I-cosmogony yaseMexico ihlonishwa kakhulu hhayi kuleli zwe kuphela, kodwa emhlabeni jikelele. Izinkolelo ezibekwe amaMeya zicebile kakhulu ezingatholakala emlandweni wendawo yonke. Kulokhu, i- Itshe lelanga kugxilwe ekukhuliseni lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo.
Umlando Wetshe Lelanga
Kuyitshe le-monolithic elitholakala esikhathini sase-Mesoamerican postclassic. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukubonakala kwayo kokuqala kwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka engu-1250 no-1521 BC Ngokuqinisekile akukho lwazi ngombhali weTshe Lelanga, noma isikhathi esiqondile elaqoshwa ngaso. Kodwa-ke, izazi-mlando ziye zaphenya ukuthi le nto yayizosetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa komdwebo wamatshe ophakeme kakhulu yi-Mexica eminyakeni yabo yokugcina kuhulumeni.
Ngokwezimemezelo zika-Diego Durán, ithola ukuthi i-Stone of the Sun linobukhulu obukhulu, ngokuqoshwa kwezinsuku, izinyanga kanye namaviki angu-21 ekhalendeni layo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uJuan de Torquemada komunye wemibhalo yakhe edume kakhulu ubukhosi baseNdiya ifanekisa uMoctezuma Xocoyotzin njengomuthi owayala abantu bakhe ukuba balethe idwala elikhulu elalifihlwe eTenanitla eTenochtitlán
Ngokunokwenzeka, leli dwala laliwumkhiqizo wokuqhuma okukhulu kwentaba-mlilo i-Xitle, kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lokuthi isuswe eSan Ángel yayiswa edolobheni laseXochimilco. Igama lika-Ezequiel Ordoñez lidlulele ukuqonda umlando we-Piedra del Sol, ngoba linquma ukuthi idwala yi-olivine basalt. Ngenxa yesisindo esingajwayelekile, itshe lahudulwa cishe amakhilomitha angama-22 ukuya eTenochtitlan.
Ngesikhathi sokunqoba, leli dwala elikhulu lalihlala kuMeya weTemplo. Usizo lwaluhlala luhlala endaweni yalo engemuva, okungukuthi, lwaluhlala luvezwe kule ndawo ebiyelwe. Lapho u-Alonso de Montúfar ephethe umbhishobhi omkhulu eMexico, wayala ukuba iTshe LeLanga lingcwatshwe endaweni ngenjongo yokuthi amakholwa agcine enkumbulweni yawo yonke imikhosi yemihlatshelo eyenziwa kuyo.
Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, uchungechunge lwezinguquko emthethweni lwakha imisinga emisha eNew Spain, ngenxa yegunya likaViceroy Juan Vicente de Güemes. Phakathi kwalezi zinguquko, ucele ukwenziwa ngcono kweminye imigwaqo nezindawo zomphakathi. I-Plaza Mayor ibe ngomunye wabahlomule kakhulu kulawa mapulani ezakhiwo, ngokufaka i-drainage system kanye nokulinganisa phansi.
Ngo-December 17, 1790, ngenkathi umakhi oyingcweti ngaleso sikhathi u-José Damián Ortiz de Castro ethola i-Piedra del Sol lapho elungisa imigwaqo yaseceleni ye-Plaza Mayor. Idwala lalingamamitha angu-60 ukusuka eSangweni Le-Virreinal elikhulu futhi libe ngu-40cm engxenyeni yegceke. Ukuze kukhishwe emhlabeni, kwakudingeka i-pulley ephindwe kabili ngenxa yesisindo esikhulu saleli tshe lamaMaya elakha i-cosmogony yesizwe.
U-Antonio de León y Gama waya endaweni ukuyophenya kabanzi mayelana nemvelaphi yetshe Lelanga, kanye nencazelo yalo ngesikhathi litholakala. Ngokombono kaChavero, kwakulo mlingiswa wokugcina owabusa itshe njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuqonda ikhalenda lama-Aztec asendulo. Uyazazi zonke Izinganekwane zamaMaya? Ungayeki ukukwenza, ngoba kuthakazelisa ngendlela exakile.
Kamuva, uGama wafaka isicelo kuJosé Uribe, incwadi yomthetho ngaleso sikhathi, ukuze kungangcwatshwa itshe leLanga, ngenxa yokuthi lesi senzo siwumkhuba wamaqaba, nomlando wokungcwatshwa okuhlukahlukene. Umcwaningi uqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuthola amatshe esikhumbuzo asendulo e-Italy, ukuze ahlenge kancane ingqikithi yawo, okuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwetshe Lelanga.
Inkathi echumayo lapho kwanda khona izikhumbuzo zezakhiwo zavumela i-Sun Stone ukuba ikhange emehlweni omphakathi wonke. I-monolith yaphumelela kakhulu ngemva kokutholakala kwayo ngo-1790 ngokukhuthazwa okugcwele kocwaningo lwayo ukuze iveze yonke imininingwane yomsuka wayo wangempela. UGama uze agqamise ukuthi iyitshe elinomqondo omuhle wobuciko, elidonsa amehlo wonke umuntu ngokushesha.
NgoJulayi 2, 1791, i-monolith yaba yingxenye yeMetropolitan Cathedral kwelinye lezinhlangothi zayo ezisentshonalanga. U-Alexander von Humboldt wayephethe ukutadisha ngokuningiliziwe isici se-iconographic se-Stone of the Sun. Esinye isenzakalo esingavamile esixhumanisa leli dwala ukungenelela kwe-United States e-Mexico, kusetshenziswa le nto njengethagethi e-Plaza Mayor.
Eminyakeni ethile kamuva, ngo-1855 ukuze kube khona okuqondile, iPiedra del Sol yadluliselwa eMonolith Gallery, eseCalle Moneda, ngenxa yesicelo esenziwa uJesús Sánchez, umqondisi walesi sikhungo. Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye kamuva, kwaba nolunye ushintsho lwendawo ukuze kwakhiwe iMuseum of Anthropology and History.
Descripción
Konke okuseTsheleni Lelanga kuyathakazelisa ngempela, ngoba kulandisa ngombono oyinkimbinkimbi amaMeya ayenawo ngomhlaba kusukela ekudalweni kwawo. Ngokushesha, yonke imininingwane efihliwe le monolith yasendulo enayo. Uyazi ukuthi ziyini onkulunkulu bama-aztec kanye nakho konke? Mhlawumbe lo mbuzo uhlala njalo ongawuthola ngokushesha.
idiski ephakathi
UBeyer noCaso bangabokuqala ukuba nendlela ekhonkolo kwidiski emaphakathi. Kokubili kubonisa unkulunkulu welanga u-Tonatiuh nombese womhlatshelo osekelwe ematsheni. Njengoba engenazo izandla zakhe, lo nkulunkulu unezinzipho ezibambe inhliziyo yomuntu. Kafushane, lona umbono ka-Alfonso Caso maqondana nale ndawo yetshe:
«Phakathi kwe-Stone of the Sun ungakwazi ukubuka ngokuningiliziwe ubuso be-Tonatiuh. Ngoba iziphetho zayo kukhona claws, okuyinto belingisa kahle kakhulu imilenze yanoma yiluphi ukhozi. Kuzo kukhona inhliziyo yomuntu ecindezelekile impela. Umbono wama-Aztec welanga unengqondo kakhulu, ngoba aqhathanisa amandla alo nokhozi olundiza phezulu ekuseni.
UNavarrete noHaydn ngo-1974 benqaba izimemezelo zikaBeyer kanye neCoso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi unkulunkulu ophakathi nendawo yiTlaltecuhtli. Lo nkulunkulu ungomunye ogqame kakhulu kulo lonke uhlanga lwesiNahuatl, okhulekelwa kakhulu ngabantu bakhona. Kulesi simo, izinzipho zokhozi ezimbili ezivelele zivame ukubonakala lapho zihlangene nombuthano. Endaweni engemuva kunenye yezindingilizi, eziwu-4 sezizonke.
Kuyo yonke imibuthano eshiwo ilanga lesihlanu lizalwa, ekugcineni lingumsuka wendoda yesiNahuatl. Ukudla okubalulekile kwalokhu kwakudala ummbila onamanzi. Inganekwane ethi AmaLanga iyakwazi ukuchaza ukuzalwa ngokuningiliziwe.
izinkathi ezine
Akunakwenzeka ukushiya eceleni izinkathi ezine noma amalanga amane aphakathi kokumelela. Kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zakhi kubangela ukuzalwa kweLanga Lesihlanu, nokuba khona kwamanje kwamasiko.
- Endaweni engenhla kwesokudla kunomfanekiso we-jaguar engu-4, inkomba yayo efinyelela onyakeni weminyaka engu-676. Inkathi yokuqala yaseMexica ifinyelela umvuthwandaba ngalesi sikhathi ngenxa yezidalwa ezinyantisayo ezaphuma ebusweni bomhlaba ukuze ziqede lonke uhlanga lwesintu langaleso sikhathi.
- Endaweni yesokunxele kunomoya wesi-4, onobude obuqondile obufika onyakeni wama-364, ngenxa yomcimbi wemimoya, iziphepho neziphepho ezinyakazisa impucuko. Izakhamizi ezingezona ezasemhlabeni waphenduka izinkawu.
- Ngaphansi komoya we-4 kunendilinga yemvula engu-4, okubaluleke kakhulu esikweni laseMexico. Kulo mcimbi, imvula yomlilo ngonyaka wama-312 yaguqula zonke izakhamizi zaba ama-turkeys.
- Ekugcineni, kukhona umbuthano wokugcina, amanzi angu-4, oseduze kakhulu nomhlaba njengoba unjalo. Ukucwila emanzini kwaqeda wonke umphakathi ngonyaka wama-676. Abasindile abalutholanga lula uguquko lokudoba.
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe, zonke izinkathi zinonyaka oqondile oholela ohlotsheni lwenhlekelele ukuvala umjikelezo obalulekile esintwini. Nokho, ukuze ubone unyaka oqondile emibuthanweni ngayinye kuyadingeka ukuba ube neprism yama-Aztec. Ngokufanayo, ama-676, 312, kanye nama-364 anento eyodwa abafana ngayo: ngayinye yaleyo minyaka iyiziphindaphinda ezingama-52.
52 isibalo esibaluleke kakhulu sekhalenda laseMexico, ngoba lilingana nekhulu leminyaka eligcwele ku-cosmogony yabo. Sengikushilo lokho, kuneziyingi zelanga ezimbili eziye zathatha amakhulu eminyaka angu-13: ama-jaguar angu-4 namanzi angu-4, okungenye yezinto ezibulala kakhulu esintwini, enezenzakalo ezingavamile eziphele ngokumangalisayo ngezinkathi ezimbili ezidlulele. U-364 uyiminyaka eyi-7, kuyilapho iminyaka engu-213 ingu-6. Sekushiwo, ingqikithi yamakhulu eminyaka eTsheleni Lelanga iyi-13, 7, 6, kanye ne-13.
Isamba sekhulu leminyaka lama-Aztec ngokwehlukana sinikeza ingqikithi engu-39. Uma ochwepheshe bezibalo bebheka lesi sibalo, bazoqaphela ukuthi u-39 uwukuphindwaphindwa kuka-13, kuyilapho izinkathi eziqondile ezimbili (7+6) nazo zinezela ku-13. le nombolo izobe ingacacile njengengxenye yesiko laseMexica ngale ndlela elandelayo: 13-13-13. Uma lokhu kungenele, inombolo engu-52 nayo iyimpinda ka-13, ngakho leli tshe Lelanga lifihla idatha yezinombolo engavamile kakhulu.
Amaphuzu wekhadinali
Njengoba nje i-Sun Stone inendilinga ngayinye yelanga, nayo inokubukeka kwamaphoyinti amakhulu. Isibonelo, kunophawu olusenyakatho oluthi 1 Flint, sayina imvula engu-1 eningizimu, empumalanga nayo I-Xiuhuitzolli uphawu lwe-heraldic nasentshonalanga, i-mono 7th century. Ephuzwini ngalinye lama-cardinal kulula ukuthola iqembu elicatshangelwe lezimpawu, elilandisa amasonto amahlanu eqenjini lezinyanga ezintathu ukwakha unyaka.
indandatho yokuqala
Le ndandatho ibaluleke kakhulu esikweni laseMexico, ngoba ibala izinsuku ezingcwele ezingama-20 ezenziwa ngokusemthethweni eTonalpohualli. Into ethakazelisayo mayelana necala inhlanganisela ngayinye yalezi zinsuku ezinezinombolo ezingu-13, ngoba ukwakheka okunjalo kubangela iminyaka. Phakathi kwezinto eyayizithakasela kakhulu, lezi zinsuku zaziqoshwa kuyi-codex esekelwe esikhumbeni senyamazane, ukuze kugcinwe ubufakazi bakho konke okwenzeka kuyi-tonalámatl.
Ukwakheka kwaleli khalenda ekukhululweni kwalo emhlabeni kwahlanganisa ingqikithi engama-260. Njengoba angu-20 kuphela kuwo ayenamagama athile, umsebenzi okufanele uthuthukiswe uwukuhlanganiswa kwawo wonke amagama ukuze kwakhe inani elingaphezu kwamadijithi amathathu, noma okuzenzakalelayo kwayo, isibalo esikhulu kuno-21. Inombolo eyisisekelo kanye nenombolo yokugcina, 13, isesimweni samaphuzu.
I-Tonalpohualli inesici esithile, ukuthi ubuhlakani baseMexico kuphela abakwazi ukucabanga ngaso: ikhalenda eshumini nantathu (amasonto angama-20 wezinsuku eziyi-13) lapho ama-5 ayehloselwe umsebenzi wansuku zonke kanti okunye ukuphumula noma ukuzihlola. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamashejuli kwakunamahora angu-13 osuku kanti amanye angu-9 ebusuku (imvamisa lapho umzimba uphumula khona uze ulale). Sekushiwo lokho, sekuyisikhathi sokufunda kancane ngezinsuku zokubhapathizwa:
I-Cipactli: Lolu suku lutholakala phakathi kwe-East eksisi ekhalendeni. Sidalwa esibi kakhulu esiwuhhafu wengwenya kanye nengxenye yenhlanzi (nakuba sibuye sibonakale njengohlobo lwesibankwa). Ikhwalithi yayo iwukuba ilambe ngaso sonke isikhathi sosuku, ikhulise ingozi yayo. Kubhekwa njengesidalwa sasolwandle kuphela sesikhathi saso, kwaze kwaba yilapho uQuetzalcoatl ebulala ukuqala ukudalwa kwendawo yonke. Ngomzimba wonke we-monster badala umhlaba, ngosizo lwabanye onkulunkulu ababambe iqhaza kule nqubo.
Lapho onkulunkulu behlukanisa umzimba we-cipactli, badala izulu nomhlaba. Inkinga enkulu yonkulunkulu kwaba ukuthi indoda izombeka kuphi endaweni evulekile, engazi ukuthi enzeni. Kamuva, bathatha izihlahla ukuze bahlukanise ama-hemispheres. Ngendlela efanayo, bahlukanisa phakathi kwezwe labaphilayo nabafileyo. Imibhalo yesiGreki nesiLatini ikhulume ngokugcizelela okukhulu konke Onkulunkulu base-Olympus, ukubaluleka kwayo namandla okufanele ngokungangabazeki uwazi.
Usuku lokuqala laleli khalenda lusekelwa unkulunkulu u-Tonacatecuhtli, inhloko yokuzala noma yokondla. Waba neqhaza elikhulu ekudaleni umhlaba, ngaphezu kokuhlukanisa umhlaba kuzo zonke izilwandle ezikhona. Igama lakhe ngolimi lwama-Aztec lisho ukuthi "iNkosi yenyama yethu noma iNkosi yesondlo" ngokuba umhlinzeki wenhlalakahle yamadoda okuqala ahlala emhlabeni.
I-Ehecatl: Ungunkulunkulu womoya ngokusho kobufakazi besiko laseMesoamerican. Ifana kakhulu ne-Quetzalcōātl ngokuya nge-physiognomy yenyoka eyesabekayo okuthi uma uyibuka isho amandla amangalisayo. Iphinde igcine ukuxhumana nokuzalwa kwendawo yonke, ngoba ngenxa yokuphefumula kwayo yakhanga izimvula ukuze kukhule izitshalo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngalesi senzo esifanayo wenza ilanga liphume ukuze lihlakaze imvula ayidalile ngamandla akhe.
Enye yezimfanelo zayo ukunikeza ukuphila kuyo yonke into esesimweni sokuphumula, noma imizimba engasebenzi. Wafika wathandana nomuntu ogama lakhe linguMayah. Njengoba ingazange ibuyiselwe, ivule ithuba lokuthi bonke abantu bavuse amandla abo othandweni ukuze baqaphele uthando lwentombazane. Uthando lo nkulunkulu ayenalo ngoMaya lwabonakaliswa emfanekisweni wesihlahla esinamaqabunga. Ekugcineni, usuku lwesibili olutholakala endaweni esenyakatho yePiedra del Sol.
calli: Incazelo yaleli gama ngolimi lwaseMexico ithi "indlu". Unkulunkulu ovikela zonke iziphethu zalolu suku nguTepeyollotl, umdali omkhulu wezintaba, izintaba, amagquma, amagquma, ama-echoes nokundindizela. Kunoma yikuphi ukumelwa kwezithombe kubonakala kusesimweni se-jaguar. Lisho umthombo womhlatshelo wazo zonke izilwane ezaziphila ngaphambi kukazamcolo omkhulu, ochazwe kumbuthano welanga wamanzi angu-4.
Kuyinhliziyo yomhlaba futhi njalo lapho ukuzamazama komhlaba kwenzeka, umsindo wezibilini zomhlaba uyisibabazo esivela kulo nkulunkulu, ukuphoqa amandla akhe. Ivezwa enyakatho yekhalenda, kuwusuku lwesithathu lokugqamisa le cosmogony yase-Mexica.
I-Cuetzpalin: Okushiwo igama elithi "isibankwa" ngolimi lwaseMexico lasendulo. Intshonalanga yalolu suku lwesine iseningizimu. Labo abazalwa ngalolu suku lwesine bamelwe kahle unkulunkulu u-Huehuecóyotl, umsekeli omkhulu wezobuciko, imidanso yemikhosi, umvikeli wayo yonke intsha kanye nabantu abadala. Isithombe esivame kakhulu salo nkulunkulu ngesemvukazi edansa ngezandla nezinyawo ngamasimbali ahlobisa ukuba khona kwayo.
Isiko selitholile ukuthi le nkonyane iyisithombe esiyinhlekisa sazo zonke izizwe zaseNyakatho Melika eziye zaqolwa. Nokho, lo mlingisi unguchwepheshe ekuculeni izingoma zamakhwaya nokulandisa. Uhlangothi lwakhe olungeluhle yitulo ajwayele ukulenza lokubangela umbango phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili, kuze kudale izimpi ukwanelisa isithukuthezi sakhe.
Abantu baseMexico baye bafinyelela esivumelwaneni sokuthi i-coyote, esikhundleni sokuba umlingiswa omubi, yaba umthombo wobuqili bonke abantu abazalwa ngalolu suku lwesine. Amadoda anobuhle obukhulu afana nalo nkulunkulu, ngenxa yokuba khona kwakhe lapho eqala ukuxhumana naye. Phakathi kweminye imibono, ukuhlakanipha komuntu kusekela lezi ziphethu ezinesivikelo sazo.
ingubo: Ivikela incazelo efanayo yenyoka, efanekisela unkulunkulu uQuetzalcóatl. Unkulunkulukazi ophethe ukumela lolu suku ngu-Chalchiuhtlicue, inkosi yawo wonke amachibi nemifudlana emikhulu. Usuku lwesihlanu lapho inyoka ibusa futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ikulolu hlu njengonkulunkulukazi owamisa uketshezi kuzo zonke izimpucuko zaseNyakatho Melika. Izakhamuzi zasendulo zaseMexico zaphathisa uhambo lwazo kulo nkulunkulu, ukuze zibuye nempilo futhi wonke amaphrojekthi agcwalisekile.
Uyena obhekene nokukhanyisa indingilizi yesine eTsheleni Lelanga Ngenkathi u-Chalchiuhtlicue ebusa umhlaba, ukubusa kwakhe konke kwakumbozwe ngamanzi. Ngozamcolo onamandla kakhulu owacekela phansi izindawo ezithile, wakhanda ngamatshe isihlalo sakhe sobukhosi ukuze abe unkulunkulukazi owesatshwa. Wayenekhono lokuguqula abantu abaningi babe izinhlanzi.
Miquiztli: Usuku lwesithupha lwaleli khalenda lusendaweni esenyakatho ye-cosmogony yase-Mexica. I-Tecciztecatl, umnenke onobuntu obuhle kakhulu. Wayenethuba lokuba yilanga, kodwa akazange akwazi ukuba yinyanga. Lo nkulunkulu uvikelwe yisibhakabhaka ebusuku.
I-Mazatlán: INtshonalanga iyindawo eyinhloko yalolu suku ekhalendeni. Igama lisho "inyamazane" unkulunkulu wayo ongumvikeli ongu-tlaloc, inkosi yemvula neziphepho. Isiko libonisa ukuthi ihlonishwa ngenyanga yokuqala yonyaka wama-Aztec, ukufafaza izitshalo zayo.
I-Tochtli: Usuku logwaja lutholakala endaweni eseningizimu yekhadinali ngokusho kweTonalpohualli. UMayahuel ungunkulunkulukazi ophethe ukuvikela zonke izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zalolu suku. Uhlanganiswe nabanye onkulunkulu bozalo lwakhe, njengalabo abeseka abesifazane emibhedeni yabo yokuzala. Kuyasiza ukunikeza izitshalo, ikakhulukazi zonke izitshalo eziye zaba nentuthuko enzima ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibi.
I-Atl: Amanzi awuketshezi oluhlanza sonke isintu esazalwa ngalolu suku esibuswa ngaphansi kwencazelo yasempumalanga. U-Xiuhtecuhtli ungunkulunkulu obalulekile emlandweni waseMexico, ngoba ngomlilo noma ukushisa kwakhe uyakwazi ukunakekela bonke abantu baleli khalenda. Ukubukeka kwakhe okomuntu omdala onobuso obuphuzi noma obusawolintshi.
Okulandelayo: Yaziwa njengosuku lwenja, okuyi-Mictlantecuhtli, inkosi yabafileyo esifundeni ngasinye, umvikeli oyinhloko walolu suku. Ulawula kahle umhlaba wonke ongaphansi komhlaba kanye nethunzi. Izinwele zakhe zigoqekile futhi amehlo akhe afana nenkanyezi.
ozomatli: Usuku lwenkawu luyindawo yalo eyinhloko entshonalanga. Ngokungafani nonkulunkulu wangaphambili, u-Xochipelli uyinkosana yezimbali, inkosi yazo zonke izinto ezinhle ezihlala emvelweni. Kuyinjabulo eguqulwa ibe nguNkulunkulu, lapho abantu benelisa izifiso zabo ngotshwala nakweminye imikhosi.
Kunezinye izinsuku ezibalela leli khalenda elibalulekile elimelwe etsheni Lelanga elinalezi zinkulumo ezilandelayo:
- I-Malinalli.
- I-Acatl.
- I-Ocelotl.
- Cuauhtli.
- cozcacuauhtli
- Ollin.
- I-Tecpatl.
- Quiáhuitl.
- Xochitl.
Indandatho yesibili
Lesi sigaba Setshe Lelanga siqukethe izikwele ezimbalwa ezinomsebenzi othile. Kuzo zonke izinsuku ezinhlanu zesonto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinye izigaba eziyisishiyagalombili ezine-engeli ehlukile ebhekisela kumaphuzu ama-cardinal.
Indandatho yesithathu
Itholakala engxenyeni engezansi ye-Stone of the Sun. Kulesi senzakalo unkulunkulu u-Xiuhcóatl ukhona, ngaphansi komfanekiso wezinyoka ezivuthayo eziningana ezizungeze i-monolith. Zonke izindawo zezinyoka zihlukaniswe ukuze ziphakamisele unkulunkulu esibhakabhakeni, kuyilapho ingxenye ngayinye izungezwe umlilo omningi. Uma ilukuluku libhekisisa, zonke izinyoka zenza inombolo engu-52, okuyikhulu leminyaka lama-Aztec elisemthethweni elikhonjiswa yi-Stone of the Sun.
Endaweni engenhla yetshe kukhona nemikhondo yezinyoka, kodwa kulokhu umkhondo usemisileni, kuze kufike usuku lukaMatlactli. Ngokomlando waseMexico, usuku olunjalo lungonyaka we-1479 njengengxenye ye "Umlilo Omusha".
I-Numismatics
Itshe Lelanga linencazelo ebaluleke ngempela yesiko laseMexico. Ukubaluleka kwayo kukhulu kangangokuthi amabhange asebenzise ezinye izibalo zezinhlamvu zemali zabo, njengalezi zimo ezilandelayo:
- Uhlamvu lwemali lwe-5-centavo olwenziwe nge-nickel phakathi kuka-1905 no-1914. Etsheni Lelanga wakhipha umphumela wemisebe yelanga, okunikeza umqondo omuhle onemibala emaphethelweni ohlamvu lwemali ngokuvumelana nomthelela wokukhanya kwemvelo.
- Uhlamvu lwemali lwamasenti angu-5 olwakhiwe nge-nickel, olwalusetshenziswa phakathi kuka-1936 no-1942, lwalondoloza lowo mphumela wemisebe yelanga owawuthandwa kakhulu ohlelweni lokuqala lwale mali.
- Uhlamvu lwemali lwe-nickel lwamasenti angu-10 olwajikeleza kusukela ngo-1936 kuya ku-1946 lwalubonisa umphumela ocwazimulayo welanga emisebeni. Kulokhu, umphumela uyingxenye, kodwa awulokothi uphelele.
- Uhlamvu lwemali lwe-5-centavo olwenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali lwahlala lusetshenziswa iminyaka eyi-10. Kulokhu kuvela uhlobo lwe-pentagon lubhalwe ocezwini.
- Uhlamvu lwemali lwensimbi engagqwali lwamasenti angu-10 olwahlala lusetshenziswa phakathi nenkathi ka-1992-2002 lwamukelwa kancane ingxenye ye-pentagon eqoshwe Etsheni Letshe. .
- Izinhlamvu zemali zamasenti angu-20 phakathi kuka-1992 no-2002 zazinempahla yokwakha engcono njengethusi ne-aluminium kuhlangene. Kwakukhona ne-pentagon ebhalwe esiqeshini ngendlela engaphelele. Ngemva kuka-2002 kwenzeka okufanayo ngezinhlamvu zemali zangaphambilini, kodwa zashintsha ithusi ne-aluminium ngensimbi engagqwali.
- Uhlamvu lwemali lwamasenti angu-50 olwenziwe ngethusi ne-aluminium olwazungeza phakathi kuka-1992-2002 nombhalo we-13th Etsheni Lelanga (ácatl) nepentagon eqoshwe ocezwini. Ngo-2002 kwenzeka okufanayo njengezinhlamvu zemali zangaphambilini, ngokuncipha kobukhulu bayo.
- I-Bimetallic 1-peso coin enendandatho yensimbi engagqwali, kusukela ngo-1992 yaqala ukusakazwa kwayo ngendandatho ekhazimulayo ngokusebenzisa imisebe.
- Uhlamvu lwemali lwe-bimetallic 2-peso olunesikhungo sethusi-aluminium kanye nendandatho yensimbi engagqwali imelela izinsuku ezihambisanayo emaphethelweni ngamunye.
- Uhlamvu lwemali lwe-5-peso lufana nolwedlule kuzo zonke izici, kokubili ekwakhiweni naseminyakeni yokwakha. Umehluko obalulekile ukuqanjwa kwezinyoka emaphethelweni.
- Uhlamvu lwemali lwe-peso engu-10 olwakhiwe phakathi nendawo yalo ngezinto ze-cupro-nickel kanti enye yonke ngethusi-aluminium. Ngaphakathi ungabona i-disc emaphakathi ye-Sun Stone.
- Uhlamvu lwemali lwama-peso angu-500 olwenziwe ngegolide lonke ngeNdebe Yomhlaba ka-1986. Kulokhu kuvela idiski eliphelele.