Abantu bakwaMapuche babe, bakhona futhi bazohlala bengezinye zezizwe zomdabu ezibaluleke kakhulu e-Chile nase-Argentina, ngenxa yokubaluleka kwenhlalo yabantu kanye nenani labantu kanye nomuzwa wabo oqinile wobunikazi bamasiko obumelene naphezu kokuhlaselwa komlando. Ingxenye ebalulekile yalowo bunikazi yi Imidlalo yeMapuche ukuthi sizohlangana lapha.
Imidlalo yamaMapuche
Ngesikhathi sokunqoba, amaMapuche azilungiselela impi ngokwenza izikhali, abe nekhono lokuzibamba kanye nokuzivocavoca umzimba. Ukuze alungele ukuvikela abantu bakhe, wafunda ukugibela ihhashi, waba umdlali webhola, i-pilma, i-chueca, i-linao, wayengumgwedli, i-slinger, i-lancer, umhambi, umgijimi; wayezilolonge, ngamafuphi, konke okungamgcina esesimweni esihle semisipha.
I-Palin
I-palín, phakathi kwemidlalo ye-Mapuche, iwumdlalo osezingeni eliphezulu, umdlalo odlalwa ngenduku (Weño) kanye nebhola (pali) onokuqukethwe okuqinile kwemikhosi nepolitiki, okuwugqugquzele ukuthi ungavunyelwa izikhathi eziningi. okokuqala ngabanqobi baseSpain futhi ngemva kokuthola inkululeko yombuso waseChile. Ubufakazi bokuqala obubhaliwe obukhuluma nge-palín buhlehlela emuva ekhulwini le-XNUMX futhi bufakazela ukuthi lo mdlalo wawudlalwa phakathi kwesigodi esimaphakathi saseChile nesiqhingi esikhulu saseChiloé.
Ngokukampristi ongumJesuit u-Alonso de Ovalle, i-palín yayiqhutshwa abesifazane, abesilisa nabantwana ababebonisa ukushesha okukhulu nokubalula ekuhambeni kwabo. Umbhali wezindaba u-Diego de Rosales umile kwelokuthi abaseSpain bawubuka ngokungethembani lo mdlalo njengoba iningi labadlali noma abalandeli bawo babengamaqhawe angathatha lo mkhuba njengezivivinyo zokulwa, baphinde bazizwa benqatshwa “ngokunxusa kukadeveli ukuze ibhola livune bona. " .
Isazi-mlando uCarlos López uqinisekise emibhalweni yemilando nemithombo yomlando ukuba khona kwemikhosi nemikhuba ehlukahlukene ehambisana nomkhuba we-palín, phakathi kokunye: i-dagun, "ukwelapha" amathuluzi asetshenziselwa umdlalo ngegazi le-guanaco nentuthu kagwayi; ukushumeka izinzipho zezilwane ezidla inyama emajika omoba; i-lawnfura noma i-katanlikan: faka impushana ecolekile yetshe noma ithambo le-puma ngaphansi kwezinyawo zezingxenye ezihlukahlukene zemizimba yabadlali ukuze uzinike amandla nokubekezela emsebenzini wezemidlalo nempi.
Umdlalo unamaqembu amabili anabadlali abaphakathi kwesihlanu neshumi nanhlanu iqembu ngalinye, ubukhulu benkundla (paliwe) buncike esibalweni sabadlali. Emdlalweni wabadlali abayishumi nanhlanu, izilinganiso ezilinganiselwe zenkundla zingamamitha angamakhulu amabili namashumi amane ubude namamitha angamashumi amathathu ububanzi. Idlalwa ngebhola elincane lokhuni eligoqwe ngesikhumba se-huemul (pali) elishaywa ngothi olugobile (weño) lizama ukuliyisa enkundleni yezimbangi.
Izinhlangothi zombili noma amaqembu anezinkundla zawo ezinhlangothini eziphambanayo zepaliwe kanti izinduna zezinhlangothi zombili zimi nhlangothi zombili, kuthi abanye abadlali babekwe ezikhundleni zamasu, bonke behlome ngezinduku. Kuthe uma sebelungile, ababephakathi bashaya izinduku emoyeni baqala ukulwa bekhipha ibhola emgodini ebelibekwe kuwo, yilowo nalowo ezama ukuliqhubekisela ngakwelinye icala.
Injongo yabadlali bekuwukuyithatha ngomugqa ovala inkambu ephambene noma ukuvikela iqembu labo, ukuyiphonsa ngaphandle kwenkundla, okubhekwa njengokulingana bese igeyimu iqala futhi. Iphuzu ngalinye elivunayo limakwe endukwini, umdlalo wokuqala ukufinyelela inani lamaphuzu asungulwe ngaphambilini nguye owinile.
Abadlali banamaculo, amanye ahlose ukumema, amanye awokuvusela impi kanti amanye awokubungaza ukunqoba. Enye yezingoma ehlanganiswe nguFata Félix José de Augusta ku-"Lecturas Araucanas" ifundeka kanje:
Asidlale-ke ama-mocetones!
Uzoba njengoklebe,
Ngizakulethela kusukela eningizimu
Izinti ezinhle ze-chueca.
ngizoletha izinduku eziyishumi,
Ukubhekana nama-chuequeros.
Bese bethi ngiyakhuthazeka.
Ngoba nginabafana abahle,
Sizophinde silwe zinsizwa ezinhle ».
I-Pillmatun
I-pillmatun ingomunye wemidlalo ye-Mapuche edume kakhulu, iwumdlalo webhola ohlanganisa abadlali abaphakathi kwabayisishiyagalombili kuya kwabayishumi abasatshalaliswa kumjikelezo, ngamunye ebeke izingalo ezimbili ngokuhlukana komunye.
Emdlalweni, kusetshenziswa i-pillma, okuyibhola lotshani noma izinkuni ezilula ezinobubanzi obungaphezudlwana kwebhola lethenisi. Inhloso yomdlalo ukushaya ophikisana naye ngebhola futhi ngaleyo ndlela uthole iphuzu.
I-pillma kufanele iphonswe ngaphansi komlenze, kuyilapho imbangi izama ukuvika ukwethulwa ngaphandle kokushiya indawo ekuyo, ukuze igweme ibhola ingakwazi ukusonteka, igxume, ilale phansi kodwa kufanele izame ukusukuma ngokushesha okukhulu. Indlela yokushaya ibhola ukubeka isandla sakho esimweni "sefosholo" njengokungathi i-racket futhi uhlale uyishaya ngaphansi komlenze, ukwazi ukuthatha ukugxuma okuncane ukuze ufinyelele lo mgomo. Noma ubani oshaywe yibhola ulahlekelwa iphuzu, aze afinyelele inombolo okuvunyelwene ngayo, ngokuvamile eyisithupha.
linao
ULinao, obuye abizwe ngoLinao, ungomunye wemidlalo yebhola yeMapuche. Igama livela ku-ling, okusho ukulwa futhi naln, ibhola. Impi ngempela ngebhola. Kungase futhi kuvele egameni lendabuko elithi inar elisho: ukulandela noma ukushushisa omunye. Ungomunye wemidlalo yakudala yamaMapuche futhi udlalwa ngebhola elenziwe ngokhula lwasolwandle. Leli bhola livamise ukuba nesekelo cishe amayintshi ayishumi nane kuya kwayishumi nesithupha.
Inkundla lapho kudlalelwa khona kufanele ibe isicaba ngokuphelele ibe nezilinganiso zamamitha ayikhulu namashumi amabili ubude namamitha angamashumi ayisithupha ububanzi. Uma ingqikithi yenani labadlali ababambe iqhaza emdlalweni ingaphezu kwabadlali abangamashumi ayisithupha, ubukhulu benkundla bekufanele bukhuliswe. Isilinganiso somdlalo sisukela emahoreni amahlanu ukuya emahoreni ayisithupha. Imingcele yenkundla imakwe ngemigqa ebonakalayo kakhulu. Maphakathi nenkantolo, imithende emibili ephambanayo ibekwe ngokuhambisana nenkundla, ngebanga elicishe libe ngamamitha amahlanu ukusuka komunye nomunye.
Uma amaqembu aqhudelanayo eselungile, ahlukaniswa abe amaqembu amabili, ngalinye lihlala ohlangothini olumisiwe lwenkundla. Abadlali abashesha kakhulu babekwe ngaphambili, abashesha kakhulu futhi abanekhono ekugwemeni umzimba, phakathi nendawo, futhi ukumelana kakhulu futhi enamandla, ngemuva, njalo ugcine isikhundla unozinti, tecuto, for the young corpulent kakhulu futhi isibindi. indoda. Amadoda angaphansi kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu nanhlanu kuphela abamba iqhaza.
Kuyatonyulwa futhi uhlangothi oluvunywe inhlanhla, luqoka umsubathi ukuthi ame phakathi kwemigqa emibili emele indawo engathathi hlangothi, futhi aphose ibhola ngamandla amakhulu, abheke phezulu abheke phezulu nalapho abasekeli bakhe bekhona, kumele ngaso sonke isikhathi liwe. ngaphakathi kwenhlabathi engathathi hlangothi. Uma ibhola liphonswa emoyeni, abadlali abahlanu noma abayishumi ohlangothini ngalunye bangena kule nkundla balwele ukulamukela emoyeni, futhi kulapho abalandeli nabamelene nabo benza izimanga zangempela ukuze balibambe.
Umdlali okwaziyo ukulibamba, aligone aliqinise bese eqala umjaho osheshayo ebheke ngasemnyango wesitha, elandelwa eduze cishe yiqembu lonke; abanye benza umzamo wokuvikela ozakwabo kanti abanye bathathe ibhola kuye. Lapho umdlali, ngemva komsebenzi omningi, ekwazi ukuzithola eseseduze nokungena ngomnyango wesitha, utecuto nabasizi bakhe kufanele benze konke okusemandleni ukuvimbela yonke leyo ntaba-mlilo ukuba ingagingqiki phezu kwabo futhi ingene ngomnyango.
Ukulungiswa kwabadlali kubaluleke kakhulu. Ekulungiseni umzimba, ukuzivocavoca okugijima okunezinguquko zendlela kanye ne-feints kwenziwa. Idla kakhulu ufulawa kakolweni othosiwe. Izinsuku eziyishumi nanhlanu abadlali bageza ekuseni ezimpophomeni noma e-traitraiko. Bazilolongela ukuzila kanye nobumsulwa ngaphambi kwemidlalo.
Abadlali belinao bazigcoba ngamafutha e-sea lion, abavikela emakhazeni, abenze bashelele uma belwa nabadlali beqembu elimelana nabo. Ukuze badlale babesebenzisa i-chiripá kuphela ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezicathulo. Ibhande loboya elinombala othile, basebenzise elehlukile elibizwa ngokuthi i-trarilongo elisebenzela ukuhlukanisa amaqembu.
Ngaphambi komdlalo, i-machi, isikhulu senkolo yendabuko, icula i-ballad ukuze iloye ibhola futhi ifafaze abadlali beqembu layo ngamanzi ngenhloso yokubaqinisa. Ibhola, elingamasentimitha ayishumi nanhlanu ububanzi, lenziwe ngolwelwe oludliwayo njenge-cochayuyo, i-luche noma i-sargassum embozwe ngoboya noma ngesikhumba; Angenziwa futhi ngokhuni nendwangu okwakuthi mancane ngosayizi.
Ezikhathini zasendulo wawudlalwa endaweni esentshonalanga yokhahlamba lwezintaba iNahuelbuta futhi ngasogwini oluseningizimu yoMfula iToltén ukuya esifundazweni saseLlanquihue kanye neChiloé Archipelago. I-Linao ivusa isithakazelo esikhulu kubalandeli, abahamba amabanga amade ukuze bathamele le midlalo.
awar kuden
Umdlalo we-awar kuden noma ubhontshisi ungomunye wemidlalo ye-Mapuche. Umdlalo ofana namadayisi. Kudlalwa phakathi kwabantu ababili, kudingeka ubhontshisi obuyisishiyagalombili, ubhontshisi ngamunye unohlangothi olulodwa oluklwetshiwe futhi lupendwe ngamalahle noma ngombala othile, kanye nezinti noma ama-chips ayishumi kuya kwangamashumi amabili (kow) ukuze urekhode amaphuzu. Ngaphambi kokuqala umdlalo, umdlali ngamunye unikeza omunye into azoyiletha uma ehlulwa. Ngenxa yokuthi kuwumdlalo ojwayelekile wezingane, into ephikisanayo kungaba ingubo, uswidi noma ithoyizi.
Indwangu, i-poncho noma enye indawo ihlelwe ukuthi isebenze njengebhodi futhi abadlali bame ubuso nobuso, izingcezu zibe ohlangothini olulodwa lomzimba wabo. Umdlali ngamunye uyashintshana ngokujikijela ubhontshisi. Umdlali yena uthatha ubhontshisi ezandleni zakhe awuxhawule ngesikhathi ecula ebiza inhlanhla. Bese uphonsa ubhontshisi ebhodini bese ubala ubhontshisi owapendiwe ubheke phezulu.
Ngokusho kukaSmith, ku-"Los Araucanos", "Phakathi nomdlalo, baphulula ubhontshisi, bawaqabule, bakhulume nawo, bawahlikihle phansi nasezifubeni zabo, bamemeze futhi bashukumise, bazicelele inhlanhla kanye namabhadi. abaphikisi babo, ngobuqotho sengathi bakholelwa ukuthi ubhontshisi unomphefumulo.
Ngokohlelo lokushaya amagoli, ubhontshisi owele nengxenye ependiwe phezulu uyabalwa futhi owokuqala oqede amaphuzu ayikhulu uyawina. Olunye uhlelo lokushaya amagoli luthi uma amabhontshisi ayisishiyagalombili ehlala “emhlane” (payḻanagün), uhlangothi olupendiwe lubheke phezulu, umdlali uthola amaphuzu amabili futhi unelungelo lokuthola incwadi entsha.
Uma isigamu se-back and half of the belly fall, kubizwa ngokuthi ukumisa futhi kufanelekile kancane, kodwa futhi kunikeza ilungelo lomqulu omusha. Ijika liyaphela lapho kungekho miphumela ekhishiwe. Oqoqe amaphuzu angamashumi amabili kuqala usewine umzuliswano. Ophumelele umdlalo yinoma ngubani owina imizuliswano emibili ilandelana.
Eminye imidlalo
Eminye imidlalo yamaMapuche eyenza ingxenye ebalulekile yobunikazi bayo yilena: I-Trümün: Umdlalo webhola odlalwa kusetshenziswa izinyawo; ibhola lenziwe ngamakhambi omisiwe ahlanganiswe ngesikhumba sesilwane. I-Waikitun: I-Mock Spear Fighting. I-Lefkawellun: Umjaho wamahhashi.
Lapho amaMapuche efunda ukugibela ihhashi, abadlula abanqobi endaweni yawo. I-Lekaitun: Ukuzivocavoca ngebhola noma ngebhola. I-Pülkitun: Ukuzivocavoca ngomnsalo nomcibisholo. Ellkaukatun: Fihla futhi ufune umdlalo. Ellkawun: Umdlalo wokufihla ingubo. I-Choiketun: Umdlalo wentshe.