Mexican muralist Renaissance.
Omunye wemisebenzi ka-Diego Rivera yilo mdwebo obanzi woMnyango Wezemfundo Yomphakathi, onendawo elinganiselwa ku-276 m², unomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhombisa ngesibindi isitayela esivuthiwe somdwebi. "I-Epic of the Mexican People" yakhiwe izigaba ezintathu lapho umbhali wayo enze khona umsebenzi wokuvelela wokumela umlando wesikhathi samanje wesizwe sakhe kuze kube ngu-1935 kanye nekusasa eliseduze.
Engxenyeni engakwesokudla, esenyakatho yeSigodlo Sikazwelonke, iMexico yangaphambi kweSpanishi imelelwa ngenganekwane kaCē Ācatl Tōpīltzin eTula. Ingxenye emaphakathi, elisohlangothini olusentshonalanga, inkulu kunazo zonke futhi imele iMexico kusukela ekunqotshweni kweSpain kuze kube ngama-30s.
Engxenyeni yesithathu, eseningizimu, kuhlanganiswe umbono kaMarxist wesizwe phakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX. Ngokwayo, isihloko esihlanganisa ngayinye yalezi zenzakalo ezihlukahlukene yizinkinga zezigaba zomphakathi, ezidluliselwa ngokucacile ngomfanekiso ophakathi we-fresco ehlaba umxhwele.
Umuntu esikhuluma ngaye uKarl Marx uqobo, ophethe iphosta enesiqephu esincane esivela ku-Communist Manifesto lapho kushiwo khona okulandelayo:
“Wonke umlando womphakathi wesintu kuze kube namuhla uwumlando womzabalazo wezigaba. Kithina akuyona indaba yokuguqula impahla yomuntu siqu, kodwa eyokuyiqeda; Akukhona mayelana nokufiphaza ukuhlukana kwezigaba, kodwa mayelana nokuwacekela phansi; Akukhona mayelana nokuguqula umphakathi wamanje, kodwa ngokwakha omusha”.
Nakuba umdwebo odongeni umelela amakhulu eminyaka neminyaka yomzabalazo nengcindezelo yalezo zigaba ezibusayo ezikhohlakele, unesiphetho esihle kakhulu. Ikhomba kusimo lapho abalimi nabasebenzi basefekthri besebenza ndawonye, lapho wonke umuntu ephila ngokuvumelana nemvelo futhi ekugcineni ephumelela.
I-Detroit Industry Murals (1932-1933)
Kakade ngawo-30, kwase kusabalele izindaba mayelana nemidwebo engavamile eyenziwa nguRivera endaweni yakubo yaseMexico, yingakho umculi ekwazile ukuthola abaxhasi abaningi e-United States. Omunye wabo kwakungu-Edsel Bryant Ford, usomabhizinisi waseMelika kanye ne-philanthropist, indodana kaHenry Ford.
Lesi sikhulu sezimoto sixhase umdwebi wezithombe eziqoshiwe omunye wemisebenzi yakhe enesibindi kuze kube yileso sikhathi, "iDetroit Industry Murals". Ngaphezulu kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye, umdwebi wazinza edolobheni laseDetroit, futhi wakwazi ukumboza yonke indawo yokwamukela izivakashi ephakathi kweDetroit Institute of Arts, ngochungechunge lwezithombe ezingeqile futhi ezingekho ngaphansi kuka-27 ezindongeni ezine ezihlukene.
Baxoxa indaba yedolobha ngezingqimba eziningi, ngazo zonke izethulo zabasebenzi balo, kanye nentuthuko eyenziwe emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yesayensi nezindawo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngenkathi iDetroit yayiyisikhungo sezimboni esichumayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, nayo yabona ukudilizwa okuningi phakathi Nokucindezeleka Okukhulu.
Lapho u-Diego efika edolobheni ngo-1932, imiphumela enjalo yazwakala kakhulu, yingakho umdwebi waphinda wagcizelela isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi isigaba sabasebenzi bezwekazi laseMelika okwakudingeka sidlule kuso. Ku-fresco, ezolimo kanye nenala yemvelo yayimelelwe yizithombe ezakhiwe ingane encane egoqe phakathi kwezithombe ezinqunu namageja.
Ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho naseningizimu, imboni yezimoto yase-US echumayo yathonywa ukusetshenziswa kwemishini esindayo ekhipha insimbi encibilikisiwe nemigqa yokuhlanganisa eyakha izimoto ezibomvu zikaswidi.
Endaweni yodonga olusentshonalanga, ungabona ukuthi yiziphi izingozi eziyinhloko zobuchwepheshe ngokombono wabo, njengamathuluzi empi angabangela ukuzibhubhisa kwesintu, ukunikeza isibonelo. Odongeni olusenyakatho, njengoba sesishilo kakade, uRivera wayemelela intuthuko yezokwelapha eyenziwa ngaleso sikhathi.
Lokhu wakufeza ngokusebenzisa i-motif yomkhombe wobuKristu, kuphela esikhundleni sezibalo zenkolo ngayinye nodokotela neziguli zangaleso sikhathi, ngisho nomdwebi wathatha umsebenzi wokumodela unina, ngokusho kwezitatimende ezithile zenkanyezi. Ifilimu yaseMelika, uJean Harlow.
Eqinisweni, lapho umsebenzi ekugcineni usuqediwe futhi wethulwa emphakathini, eqenjini labashisekeli benkolo yamaKatolika kwabonakala kuwukuhlambalaza okuphelele futhi kwaphakama impikiswano enkulu. Ekugcineni, u-Edsel Ford wawamukela umsebenzi kaRivera ngaphandle kwenkinga, ngenxa yokusekelwa okukhulu okuhlinzekwa yiqembu elishisekayo labafundi basenyuvesi nabasebenzi abalwa nokuhlolwa.
Umuntu Olawula Umhlaba (1934)
Uma kukhulunywa nge-"The Man in Control of the Universe", eyaziwa nangokuthi "Indoda Esiphambanweni", kubhekiselwa emdwebeni odwetshwe ngo-1934 nguDiego Rivera weRockefeller Center, kodwa waphinda wapendiwa ePalacio of Fine Arts eMexico. Idolobha.
Umsebenzi wawufakwe phakathi nendawo eshiwoyo ngoba umdwebi wengeze isithonjana seKhomanisi laseRussia emdwebeni osesithombeni, uVladimir Lenin, futhi umndeni wakwaRockefeller awuzange ucabange kanjalo futhi wawubhubhisa ngokushesha. Ngemva kwesikhashana, uhulumeni waseMexico wamthuma ukuba enze umsebenzi omusha, futhi u-Rivera wanquma ukuphinda alungise umdwebo odongeni ocingweni lwensimbi oluhambayo lweSigodlo Sezobuciko Ezinhle.
Kungakho lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi isihloko somunye wemidwebo ephikisana kakhulu yomculi emsebenzini wakhe wonke. Nakuba ubukhulu bawo buncane kunowokuqala (4,46 × 11,46 m.), busahlaba umxhwele njengowokuqala owenziwe. Ukuze uyiqonde, kufanele kucace ukuthi iyintuthuko engokomfanekiso ezigabeni ezintathu ngazinye.
Engxenyeni emaphakathi sithola indoda esebenzisa umshini olawula indawo yonke. Lapho ulawula ukuphila futhi uphethe ukuhlukanisa i-macrocosm ne-microcosm. Kakade kuphaneli yesokunxele, ungabona ukuthi iyini imiphumela yomphakathi wonxiwankulu ngokumelwa kuka-Charles Darwin ebhekise kwisayensi.
Konke lokhu ngokungafani nesithombe esiqoshiwe setshe, esinesibopho sokufanekisa inkolo nezigcawu zomzabalazo phakathi kwamakilasi. Ngakwesokudla, izwe lezenhlalakahle limelelwa ngezibalo ezibalulekile zale nhlangano, njengoVladimir Lenin, uKarl Marx, uLeon Trotsky noFriedrich Engels.
Ngokufanayo, eduze kwabo kukhona ukumelwa kwe-Red Army (igama elisemthethweni lebutho kanye nebutho lasemoyeni leRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), kanye nenyunyana yabasebenzi, emelwe abasebenzi abavela esigcawini esidume kakhulu eMoscow. , iRed Square. Ngokuyisisekelo kungukuqanjwa kwendawo yonke ngokusho kukaRivera: imibono, isayensi kanye nenguquko.
Iphupho leSonto ntambama e-Alameda Central (1947)
Esikhundleni sokugcina salolu hlu mayelana nemisebenzi eyaziwa kakhulu ka-Diego Rivera, besifuna ukubeka "Iphupho LangeSonto Ntambama e-Alameda Central", umdwebo owenziwe ngo-1947 manje osekuwumsebenzi oyinhloko embukisweni unomphela e-Diego. I-Rivera Mural Museum.
Lo mdwebo wawuyisinyathelo somdwebi wezakhiwo waseMexico, uCarlos Obregón Santacilia. Ngaleso sikhathi, indawo eyayihlelelwe yena yayisegunjini laseVersailles ehhotela i-del Prado, eliphambi nje kwe-Alameda Central. Nokho, ngenxa yokuzamazama komhlaba ngo-1985, ihhotela laba nomonakalo omkhulu, njengoba kwenzeka nomsebenzi, futhi kwadingeka liyiswe lapho liboniswa khona namuhla.
Kuyo, u-Diego Rivera uziveza njengomfana omncane odabula e-Alameda Central eMexico City. Ohambweni lwakhe kuyabonakala ukuthi uhambisana nabalingiswa abayizifanekiselo abacishe babe yikhulu abakha iminyaka engu-4000 yomlando wesizwe.
Umuntu omaphakathi wokuqanjwa u-La Catrina noma u-Calavera Garbancera, ukudalwa kwangempela komqophi odumile wase-Mexico, umdwebi wezithombe, nomculi we-caricaturist, u-José Guadalupe Posada, omi eduze kwakhe kwesokudla. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi u-La Catrina ugqoke isibambiso esinezimpaphe esibhekisela ebunkulunkulwini obuyinhloko beqembu lase-Mexica, i-Quetzalcóatl.
Ngemuva kukaRivera kunomkakhe uFrida Kahlo, ephethe uphawu lwe-yin ne-yang ezandleni zakhe ngenkathi egona umyeni wakhe ngengqondo. Ngakwesokunene sakho, ungabona ukuthi ukubingelela kunikezwa kanjani phakathi kukaManuel Gutiérrez Nájera noJosé Martí, ababhali ababili abakhulu bangaleso sikhathi. Ingenye yemisebenzi ka-Diego Rivera ekhuthaze kakhulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, phakathi kwabo kukhona abantu besifazane ababili abaphawuleka kakhulu, okuyindodakazi nenkosikazi yowayengumongameli waseMexico, uPorfirio Díaz. Emkhakheni wesokunxele kuboniswa ukunqotshwa, ukuzimela, inkathi yamakholoni, ukuhlasela kweNyakatho Melika kanye nokungenelela kwaseYurophu, izikhathi zomlando lapho ipaki idlala indima yesiteji esikhulu.
UBenito Juárez, u-Hernán Cortés, uSor Juana Inés de la Cruz, uFray Juan de Zumárraga, uViceroy Luis de Velasco y Castilla, uMbusi uMaximilian, nomkakhe uCarlota nabo bangabonakala. Ngakwesokudla, umzabalazo othandwayo, izinhlangano zabalimi kanye noguquko kuyavuswa. Kuvela u-Porfirio Díaz, u-Emiliano Zapata, u-Ricardo Flores Magón, u-Francisco I. Madero, phakathi kwabanye.
Uma ngabe le ndatshana ubuyithanda, ungashiyi ngaphandle kokuyifunda kuqala: