Thola ukuthi Iyini I-radiation futhi Ikalwa Kanjani?

Ubuwazi ukuthi imisebe iwukukhipha okungokwemvelo endaweni esihlala kuyo? Yebo, kunjalo, futhi ingabuye ikhiqizwe ngemisebenzi ehlobene nezimboni ngisho nasezinqubweni zokuxilonga zezokwelapha. Ufuna ukwazi ukuthi imisebe ilinganiswa kanjani?

Ikalwa Kanjani Imisebe

Ama-X-ray emzimbeni

Ngokuvamile, ama-X-ray asetshenziswa ezinqubweni zokuxilonga kwezokwelapha.Lapho edlula emzimbeni womuntu, ingxenye yawo iyamuncwa futhi leyo ewelayo yiyona eyenza izithombe ze-X-ray. Okwaziyo ukudlula emzimbeni akubangeli ukwanda kwemisebe ezigulini, kodwa leyo emuncwayo idala ukwanda, ngenxa yaleso sizathu abesifazane abakhulelwe akumele bayithole i-x-ray, ngenxa yemiphumela abayikhiqizayo futhi thina. kumele wazi Ikalwa kanjani i-radioactivity?

Isilinganiso semisebe umzimba wonke onawo sibizwa ngokuthi umthamo osebenzayo, futhi iyunithi yawo yokulinganisa i-millisievert (mSv). Odokotela basebenzisa lesi sithako esisebenzayo, lapho bebhekisela emiphumeleni yesibili engaba khona abayikhiqizayo, futhi bacabangele ukuzwela emisebeni yezitho ezisekelayo.

emisebeni yemvelo ionizing

Bonke abantu bachayeka emithonjeni yemvelo yemisebe. Ngokwezilinganiso zakamuva zesayensi, umuntu ovamile e-United States uthola isilinganiso esisebenzayo esingaba ngu-3 mSv ngonyaka emisebeni yemvelo, ehlanganisa imisebe ye-cosmic evela emkhathini, kanye Izici Zemisebe Yelanga.

Ngokufanayo, kukhona okuguquguqukayo njengokuphakama kwendawo lapho behlala khona, ngoba abantu abahlala ezindaweni eziphakeme bathola cishe u-1,5 mSv ngonyaka kunabantu abahlala ezindaweni eziseduze nezinga lolwandle. Umthombo omkhulu wemisebe ngaphakathi kwekhaya usuka kugesi we-radon, okungaba ngu-2 mSv ngonyaka.

Ikalwa kanjani imisebe?

Likalwa futhi lilawuleke kanjani inani lale misebe, okungukuthi,ukuthi imisebe ilinganiswa kanjani? Kwenziwa ngezinsimbi ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-dosimeters. Futhi kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zazo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi ukhethe okufanele kakhulu, ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa okuzosetshenziselwa yona. Ngakho-ke, sizochaza ukuthi kunamaqembu amabili amakhulu:

Ikalwa kanjani imisebe evela elangeni?

  • Ama-dosimeters womuntu siqu, asetshenziswa uma kudingekile ukukala umthamo otholwe ngumuntu othize. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zama-dosimeters okusetshenziswa komuntu siqu, uhlobo lwendandatho, yezihlakala noma ukusetshenziswa kwi-lapel.
  • Amadosimitha endawo, asetshenziswa uma kudingekile ukwazi imithamo etholwe abantu ezindaweni noma ezindaweni zokusebenza.

Umlando wokukalwa kwemisebe

Kusukela ezikhathini ezikude kakhulu, abantu baye bezwa isidingo sokulinganisa, yingakho babekhathazeke ngokudala izinsimbi zaleyo njongo, kanye nokufinyelela esivumelwaneni mayelana nokusetshenziswa lezi zilinganiso ezazingase zisetshenziselwe zona, umsebenzi owawusenziwa. akulula neze. Ngenhlanhla, manje sesinohlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwamayunithi okulinganisa.

UGalileo Galilei wayeseshilo kakade ukuthi wayeyisazi sezinkanyezi sase-Italy, isazi sefilosofi, isazi sezibalo nefiziksi, othonya lakhe ekuguquguqukeni kwesayensi yesimanje lingenakuphikwa.Wafika ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi kwakudingeka ukukala ukuthi yini elinganisekayo futhi uzame ukukala lokho okwakungakabikho. Kufanele ubheke nje umlando we-physics ukuze kuqinisekiswe isifiso sokulinganisa umuntu abelokhu enaso.

Lapho into engokwemvelo ibonakala ngokujwayelekile, kucatshangwa ukuthi idatha etholiwe ayiphelele, ngaphandle uma ulwazi oluningi lutholiwe, okungukuthi, ukuthi isilinganiso esihambisanayo senziwe ngalokho okumele ukwazi. ukuthi imisebe ilinganiswa kanjani. Ukuthola ulwazi oluthathwa njengokwethembekile, ukukalwa kwendawo ebonakalayo kuyadingeka.

Ukulinganisa kuwumkhuba lapho sinekhono lokwabela inombolo endaweni ebonakalayo, ekhiqizwa ngenxa yokuqhathanisa impahla eshiwo nenye efanayo ethathwa njengephethini, okuyiyona nto esizoyibiza. iyunithi yokulinganisa.

Sifuna ukukubonisa ngokuqhathanisa ukuthi imisebe ikalwa kanjani. Uma igumbi linephansi elimbozwe ngamathayili futhi sithatha ithayela njengeyunithi yokulinganisa, ngokubala inombolo yamathayela, futhi sengeze izilinganiso zawo, sizokwazi ukwazi ukuthi ingaphezulu lalelo gumbi liyini. Ukukalwa kobukhulu obubonakalayo obufanayo, noma indawo engaphezulu, kungabangela ukubukeka kwamanani amabili ahlukene, ngoba amayunithi ahlukene okulinganisa angasetshenziswa.

Ngalesi sizathu, kuyadingeka ukwenza kufane noma kunqunywe iphethini yeyunithi yokulinganisa eyodwa yanoma ibuphi ubukhulu, ukuze idatha evela kunoma yisiphi isilinganiso iqondwe yibo bonke abantu.

Ngakho-ke, imisebe ye-ionizing ayihlukile esidingweni sokulinganisa, ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuchaza ukuthi yimaphi ama-magnitude azosetshenziswa ngendlela evamile futhi kusungulwe amayunithi ahlukile kubukhulu obubalwe ngenhla.

Imisebe ye-ionizing ayinaphunga, ayinambitheki, ithule, ayinambala futhi ayibonakali futhi ayikwazi ukuthintwa, ngakho-ke ayinakutholwa izinzwa zomuntu ezijwayelekile. Nokho, kungenzeka ukuthi zingatholwa futhi zikalwe ngezinqubo ezahlukene njengoba kuchazwe esigabeni esizayo salokhu okuthunyelwe.

Njengoba kungenakwenzeka ukuzibona ngemizwa yethu yemvelo, lokhu kungasiholela ekucabangeni, ngokungalungile, ukuthi azikho noma ukuthi azikwazi ukukhiqiza noma yimuphi umphumela wezinto eziphilayo kithi. Kodwa-ke, kuvamile ukuthi singakwazi ukubona ubukhona bazo ngenxa yemiphumela abayikhiqizayo, njengoba benamandla amakhulu okwenza i-ionize indaba futhi imunceke, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukwazi ¿imisebe ilinganiswa kanjani?

Ukuthi Imisebe Ikalwa Kanjani Ukuze Ugweme Amazinga Ayingozi Kakhulu

Kusuka lapho kuphakama ukuthi kuyadingeka ukuthi zilinganiswe, okuvela ekugcwalisekeni kwemiphumela eminingi eyingozi ezintweni eziphilayo. Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuthi imithamo ephezulu yemisebe ye-ionizing iyakwazi ukulimaza izicubu zomuntu. Eqinisweni, ngemva nje kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kutholwe amaX-ray nguRoentgen ngo-1895, imiphumela yokuqala eyingozi yemisebe ye-ionizing yayisichazwe kakade.

Ukuze ube nolwazi ukuze ukwazi ukuhumusha umbhalo iyunithi yokulinganisa imisebe okungase kuhlobane nakho, sibonisa ukuthi ubukhulu namayunithi awo alingana nawo asetshenziswa kakhulu ukukala imisebe ye-ionizing kanye nezinhlanganisela zama-radioactive yilezi:

Ubuningi Inqubo Ephathekayo ikalwe amayunithi e-SI

Umsebenzi wokubola kwe-Nuclear Becquerel (Bq)

Idosi emunyiwe Amandla afakwe kuGrey (Gy)

Umthamo olinganayo we-Biological Effect Sievert (Sv)

Izingozi Zethamo Ezisebenzayo Sievert (Sv)

Manje mayelana Imaphi amayunithi ama-radiation akalwa ngawo?, iyunithi ngayinye inokuphindaphinda kwayo nokuphindaphindeka okuncane. Kuhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe (SI) ama-submultiples esizowasebenzisa kakhulu kuzoba:

  • i-milli(m) = 10-3
  • micro(µ)= 10-6
  • i-nano(n)=10-9

umsebenzi we-radioactive

Ivamise ukukalwa ngama-becquerels (Bq), okuyindinganiso esuselwe ku-International System of Units, futhi elilingana nokuhlakazeka kwenuzi okukodwa ngomzuzwana. Ama-becquerel azositshela ukuthi siyini isivinini lapho uketshezi olukhipha imisebe luhlakazeka khona. Ngakho-ke, uma inani lama-becquerel likhulu, i-elementi izobola ngokushesha futhi, ngakho-ke, i-elementi izosebenza kakhulu.

Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi noma inani lama-becquerel ngeke lisinikeze ulwazi mayelana nemiphumela okungenzeka umthombo wemisebe ube nayo empilweni yethu. Umthombo lapho singakala khona mayelana nezigidi ezingu-100.000 ze-Bq ungabi nangozi nhlobo, uma uvikelekile noma ungekho emzimbeni wethu, noma ungabangela umonakalo omkhulu empilweni yethu uma sigwinya leso sici ngengozi.

Umonakalo ongadalwa ukuchayeka

Ukuze sikwazi ukwazi ukuthi yimiphi imiphumela engaba khona ezobonwa empilweni yethu, ngenxa yokuchayeka emisebeni ye-ionizing, kuyadingeka ukuthi sazi imibono esazisa ngengxenye yamandla emuncwa izicubu. futhi kusivumela ukuthi sikwazi ukukala umonakalo webhayoloji ongase udalwe. Okusho ukuthi, kufanele siqaphele umthamo wemisebe owamukelwe.

Imisebe ye-ionizing iyakwazi ukuxhumana nendaba, ishiya amandla kuyo, ibangele ama-ionizations futhi, ngenxa yaleso sizathu, izokhiqiza ukuguqulwa kuma-molecule amangqamuzana. Umonakalo webhayoloji owumkhiqizo wemisebe ye-ionizing uhlobene nenani lamandla elifakwe ngeyunithi yesisindo, okubizwa ngokuthi ubukhulu olwaziwa ngokuthi umthamo omuncwe.

Njengoba sesivele sazi, amandla Kuhlelo Lwamazwe Ngamazwe akalwa ngama-Joules (J) kanye nesisindo ngamakhilogremu (Kg), ngakho-ke, umthamo omuncwa kufanele ukalwe nge-J/Kg, okuyiyunithi eyaziwa ngegama leyunithi yeGrey (Gy). ).

Elinye iqiniso okufanele libhekwe ukuthi umonakalo webhayoloji owenzeka ngenxa yokukhishwa kwemisebe awuhlobene nje kuphela nenani lamandla afakwe esithweni noma esithweni, kodwa futhi unomthelela ohlotsheni lwemisebe. Akuzona zonke izinhlobo zemisebe ezikhiqiza inani elifanayo le-ionization njengoba zidlula ezintweni eziphilayo.

Isibonelo, izinhlayiya ze-alpha zibangela ukuminyana okuphezulu kwe-ionization endabeni ezidlula kuyo kunemisebe ye-gamma, ngenani elifanayo lomthamo omunyiwe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi imisebe ebangela ukuminyana kwe-ionization ephakeme iyingozi kakhulu ngisho noma imithamo ilingana.

I-Equivalent Dose yilokho okuchazwa njengobukhulu obusetshenziselwa ukuveza inani lamandla elingafakwa ngeyunithi yesisindo, okuwumthamo omuncwe, kanye nohlobo lwemisebe ekhipha amandla athi. Lobu bukhulu bungalinganiswa ngo-J/Kg, kodwa bubizwa ngokuthi i-Sievert (Sv).

Okokugcina, kuyaziwa ukuthi umonakalo ongenziwa emithanjeni ye-ionizing kumuntu ophilayo, ngaphezu kokulalela umthamo omuncwa kanye nohlobo lwemisebe, kuxhunyaniswa nezicubu noma isitho esithole imisebe.

Isizathu salokhu ukuthi akuzona zonke izicubu zomzimba womuntu ezinokuzwela okufanayo emisebeni, ngakho-ke, akuzona zonke ezizofaka isandla ngokulinganayo ekulimaleni okuzobangelwa ukuchayeka empilweni yethu. Ukuze kucatshangelwe le datha, kuye kwadalwa ubukhulu Bethamo Elisebenzayo, okuthi, njengomthamo olinganayo, kukalwe nge-Sv (J/Kg).

Ukuze siqonde zonke lezi zilinganiso, siphakamisa ukuthi ucabange ukuthi ungaphansi kwesichotho. Inani lesichotho esiwile yilo elizomela umsebenzi wemisebe, kodwa akusona sonke isichotho esinayo esizosithinta. Lezi ezisishayayo yizo ezizodala umonakalo, ngakho-ke, inani lamatshe esichotho asishaye limele inani lomthamo omuncwe.

Manje, umonakalo isichotho esingase sibangele wona ngeke uncike kuphela emalini yesichotho esisishaya, kodwa nobukhulu baso kufanele bucatshangelwe. Ngakho-ke, uma isichotho esisishaya sisikhulu, isichotho siba sikhulu, sizokwenza umonakalo omkhulu kithi. Inani lamatshe esichotho esifinyelela kithi kanye nobukhulu bawo yilokho, emisebeni ye-ionizing, ezobonisa ukuthi umthamo olinganayo uzoba yini.

Okokugcina, uma ngempela sifuna ukwazi ngomonakalo ozodalwa yisichotho, kanye nenani lamatshe esichotho asishaye kanye nobukhulu bawo, kufanele sihlole nokuthi iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba womuntu ethintekile, ngoba akuwona wonke amatshe. banokuzwela okufanayo. Yebo, zonke lezi yizinto okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho sikhuluma ngemisebe ye-ionizing kanye nezicubu zomzimba wethu, futhi ngenxa yaleso sizathu kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa isilinganiso somthamo osebenzayo.

Okusho ukuthi, ubukhulu obuhlobene nomthamo wemisebe ye-ionizing yilezi:

  • Idosi emunyiwe: amandla afakwa ngeyunithi yesisindo, akalwa ngeGrey (Gy)/(J/Kg).
  • Umthamo olinganayo: umthamo omuncwayo ophindwe isici sesisindo esicabangela uhlobo lwemisebe ye-ionizing ekhiqiza ukuchayeka, okukalwa nge-Sievert (Sv)/ (J/Kg).
  • Umthamo osebenzayo: isamba somthamo olinganayo esithweni/izicubu ngasinye, siphindaphindwa isici sesisindo esicabangela ukuzwela okuhlukile kwezitho nezicubu emisebeni ye-ionizing futhi kukalwa nge-Sievert (Sv)/(J/Kg)

Kunobukhulu obuzophinde bube nomthelela emthelela ozovezwa yimisebe ye-ionizing empilweni yethu futhi yi-Dose Rate, ezokhombisa umthamo wemisebe owamukelwe ngeyunithi ngayinye yesikhathi. Kuyaziwa ngokwesayensi ukuthi umthamo otholwe isikhathi eside awunangozi kangako uma kutholwa umthamo ofanayo kodwa enkathini yamasekhondi noma imizuzu.

Sizibona kanjani?

Njengoba sesike sabonisa ngaphambili, izinzwa zethu azikwazi ukubona imisebe ye-ionizing. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje kukhona inhlobonhlobo yamathuluzi okungatholwa futhi kukalwe ngawo imisebe ye-ionizing, okungenzeka ukuthi uyazi njengezibali nama-dosimeters e-radioactivity.

Kodwa, akuwona wonke ama-dosimeters asebenzisa indlela efanayo ukukala imithamo yemisebe ye-ionizing. Eziningi zamathuluzi asetshenziswayo yilezi:

Idosimitha yepeni, eqanjwe ngokuma kwayo, esebenzisa ukushajwa kukagesi kanye ne-voltage ye-capacitor ukuze ibone futhi ilinganise imisebe ye-ionizing. Lawa ma-dosimeter angarekhoda imisebe ye-gamma neye-X-ray kanye nemisebe ye-beta.

I-dosimeter yefilimu, esebenzisa ishidi lefilimu eliba mnyama kuye ngenani elincane noma elikhulu lemisebe elingalibona.

I-Thermoluminescence dosimeters, esebenzisa amakristalu akhethekile lapho imisebe ye-X ray noma i-gamma ray ikhiqiza izinguquko ezincane kakhulu, eziphumela ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo lapho amandla emisebe amuncwa ekhishwa ngokushisisa ikristalu.

Amadosimitha edijithali asebenzisa izinzwa zikagesi futhi acubungule isignali, ebonisa esikrinini umthamo wemisebe owamukelwe. Futhi ziyalungiseka ukuze zikhiphe umsindo lapho izinga lemisebe elitholiwe liyingozi.


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