Ihlengethwa Eliphinki Nezimpawu Zalo, Isilwane Esimangalisayo

I-Amazon Dolphin iyisidalwa esimangalisayo, esinezici ezithile ezivelele kakhulu, kuhlanganise nombala wesikhumba sayo. Leli hlengethwa lomfula oliphinki likhulu kunawo wonke aziwa kula manzi. Kungakho kulesi sihloko sizobuyekeza izici zayo, ukondla, ukukhiqiza kabusha, phakathi kweminye imininingwane ebalulekile mayelana nalolu hlobo. Ngakho ngikumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda.

I-PINK DOLPHIN

Ihlengethwa eliphinki

Ihlengethwa eliphinki linamagama anhlobonhlobo afana ne-Boto, i-Bufeo, i-Amazon Dolphin noma i-Tonina imbala. Kodwa ngokwesayensi yaziwa ngokuthi i-Inia geofrensis, okuwuhlobo lwesilwane esincelisayo sohlobo lwe-odontocete cetacean. Lesi silwane sangaphandle singesomndeni wakwa-Iniidae futhi sinezinhlobo ezimbili ezincane okuyizi; Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis kanye ne-Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana. Lezi zinhlobo ezincane zisatshalaliswa kulo lonke umfula wase-Amazon. Ingatholakala futhi endaweni ephakeme yomfula iMadeira eBolivia ngisho nasesigodini sase-Orinoco.

Lolu hlobo lwamahlengethwa lubhekwa njengelinye lamahlengethwa amakhulu kunawo wonke. Isisindo sazo sivame ukuhluka phakathi kwe-180 kg kanye ne-185 kg futhi ingaba ngamamitha angu-2.5. Njengesici esihlukile lapho zingena esigabeni sabantu abadala, ezinsikazi zithatha umbala ophinki ogqame kakhulu kunabesilisa. Lolu hlobo lwesilwane se-cetacean lune-dimorphism yobulili esobala kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo. Njengoba abesilisa bekala futhi benesisindo esiphakathi kuka-16% no-55% ngaphezu kwabesifazane.

Njengamanye ama-odontocete, lena inesitho esaziwa ngokuthi i-melon, lesi sitho sisetshenziselwa ukuzwakala kwe-echolocation. Ngokuqondene namaphiko awo, sithola umhume obonakala ngokuba nobude obuncane kakhulu. Kodwa lokhu kunxeshezelwa ngobude bayo, njengoba amaphiko ayo e-pectoral abonakala ngokuba makhulu. Lezi zici kanye nobukhulu bayo kanye nokuntuleka kokuhlanganiswa kwe-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho. Zizozinikeza ikhono elikhulu lokuhamba ukuze zikwazi ukuhambahamba endaweni yazo futhi zikwazi ukuzingela inyamazane yazo.

Ngokuqondene nokudla kwabo, banokudla okubanzi kakhulu ukuze babe bohlobo lwama-odontocetes. Njengoba lezi zidla ngokuyinhloko izinhlanzi, eziyizinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinhlobo zezilwane, cishe izinhlobo ezihlukene ezingu-53 zibaliwe. Phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo singathola corvinas, tetras kanye piranhas. Ngisho nalawa amahlengethwa apinki noma njengoba aziwa nangokuthi i-Inia geofrensis aqeda ukudla kwawo ngokusebenzisa izimfudu nezinkalankala zasemfuleni.

Ihlengethwa elipinki lingatholakala emifuleni emikhulu yoMfula i-Amazon kanye noMfula i-Orinoco, lezi zitholakala zihlala ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-400 ngaphezu kolwandle. Uma kunenkathi yemvula, amahlengethwa abomvana athuthela ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula zehlathi. Njengoba iningi lezinhlobo zezinhlanzi zithuthela kulezi zindawo, okuhumusheka ekubeni umthombo wokudla omkhulu wehlengethwa elibomvana. Nokho, ngeshwa, lezi zilwane ezimangalisayo njengehlengethwa elibomvana zisengozini enkulu yokushabalala.

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ihlengethwa elibomvana langena ohlwini olubomvu lwe-IUCN lwezilwane ezisengozini ngo-2008. Nokho, akukho datha ethile etholakala kuzo. Yingakho kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi kunokungaqiniseki okukhulu mayelana nenani eliphelele labantu bezinhlobo zamahlengethwa apinki. Futhi alukho ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokuthambekela kwayo ngisho nangomthelela omubi obangelwa ukunyamalala kwalolu hlobo ku-ecosystem.

Nakuba okwamanje lolu hlobo lwamahlengethwa apinki lungazange lube nenani elikhulu lokuzingela okuphawulekayo, isici esiyinhloko sokuncipha kwawo ngamanani ngokwenani labantu, kuyoba ukulahlekelwa indawo yokuhlala yemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalesi sici, kukhona nokunye okufana nokubamba ngephutha ngenhloso yokudoba. Ngenxa yesici sayo esingavamile, okungukuthi, umbala wayo obomvana, luhlobo lwe-odontocete egcinwe ekuthunjweni emanzini ahlukene emhlabeni jikelele, phakathi kwawo singathola lawo ase-United States, eVenezuela naseYurophu. Nakuba abaningi belaphe lolu hlobo lwehlengethwa elibomvana, kuyinkinga kakhulu ukuqeqesha, futhi linezinga eliphezulu lokufa kwabantu ekuthunjweni.

Ezentela

Ihlengethwa elipinki noma njengoba yaziwa ngokwesayensi i-Inia geoffrensis yatholwa futhi yachazwa nguHenri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville ngo-1817. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngaphakathi kwama-odontocetes, leli hlengethwa elipinki litholakala e-superfamily Platanistoidea, eyaziwa ngokuthi umfula. amahlengethwa. Lo mndeni omkhulu wakhiwe imindeni emibili emikhulu: iPlatanistidae kanye no-Iniidae. Lapho lesi sakamuva singesohlobo lwe-Inia, okungukuthi, ihlengethwa lethu elipinki.

Alukho olunye ulwazi mayelana nokuthi la mahlengethwa apinki angena nini endaweni yase-Amazon. Olunye ucwaningo luye lwaphetha ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi balwenza cishe eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-15 edlule ukusuka oLwandlekazi iPacific. Ngisho nezimbalwa zalezi zifundo zabonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi zangena ngaphambi kokuba kwakhiwe i-Andes noma kungase kube namathuba okuthi kusanda kwenzeka kakhulu kusukela olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean.

Kulolu hlobo lwezilwane, kuzohlonzwa izinhlobo ezi-3, okuyilezi; I.g. geoffrensis, I.g. boliviensis kanye I. g. I-Humboldtian. Kodwa ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwa ngo-1994, kuhlobo ngalunye lwalezi zinhlobo ze-skull morphology, i-subspecies I. g. boliviensis kwafinyelelwa esiphethweni sokuthi ingeyezinhlobo ezahlukene. Ngo-2002, uchungechunge lwezivivinyo ze-DNA ye-mitochondrial yezibonelo ezivela ku-Orinoco basin, umfula i-Putumayo (i-tributary yase-Amazon) kanye nemifula iTijamuchy kanye ne-Ipurupuru ngisho nase-Amazon yaseBolivia, lapho kwaphetha ngokuthi uhlobo lwe-genus. I-Inia Yahlukaniswa yaba amayunithi amabili wokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

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Enye yalezi zingxenye zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ikhawulelwe kulokho okuyizigodi zemifula yaseBolivia kanti enye itholakala kabanzi ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwe-Orinoco kanye ne-Amazon. Nokho, nango-2009 le nkinga ayizange ixazululwe. Ezindaweni zabo ezihlukene bazothola amagama ahlukene afana nalawa; ihlengethwa elipinki, i-boto e-Amazon, ihlengethwa lase-Amazon, i-bufeo eColombia nasePeru futhi ekugcineni i-tonina e-Orinoco. Konke lokhu kuzoncika endaweni yayo, yingakho ijwayele ukuba namagama amaningana.

Izinhlobo ezingaphansi

Sathola uhlobo oluncane lwe-Inia boliviensis e-Rurrenabaque, emnyangweni wase-Beni eBolivia. Lolu hlobo lwaphathwa njengengxenye ye-Inia geofrensis subspecies, eyokugcina etholakala ezindaweni eziningi zoMfula i-Amazon. Singathola futhi lezi zinhlobo ezincane emifuleni i-Tocantins, i-Araguaia, i-Xingú ephansi ne-Tapajós, i-Madeira kuhlanganise ne-rapids yase-Porto Velho. Ngokufanayo, ungathola i-Purús, i-Yuruá, i-Ica, i-Caquetá, imifula i-Branco ngisho noMfula i-Negro kuwo wonke ubude bomzila we-Casiquiare ukuya e-San Fernando de Atabapo eMfuleni i-Orinoco.

I-subspecies i-Inia geofrensis humboldtiana ingatholakala endaweni yomfula i-Orinoco, kuhlanganise nemifula i-Apure kanye ne-Meta. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezincane kanye nontanga bayo bulinganiselwe, okungenani ngenkathi eyomile, futhi lokhu kungenxa yezimpophoma zoMfula iNegro. Futhi ngokusebenzisa izimpophoma zoMfula i-Orinoco phakathi kwalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi iSamariyapo nePuerto Ayacucho ngisho nangomzila weCasiquiare. Ngokuqondene ne-subspecies yesithathu i-Inia geoffrensis boliviensis, inani labantu lisatshalaliswa endaweni engaphezulu yoMfula iMadeira. Lolu hlobo lwamahlengethwa apinki lungatholakala nasemfuleni waseTeotonio, eBolivia.

Kulapha lapho kwaqanjwa khona ukuthi kunikezwe izinhlobo ezigcwele, okungukuthi, Inia boliviensis. Kodwa ngenxa yefa layo eliphansi lezakhi zofuzo kanye nokubonakaliswa okwenzeka ngokwemibandela ye-rapids yaseTeotonio, ngeke baqinisekise ukuhlukaniswa kwezakhi zofuzo nokuba khona kwezibonelo zezinhlobo ze-I. boliviensis, ezitholakala endaweni ephansi yoMfula iMadeira. Lezi zinhlobo zisabhekwa njengezinhlobo ezincane zehlengethwa eliphinki, kokubili yi-Society of Marine Mammalogy kanye ne-IUCN.

Baphinde baveze ukuthi abanalo ulwazi oluningi noma idatha eqondile abanganikela ngayo ezifundweni zabo. Kwaziwa kuphela ukuthi avalelwe eMfuleni iMamoré, onomngenela wawo omkhulu, i-Iténez, owengeza indawo ephansi yemisele yawo, ezohluka phakathi kwamamitha ayi-100 kuya kwangu-300 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.

Ucwaningo oluningi seluphethe ngokuthi lezi zinhlobo zamahlengethwa apinki zihlukanisiwe nenani labantu be-Inia geoffrensis. Lokhu kubangelwa yizimpophoma ezingamakhilomitha angu-400 ezisuka ePorto Velho, ziwele uMfula iMadeira, ziye eRiberalta, edlula uMfula iBeni eBolivia. Naphezu kwalokhu, kukhona amahlengethwa abomvana ezinhlobonhlobo ezinganqunywanga eMfuleni i-Abuná kanye nencike kuwo okuwumfula iNegro eBolivia. Lo mfula yiwona owela uhlelo lweMadeira/Beni emngceleni ophakathi kweBrazil neBolivia.

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Descripción

Ihlengethwa elipinki noma njengoba libuye laziwe ngokuthi i-El Boto, lithathwa njengehlengethwa elikhulu kunawo wonke elihlala kula manzi. Mayelana nobukhulu, sithole ukuthi abesilisa abadala bafinyelela ubude nesisindo esicishe sibe ngu-2.55 m. Nakuba kunezilinganiso ezinjengo-2.32 m, ngokwesisindo silinganiselwa ku-185 kg. Ngesilinganiso salezi zinhlobo ze-154 kg. Kodwa kwabesifazane lezi zilinganiso nesisindo zivame ukuhluka, zifinyelele ku-2,15 m ngesilinganiso esingu-2.00 m futhi zinesisindo esingu-150 kg ngesilinganiso se-100 kg.

Njengoba sesishilo ngaphambili, lolu hlobo lwesilwane lungenye ye-cetaceans ene-dimorphism enkulu kakhulu yezocansi. Ngalokhu sisho ukuthi abesilisa banesisindo esiphakathi kuka-16% no-55% kunabesifazane. Njengoba ngale ndlela iyodwa kuphela phakathi kwamahlengethwa omfula, lapho iduna ngokwemvelo lilikhulu kakhulu kunezinsikazi. Ngokuqondene nokuthungwa kwesikhumba noma umzimba wakhe, uqinile futhi unamandla kakhulu, kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, uvumelana nezimo. Umehluko obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwehlengethwa elibomvana, ihlengethwa lomfula kanye nehlengethwa lasolwandle, ukuthi ama-vertebrae omlomo wesibeletho awahlanganiswa.

Yilokhu okuzovumela lolu hlobo lwezilwane ukuthi lukwazi ukunyakazisa ikhanda laso ezinhlobonhlobo nokunyakaza okuhlukahlukene. Ngokuqondene ne-caudal fin yayo, ibonakala ngokuba banzi kanye ne-triangular futhi i-dorsal fin yayo, enomumo we-keel, inobude obuncane, kodwa ibude kakhulu futhi isuka phakathi nomzimba walawa amahlengethwa ukuya endaweni yawo ye-caudal. Uma sikhuluma ngamaphiko e-pectoral, abonakala ngokuba makhulu futhi anesimo sezigwedlo. Ubude balezi zimpiko buyinika amandla okwenza ukunyakaza okuyisiyingi, okuzoyenza ikwazi ukunyakazisa ngendlela eyisimanga. Lesi sici sizokuvumela ukuthi ubhukude phakathi kwezimila ezigcwele izikhukhula. Kodwa ngenxa yalesi sici, kuzobangela ukwehla kwejubane lokubhukuda kwakho.

Ngokuqondene nombala wakhe wesikhumba ongavamile, kungachazwa ngokwezifundo, ukuthi lo mbala uvame ukuhluka ngenxa yobudala bakhe. Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa nezincane zizoba nethoni yesikhumba esimpunga. Lapho nje ziqala esigabeni sokuthomba, lo mbala wesikhumba uzoshintsha usuke ekubeni mpunga omnyama ube mpunga ngokukhanyayo futhi lapho zinyathela esiteji sazo zabantu abadala, isikhumba sazo siba nombala obomvana. Lokhu kungenxa yemiphumela yokuhuzuka okuphindaphindiwe kwendawo yesikhumba. Kwabesilisa, lesi sikhumba sibomvu kakhulu kunabesifazane, ngoba banokuhlukumezeka okuvame kakhulu ngenxa yokuhlukunyezwa okufanayo kwe-intraspecific, okungukuthi, phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlobo ezifanayo.

Umbala wesikhumba kubantu abadala, njengoba sesazi kakade, uzohluka phakathi kwe-pink eqinile kanye ne-mottled. Kwezinye izibonelo zabantu abadala ithoni yesikhumba endaweni engemuva iba mnyama kakhulu. Kukholakala ukuthi lo mehluko wombala uzoncika ekushiseni, ekukhanyeni kwamanzi ngisho nendawo akuyo. Kukhona okuhlukile kwezinye izibonelo lapho i-hue yabo iyi-albino ngokuphelele, laba bagcinwe ekuthunjweni iminyaka ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini, lapho ngeshwa, impilo yabo ifinyezwa njengoba bengavumelani nayo.

Ugebhezi lwehlengethwa eliphinki lune-asymmetrical kancane, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-odontocete. Lena inekhala eligqamile, elinamapheya angaba ngu-25 kuya kwangu-28 amazinyo amade futhi anomkhawulo ohlangothini ngalunye lwemihlathi. I-dentition yabo ibhekwa njenge-heterodont, ngalokhu sisho ukuthi amazinyo azohluka ngokuya ngesimo nobude bawo. Ngokuqondene namazinyo ayo angaphambili, ayi-conic futhi angemuva anezinkalo ngaphakathi komqhele. Anamehlo amancane, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi abanalo umbono omuhle ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwamanzi, ngokuphambene nalokho, umbono wabo muhle kakhulu.

Ebunzini layo ine-protuberance emise okwekhabe, encane ngosayizi. Kodwa leli fomu alihlali linjalo, njengoba ihlengethwa elibomvana linamandla okuliguqula ngokulawula imisipha. Lokhu kwenzeka kuphela lapho ihlengethwa elibomvana lisebenzisa ikhono lalo lokuzwana kwezwi. Lolu hlobo lunekhala eligqamile, elizoba yinde futhi libe mncane cishe ngamapheya angama-25 kuya kwangu-28 amazinyo ku-hemimaxillae. Amazinyo azo angaphambili acijile kakhulu, kanti amazinyo angemuva ayisicaba futhi anenkomishi ngaphezulu.

Lezi zinhlobo zamazinyo zizosebenzela ihlengethwa elibomvana ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene, njengokuvalela inyamazane yalo ukuze liyichoboze. Ngokuqondene nokuphefumula kwayo, ihlengethwa elibomvana lizophefumula esikhathini esihamba phakathi kuka-30 kuya ku-110 ngomzuzwana. Iphinde ibe nokukhethekile kokwethula ijethi lamanzi elikhuphukela kumamitha angu-2 ukuphakama, ngembobo engemuva abanayo. Uma kukhulunywa ngesikhathi sokumitha kwayo, kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-315. Ngemva kwalesi sikhathi, lapho ithole lizalwa, lizohlala eduze kukanina cishe iminyaka emibili.

I-Biology kanye ne-Ecology

Kulesi sigaba sendatshana sizokhuluma ngokujula okwengeziwe ngezici ezizochaza ihlengethwa elibomvana. Konke okuhlobene nokuphila kwabo isikhathi eside, ukuziphatha, ukuzala, ukudla kanye nokuxhumana kwabo nabanye abalingani babo bezinhlobo zezilwane kuzochazwa kubo. Ngakho-ke ngikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nezici ezilandelayo ezinqumayo zehlengethwa elipinki.

Ukuphila isikhathi eside

Ubude besikhathi sokuphila noma ubude bokuphila kwehlengethwa elibomvana ngokwemvelo akwaziwa, ayikho idatha eqinisekile mayelana nalokhu okungaziwa. Kodwa uma kukhulunywa ngenkathi yokuphila yehlengethwa elibomvana livalelwe, amarekhodi alolu hlobo atholakala kulezi zikhala. Ezinye zalezi zibonelo ekuthunjweni zinesikhathi sokuphila esiphakathi kweminyaka eyi-10 kuya kwengama-31. Kodwa-ke, isilinganiso sokuphila isikhathi eside kulolu hlobo lokuthunjwa yizinyanga ezingu-33 kuphela.

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Kodwa okufanayo akwenzeki kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezivalelwe, isibonelo esaziwa ngokuthi i-Apure esagcinwa e-Duisburg Zoo, eJalimane, sakwazi ukuphila iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane. abangamashumi amathathu nanye kubo ababethunjiwe. Esinye isibonelo esibalwe ubude beminyaka yokuphila ekuthunjweni yisibonelo esasineminyaka engaba ngu-48 ubudala, lapho sasivalelwe khona kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwaso ngo-2016. Lesi sibonelo saziwa ngokuthi i-Dalia, okwakuyihlengethwa lase-Valencia aquarium elise-Venezuela.

Ukuziphatha

Ihlengethwa elibomvana libhekwa izifundo eziningi njengezinhlobo ezizimele zodwa, okungajwayelekile kakhulu ukuzibona zingamaqembu noma imihlambi. Kodwa kukhona okuhlukile futhi uma lokhu kwenzeka bahlangana ngezinhlangano zabantu abangafika kwabangu-4. Kulezi zimo kuvamile ukubheka amaqembu emibhangqwana kanye nezingane, kodwa kungase kube khona okunye okuhlukile lapho amaqembu angenziwa ngabesilisa abahlukahlukene noma abesilisa kuphela. Kukhona okuhlukile lapho amaqembu amakhulu kakhulu angabonwa njengoba eyizindawo zokudla okuyinsada.

Isibonelo salokhu imilomo yemifula, leli qembu lingakwazi nokufika kule ndawo lizophumula futhi lize lihlangane. Ngenkathi ezinsikazi namaphuphu azo zitholakala ezindaweni ezigcwele amanzi emifuleni. Kodwa uma kunenkathi eyomile lokhu kuhlukana akwenzeki. Konke okuye kwachazwa ngenhla kuwumphumela wokugcina wocwaningo olwenziwa ngalesi silwane, okungukuthi, ihlengethwa elibomvana. Kulezi zifundo kuthiwa futhi izinhlobo ezitholakala ekuthunjweni ziye zabonisa ukuthi ihlengethwa elibomvana alinamahloni amancane kunefana nalo, okungukuthi, ihlengethwa le-bottlenose.

Akukhona nje ukuthi abanamahloni kangako, kodwa futhi ababi nobudlelwano nontanga yabo. Inezinga eliphansi kakhulu lokuba nolaka, ayidlali kakhulu futhi ikhombisa nokuziphatha okuncane kwasemoyeni kunehlengethwa le-bottlenose. Kubuye kubhekwe njengesilwane esifuna ukwazi kakhulu futhi sibonakala ngokungabonisi ukwesaba izinto ezingavamile noma izinto. Nokho, kungenzeka ukuthi lapho lolu hlobo lwezilwane luvalelwe ngeke luziphathe ngendlela efanayo nalapho lusendaweni yalo yemvelo.

Lapho ihlengethwa elipinki lisendle, livame ukuba nokuziphatha okungapheli. Phakathi kwabo singathola ukuthi babamba izigwedlo zabadobi, bagudla izikebhe, bavame ukusiphula izitshalo ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Baphinde bajikijele izinduku baze badlale ngezigodo, ubumba, izimfudu, izinyoka baze badlale nezinhlanzi.

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Ngokuqondene nalolu hlobo lwezilwane, lubonakala ngokuba umbhukudi ohamba kancane. Ijubane layo eliphezulu lizohluka ngokuya ngokusuka kwayo phakathi kuka-1,5 no-3,2 km/h. Kodwa izoqopha isivinini esifinyelela ku-14 no-22 km/h. Kodwa futhi uyakwazi ukubhukuda ngokushesha isikhathi eside. Lapho lesi silwane siphuma, isihloko sekhala, ikhabe kanye nomphiko waso womhlane kuvela ngokuhambisana. Mayelana nokuziphatha kwazo, azivamile ukukhipha umsila wazo emanzini ngaphambi kokuba zitshuze.

Olunye uphawu ekuziphatheni kwabo ukuthi bayakwazi ukunyakazisa amaphiko abo, bakhiphe umsila wabo futhi bakhiphe ikhanda labo emanzini, lesi senzo sokugcina senziwa ukuze bakwazi ukubuka indawo ezizungezile. Akuvamile ukuthi igxume phezu kwamanzi. Kodwa kukhona okuhlukile lapho kungabantu abasha abakwazi ukwenza le pirouette, bakwazi ukuzihlukanisa namanzi aze afike kwimitha ukuphakama. Kuye kwanqunywa ukuthi lolu hlobo lwamahlengethwa, okungukuthi, ihlengethwa elibomvana, lunzima kakhulu ukuqeqesha kuneningi lazo.

Ukuzala

Mayelana nokuzala kwabo, abesifazane bafinyelela ekuvuthweni kwabo ngokobulili phakathi kweminyaka eyi-6 kuya kweyisi-7 ubudala. Lokhu kwenzeka uma zilingana no-1,75 kuya ku-1.80 wamamitha. Ngokungafani namaduna, afinyelela esigabeni sawo sokuvuthwa ngokobulili kamuva kakhulu futhi ikakhulukazi lapho efinyelela ubukhulu bawo obungamamitha amabili ubude. Isikhathi noma isigaba sokuzala silamula izinkathi zonyaka, lesi sigaba sizoqondana nalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi yisikhathi esomile. Ngalokhu sisho lapho izinga lamanzi liphansi kakhulu.

Ngokuqondene nesikhathi sokukhulelwa, sizokwengeza sibe yizinyanga eziyishumi nanye. Isikhathi sokuzala sizokwenzeka kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi yinkathi yezikhukhula. Ngokuqondene namaphuphu azalwayo, azoba nesisindo esingama-80 kg kanti isikhathi sokuncelisa sizohlala isikhathi esingangonyaka. Ihlengethwa elipinki linesikhathi sokuphumula esizohluka phakathi kweminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu ekukhulelweni kwalo ngakunye. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokwazi ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zaziphawule i-dimorphism yobulili, kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi amahlengethwa apinki ayenomfazi oyedwa.

Kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwavezwa ukuthi abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu kunezinsikazi. Ngemva kocwaningo oluthile olwenziwe ngesikhathi sokukhwelana kanye nokuzala, lolu hlobo lwalotshwa ngokuziphatha okunonya kakhulu kwezocansi, endaweni yalo yemvelo nasekuthunjweni. Phakathi nalezi zimo, iningi labesilisa lizoletha ukulimala nokulimala okuhlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ku-dorsal, caudal, pectoral fins ngisho ne-spiracle ngenxa yokulunywa. Izibazi ezihlukahlukene zesibili nazo zingase ziphawulwe ngenxa yokukhishwa kwamazinyo.

Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ichaza ukuthi lokhu kuziphatha kocansi okunolaka kuboniswa njengohlobo lokuncintisana okunonya ukuze kuqonywe owesifazane futhi ngaleyo ndlela asondele kuye. Ngalokhu kungaboniswa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwabo kuqukethe uhlelo lokukhwelana kwesithembu. Kodwa ngisho nalokhu akunqunywa ukuthi bangase babe ne-polyandry kanye nokuziphatha okuxekethile. Kulezi zilwane ezithunjiwe, ukuqomisana kwazo nemidlalo yazo ngaphambi kokukhwelana kuye kwahlolisiswa. Kuyabonakala ukuthi abesilisa yibo abathatha igxathu lokuqala.

Ngalokhu sichaza ukuthi bathatha isinyathelo kuqala, bakwenza lokhu ngokulunywa okuncane emaphikweni ezinsikazi. Kodwa uma kwenzeka ukuthi owesifazane akakwamukeli lokhu kuqomisana, angasabela ngobudlova, okungukuthi, ngobudlova. Ukwanda kwamafrikhwensi ekukopishweni kwabo kuhlolisisiwe. Kulezi zifundo eziye zenziwa ekuthunjweni, ipheya yalezi zibonelo zenze izikhathi ezingama-47 esikhathini esingamahora ama-3 kuye kwayi-5. Lezi zifundo zenziwe kusetshenziswa izikhundla ezintathu ezahlukene. Ukubeka isisu sixhumene nge-engeli engakwesokudla ukuphumula kwekhanda elihambisanayo ukuya ekhanda noma ikhanda kuye emsileni.

Njengoba sekushiwo, inkathi yokuzalanisa ingeyesizini futhi okuzalwa kwayo kwenzeka phakathi kukaMeyi noJuni. Endabeni isikhathi sokuzalwa sizoqondana nenkathi kazamcolo. Lokhu kunganikeza ezinsikazi ngisho nezincane ithuba elihle ukuze zikwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula isikhathi eside kunabesilisa. Uma nje amanzi eqala ukwehla kule ndawo kuzonyuka isibalo samadamu kulezi zindawo ezigcwele izikhukhula ngenxa yokulahleka okukhulu kwendawo. Lokhu kuzosiza izinsana ngaphandle kokuchitha amandla amaningi ukuze zikwazi ukudla ngokuvumelana nesidingo esidingwa umzimba wazo ukuze zikhule.

Lesi sikhathi sokukhulelwa sibalwa cishe izinyanga eziyishumi nanye futhi isikhathi sokubeletha, ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwa ekuthunjweni, sizothatha phakathi kwamahora angu-4 kuya kwangu-5. Ekukhulelweni ngakunye kuzozalwa ithole elilodwa kuphela, lapho inkaba icishe inqamuke, umama uyaqhubeka nokusiza inkonyane lakhe ukuba lifike phezulu ukuze likwazi ukuphefumula. Izilinganiso lezi zidlwane ezinazo lapho zizalwa zicishe zibe ngama-80 cm ubude. Ngenkathi bedingisiwe, ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwe, bachaza ukuthi ukukhula kwayo ngonyaka kuzoba ngu-0,27 m.

Mayelana nesikhathi sokuncelisa, kuzothatha isikhathi esingangonyaka futhi sekukhona nabesifazane abakhulelwe ababhalisiwe abazoqhubeka nokuncelisa. Isikhathi esizothatha phakathi kokuzalwa silinganiselwa phakathi kwezinyanga eziyi-15 nezingama-36. Ngokuqondene nobude bokuguga, kuzonwetshwa kusukela eminyakeni emi-2 kuye kwemi-3. Lesi sikhathi sizovumela ukuthi izibopho eziqinile zithuthuke futhi kuthuthukiswe ubudlelwano obuhle.

Ukuhlala njalo okuhlobene okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuncelisa, okuhlanganisa ukubeletha, kuphakamisa isibopho esiqinile phakathi kukamama nengane. Ocwaningweni olwenziwe iningi lezithandani ezicwaningwayo endaweni yazo yemvelo, zenziwe ngowesifazane kanye nenzalo yakhe. Lokhu kusenza siqonde ukuthi isikhathi eside sokunakekelwa kwabazali kuzosiza ekuthuthukiseni ukufunda nokuthuthukiswa kwethole elincane, njengoba kwenza i-bottlenose dolphin.

ukudla

Uma ukhuluma ngokudla kwehlengethwa elipinki, kunokwehluka okukhulu kokudla okukhulu kunoma iyiphi enye i-odontocete. Lokhu kudla kuzokwenziwa yizinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingaphezu kuka-43, eziqoqwe ngemindeni engu-19. Ubukhulu bezisulu zabo buhluka phakathi kuka-5 kuya ku-80 cm, kodwa bazohlala benobukhulu obuphakathi kuka-20 cm. Izinhlanzi ezidliwa kakhulu yilezo ezakha umndeni wakwa-Sciaenidae (corvinas), i-Cichlidae kanye ne-Characidae (i-tetras nama-piranhas).

Kodwa ngenxa yamazinyo ayo e-heterodont izoyivumela ukuthi ikwazi ukufinyelela lezo zilwane ezinegobolondo. Njengezimfudu zomfula ezaziwa ngokwesayensi i-Podocnemis sextuberculata nezinkalankala ezinegama lesayensi elithi Poppiana argentiniana. Ukudla kwazo kuhluke kakhulu ngesikhathi esimanzi, lesi yisikhathi lapho izinhlanzi zisakazwa ezindaweni ezigcwele amanzi ngaphandle kwemisele yomfula. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu kuba nzima kakhulu ukubamba ngenxa yalesi sizathu kuba lula ukukhetha phakathi nalesi sikhathi somiso.

Lolu hlobo luvamise ukuzingela lodwa futhi lusebenza imini nobusuku. Kodwa ngokocwaningo olwenziwe, lolu hlobo lwezilwane lujwayele ukuzingela phakathi kuka-6 no-9 ekuseni futhi ntambama phakathi kuka-3 no-4 ntambama. Mayelana nokusetshenziswa kokudla, bafinyelela cishe ku-5,5% wesisindo somzimba wabo ngosuku. Lolu hlobo luhlala lutholakala eduze kwezimpophoma ngisho nasemilonyeni yemifula. Kule nkathi yesikhathi lapho izikole zezinhlanzi zihlukana, lokhu kuzivumela ukuba kube lula kakhulu ukuzingela.

Baze basebenzise izinguquko ezenziwa izikebhe ukuze bazingele inyamazane yabo edidekile. Kwezinye izikhathi baze basebenzisane ne-tucuxis (Sotalia fluviatilis) kanye nama-otter amakhulu (Pteronura brasiliensis) ukuze bakwazi ukuxhumanisa ukuzingela. Lokhu kwenza umsebenzi ube lula, ngaleyo ndlela kube lula ukuqoqa nokuhlasela izikole zezinhlanzi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngalokhu kungaphethwa ngokuthi kunesidingo esincane sokudla phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo, ngoba ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo ikhetha ukudla okuhlukile. Futhi kuye kwabonakala ukuthi ihlengethwa elibomvana eliboshiwe lizohlanganyela ngokudla.

Ukuxhumana

Lolu hlobo lwamahlengethwa apinki, njengamanye amahlengethwa, luzosebenzisa uchungechunge lwamakhwela ethoni ukuxhumana. Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwalolu chungechunge lwemisindo kuhlotshaniswa nesikhathi lapho ibuyela khona phezulu. Kudala ngaphambi kokuthi kutshuzwe, lokhu kuhlobene nophenyo olwenziwa ngokuphakela nokuzingela. Ngokuqondene nokuhlaziywa kwe-acoustic, baye babonisa ukuthi ukuphimisa kwezwi kuhluke kakhulu ekuhambisaneni nekhwela elivamile labantu base-delphinid. Kuhlanganisa ngale ndlela isihlobo sayo, i-tucuxi.

Ukusabalalisa kanye Nesibalo sabantu

Uma ukhuluma ngokusatshalaliswa kanye nenani labantu behlengethwa eliphinki, lizofaka ulwazi oluningi oluhlukahlukene futhi nalapho kukhona idatha engacacile. Njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla, ihlengethwa elipinki lingelinye elikhulu kunawo wonke emifuleni, futhi nawo maningi kakhulu. Lezi zinokusatshalaliswa okubanzi ngaphakathi kwendawo yazo yemvelo yamanzi ahlanzekile. Angatholakala asatshalaliswa emazweni ayi-6 aseNingizimu Melika okuyilawa; IBolivia, iBrazil, iColombia, i-Ecuador, iPeru neVenezuela. Ngakho ukuba khona kwayo kungatholakala endaweni ecishe ibe yizigidi eziyisi-7 km².

Zisatshalaliswa kuwo wonke uMfula i-Amazon kanye nemingenela yawo emikhulu, okuhlanganisa imingenela emincane namachibi azungezile. Kusukela emlonyeni oseduze neBelén kuya emsuka wayo emfuleni iMarañón kanye ne-Ucayali ePeru. Banemingcele enqunywa izimpophoma ezingadluleki, njengalezo zemifula iXingú neTapajós eBrazil nasemanzini angashoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uchungechunge lwama-rapids nezimpophoma zoMfula iMadeira lube negalelo ekuhlukaniseni abantu abaziwa ngokuthi yi-subspecies I. g. boliviensis, eseningizimu yomfula i-Amazon.

Ihlengethwa lomfula obomvana lisatshalaliswa ngasemfuleni i-Orinoco, ngaphandle komfula i-Caroní kanye nengxenye engenhla yomfula iCaura eVenezuela. Okuwukuphela kwesixhumanisi phakathi kwe-Orinoco ne-Amazon kungesiteshi se-Casiquiare. Ukusatshalaliswa kwamahlengethwa emifuleni nasezindaweni ezizungezile kuzoncika esikhathini sonyaka. Uma kunenkathi eyomile zisuke zibekwe ogwini lomfula. Kodwa lapho kunezinkathi zemvula, lapho imifula ikhukhula, ihlakazeka ezindaweni ezikhukhula. Kanye namahlathi (igapó) kanye nethafa eligcwele amanzi.

Mayelana nophenyo olwenziwe ukuze kutholakale isibalo sabantu behlengethwa eliphinki, kube nzima kakhulu ukuhlaziya imininingwane eshiwo, lokhu kungenxa yomehluko omkhulu endleleni esetshenziswayo. Ophenyweni olwenziwa engxenyeni yoMfula i-Amazon owaziwa ngokuthi uMfula iSolimões, onobude obungu-1200 km ohamba phakathi kwedolobha laseManaus neTabatinga. Inesibalo sabantu abangu-332±55 esibonwayo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa ngakunye, ngokuya ngokuminyana kwayo ibalwa ku-0,08-0,33 wezilwane nge-km² ngayinye eziteshini ezinkulu. Kodwa ngokungafani neziteshi eziyinhloko, sithola ukuminyana kwe-0,49-0,93 emagatsheni.

Kolunye ucwaningo uphenyo olwenziwa engxenyeni ethile ye-120 km lapho kuhlangana khona i-Colombia, Brazil kanye nePeru. Abantu abangama-345 babonwa benokuminyana okungu-4,8 emithonjeni engenela. A 2,7 eduze kweziqhingi kanye no-2,0 kubo bonke ubude bosebe. Ukwengeza, olunye uphenyo lwenziwa e-Amazon emlonyeni woMfula iCaquetá, olwenziwa izinsuku ezingu-6 zilandelana. Uphenyo olushiwo lubonise ngenxa yalokho ukuthi kube nokuminyana okuphezulu kakhulu osebeni lwemifula kanye no-3,7 walolu hlobo lwezinhlobo ze-km², lapho wehla ubheke maphakathi nomfula.

Mayelana nocwaningo olwenziwe ngesikhathi sezimvula, kuye kwabonwa ukuminyana emathafeni agcwele izikhukhula, nenani lezilwane eziyi-18 ikhilomitha ngalinye. Ngokuqondene nosebe lwemifula namachibi, kwakubekwe phakathi kwezibonelo ezingu-1,8 kuya kwezingu-5,8 ngekhilomitha ngayinye. Ngenxa yale miphumela yocwaningo, kuphetha ngokuthi ihlengethwa elipinki litholakala ekuminyaneni okuphezulu kunanoma iyiphi enye i-cetacean. Ngonyaka ka-2002, kwaqoshwa amahlengethwa angu-208 eMfuleni iTijamuchi, eBolivia.

Ngo-2004, kwasikiselwa ukuthi inani lezinhlobo zezilwane enkambweni emaphakathi ne-Amazon lakhiwa ezisekelweni zesimiso sezikhukhula, ezinokunyakaza okunamandla phakathi kwazo. Isibalo sabantu esilinganiselwa ku-13000 amahlengethwa aphinki silinganiselwa ku-11 m². Lokhu kwabalelwa ku-Mamiraua Sustainable Development Reserve, ehlanganisa cishe u-240% -11% wendawo ye-várzea e-Brazil.

Habitat

Ihlengethwa elibomvana lomfula lingatholakala ikakhulukazi egatsheni eliyinhloko loMfula i-Amazon, eduze kwaseFonte Boa, eBrazil. Angabonakala ezindaweni ezihlukene zezikhukhula, njengamachweba namashaneli amancane. Lena indawo yemvelo yehlengethwa eliphinki unyaka wonke. Ezitsheni zomfula lapho ihlengethwa elipinki lingabonwa khona, zonke izindawo zokuhlala zingatholakala. Kulokhu ungathola izindlela eziyinhloko zemifula, imisele, imilomo yemisele, amachibi kanye nokuphela kwama-rapids nezimpophoma.

Okuzocacisa lokhu ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, lokhu kuzoba nomthelela ezingeni lemifula ngesikhathi sezimvula ngisho nangesikhathi sesomiso unyaka wonke. Konke lokhu kunquma ukuthi yiziphi izindawo ezingahlalwa futhi ezinokudla kokuziphilisa. Ngenkathi eyomile, ama-specimens atholakala emifuleni emikhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imigudu emifushane ayishoni futhi amadamu atholakala eduze kwemingcele yomfula. Yingakho lolu hlobo lwezilwane lunesibopho sokufudukela ezindaweni ezinokudla okuyinsada.

Ngesikhathi sezimvula, ihlengethwa lomfula elibomvana lingahamba kalula liye emiseleni emincane kakhulu. Bangakwazi ngisho nokuthuthela emahlathini nasezithafeni ezikhukhula. Ngokuqondene nabesilisa nabesifazane, bakhetha kakhulu lapho bekhetha indawo yabo yokuhlala. Ngokwesibonelo, endabeni yabesilisa, babuyela emiseleni emikhulu yemifula, lapho izinga lamanzi lihlala liphezulu. Ezinsikazini, kanye nenzalo yazo, zihlala isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezinezikhukhula.

Manje ungase uzibuze ukuthi kungani unina nethole lakhe bahlala isikhathi eside, ngoba lokhu kunezizathu noma izizathu ezihlukene. Lolu hlobo lwamanzi, oluzolile kakhulu, luzovumela abantu abasha ukuba basebenzise amandla amancane, lubavumela ukuba baphumule, bancelise futhi luyobakhuthaza nokuba bathole ukudla endaweni enzima kakhulu. Le ndawo izobe ikude naleyo misinga yomfula engase ibe nomthelela ekuzaleni. Kuphinde kunciphise ingozi yokuhlaselwa kwabesilisa kwabancane ngisho nokudliwa ezinye izinhlobo zalolu hlobo.

Ukufuduka

E-Pacaya Samiria National Reserve, esePeru, ukuhlonza isithombe kuye kwasetshenziswa ukuze kwaziwe izibonelo ezisacwaningwayo. Lokhu bakwenza ngokusebenzisa amaphethini ombala, izibazi, nokushintshwa koqhwaku. Ama-specimens angama-72 angatholakala, lapho angama-25 atholakala phakathi kuka-1991 no-2000. Izikhawu phakathi kokubona kwazo zibalwa ukuthi zihluka phakathi kosuku olu-1 kanye neminyaka eyi-6 kuye kweyi-7. Ngokuqondene nomkhawulo wayo omkhulu wokunyakaza, wawucishe ube ngu-120 km, nesilinganiso esingu-60,8 km.

Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa ngalezi zinhlobo zezilwane, ibanga elikhulu kunawo wonke arekhodiwe ngosuku olulodwa cishe laliyi-120 km, nebanga elingu-14,5 km. Kolunye ucwaningo olwenziwa phakathi nendawo yoMfula i-Amazon, lapho lwenziwa khona maphakathi nale ndawo, kwabonakala ukuthi amahlengethwa ahamba amashumi ambalwa amakhilomitha. Lokhu kuziphatha kwenzeka ngaphezu kwanoma yini phakathi kwesikhathi esomile nezikhathi zezikhukhula. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, izilwane ezi-3 kuphela kwezingu-160 ezibhalisiwe zazitholakala endaweni engaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-100 ukusuka lapho zagcina ukubonakala khona.

Ukulondolozwa

Besesikushilo kakade ukuthi lolu hlobo lwamahlengethwa apinki lwengezwe ohlwini olubomvu lwezinhlobo ezisengozini. Lolu hlu olubomvu lwenziwa yi-IUCN, lapho izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zengezwa lapho ziveza khona isimo se-DD, okungukuthi, idatha enganele. Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kokuthi ihlengethwa elipinki lifakwe ohlwini olubomvu, ngaphambilini lalifakwe ohlwini “Esengcupheni”. Kodwa ngenxa yesimo sohlobo lwamahlengethwa apinki kanye nolwazi olulinganiselwe kakhulu lwalolu hlobo, ngokwezinsongo, imvelo kanye nezitayela zabantu.

Ngokuqondene nezindawo lapho amahlengethwa aye acwaningwa khona, kubonakala sengathi andiwe futhi maningi kakhulu. Nokho, lezi zindawo zizomelela ingxenye encane kuphela yokusatshalaliswa okuphelele kwezifanekiso. Kulezi zindawo lolu hlobo luvikelekile kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ulwazi olungatholwa kulezi zindawo lungase lungameleli futhi lungase lungasebenzi esikhathini esizayo.

Kodwa ngenxa yokungcola nokucekelwa phansi kancane kwalokho okuyindawo yabo yemvelo. Ngamanye amazwi, ihlathi lase-Amazon ngisho nokuba sengozini kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Yingakho kuye kwathathwa uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zokuzivikela kuwo wonke amazwe lapho lezi zilwane ezihlala kuwo. Izici ezithonya usongo lwawo ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye naleyo mikhuba yabantu ezoba nethonya elibi. Ngaleyo ndlela bashintsha indawo yabo. Omunye wemithombo eyinhloko yokukhathazeka kuzoba ubunzima ekugcineni izinhlobo ezithunjiwe ziphila.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuhlukunyezwa kwe-intraspecific kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwezinhlobo ngesikhathi sokuthunjwa kwazo nakho kufakiwe. Kungakho uma izinombolo zamahlengethwa apinki ziqala ukwehla ziye emazingeni ayingozi kakhulu endaweni yazo yemvelo, kungaba nengozi enkulu kakhulu yokushabalala ngenxa yokuthi kunzima kangakanani ukuwagcina ekuthunjweni isikhathi eside kakhulu. Kungonyaka wezi-2008, i-International Whaling Commission (IWC) yazisa futhi yaphakamisa ukukhathazeka kwayo ngokuzingelwa kwamahlengethwa aphinki. Lapho isetshenziswa khona njengesiyengo e-Central Amazon.

Yilokhu okukhiqiza inkinga enkulu ephumayo esabalele ngezinga elikhulu. Izinhlobo zehlengethwa ezibomvana zixhunywe kuSithasiselo II seNgqungquthela Yokuhweba Ngamazwe Ngamazwe Ngezinhlobo Zezilwane Nezitshalo Zasendle Ezisengcupheni yokushabalala (CITES). Lolu hlobo luphinde lwafakwa ku- Clause II yeNgqungquthela Yokulondolozwa Kwezinhlobo Ezifudukayo Zezilwane Zasendle.

Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa yiScientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission ngo-2000, inani labantu lamahlengethwa apinki likhulu kakhulu. Baphinde bathi luncane ulwazi nobufakazi ngokwehla kwezibalo zabantu kanye nendawo esatshalaliswa ngayo. Kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, bayayibona futhi inkinga ekhona mayelana nokungenelela kwabantu endaweni yemvelo yalolu hlobo. Kungakho banquma ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze lokhu kuzoba yimbangela engenzeka mayelana nokwehla kwesibalo sabantu bakhona esikhathini esizayo.

Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa yiScientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission ngo-2000, inani labantu lamahlengethwa apinki likhulu kakhulu. Baphinde bathi luncane ulwazi nobufakazi ngokwehla kwezibalo zabantu kanye nendawo esatshalaliswa ngayo. Kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, bayayibona futhi inkinga ekhona mayelana nokungenelela kwabantu endaweni yemvelo yalolu hlobo. Kungakho banquma ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze lokhu kuzoba yimbangela engenzeka mayelana nokwehla kwesibalo sabantu bakhona esikhathini esizayo.

Ngalesi sizathu, kwasungulwa uchungechunge lwezincomo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqapha okwanele kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Ezinye zalezi zincomo zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa nokushicilelwa kocwaningo mayelana nokubunjwa kwabantu. Irekhodi lokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane nalo liyenziwa, kugcinwe irekhodi elicacile lezinsongo ezingaba nomthelela oqinile kulolu hlobo. Eminye yayo imisebenzi yokudoba ngezinga elikhulu nendawo yamapayipi kawoyela. Kukhona futhi irekhodi elinemininingwane eminingi yobungozi, ukusatshalaliswa kanye nenani lohlobo ngalunye.

Izinsongo

Ihlengethwa elibomvana, njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla, isohlwini olubomvu lwezilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala. Yingakho lolu hlobo luvikelekile futhi luhlonishwa. Nokho, ukuzingela, ukudoba, ukudoba ngengozi ngisho nokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yazo yemvelo manje kuye kwanda. Zonke lezi zici zizoba nomthelela ekwehleni kwenani lamahlengethwa apinki. Yingakho izinhlangano eziningana zenza izindlela zokulwa nalezi zinkinga eziholela ekuqothulweni kwalolu hlobo. Okulandelayo, sizokhuluma ngezici ezithonya usongo.

Ukuzingela nokubulala ngamabomu

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, lolu hlobo luye lwavikelwa futhi lwahlonishwa, kodwa ngeshwa lezi zindinganiso zilahlekile namuhla. Kusukela ngenxa yezenzo eziningi zobugovu ngasohlangothini lomuntu lolu hlobo selube sengozini. Ezinye zalezi zinkinga amarekhodi okusetshenziswa kwamafutha ayo, lolu ketshezi lusetshenziswa njengomthombo wokukhanya. Ngokuqondene nokuzingela, amaNdiya akwaMuran ayephethe ukuzingela eduze kwaseManaus, eBrazil. Lolu hlobo luphinde luzingelwe njengezinto zokuhlola ukwenza umuthi ngisho nokuthanda izintelezi. Phakathi kwezinye izizathu zokuthi kungani bezingelwa ngokungafanele ubugovu babantu.

Ukubamba Ngengozi

Ukusetshenziswa kwamanetha okudoba inayiloni kwandise ukubanjwa okungalindelekile kwamahlengethwa apinki. Le ndlela, esetshenziswe kusukela ngo-1990, yasakazwa ngenhloso yokubamba "piracatinga" (Calophysus macropterus). Ukuyisa lokhu engcupheni embi kakhulu ezilwaneni. Olunye usongo oluphinde luthinte ihlengethwa elibomvana luhlobene nokwakhiwa kwezitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi emifuleni emikhulu yase-Amazon. Lokhu kubangela ukuncipha kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi, yingakho kungabikho ukudla okwanele kwezinhlobo zamahlengethwa.

Esinye isici esibalulekile ezingozini ezibhekene nalolu hlobo ukwakhiwa kwamadamu azohlukanisa abantu abahlukahlukene. Okubangela ukuthi kube nokuncipha kokushintshaniswa kwezakhi zofuzo, okuholela ekwandeni kwamathuba okushabalala kwendawo. Ngeshwa, lokhu kubangela amahlengethwa apinki ukuthi angazalani futhi ngakho-ke ngeke kube khona inzalo entsha ezoqhubeka nozalo lwawo.

ukudoba ngokweqile

Njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla, ukwanda kwamanetha okudoba inayiloni kulo lonke elaseMelika kuye kwathinta lezi zinhlobo. Ingcindezi ebangelwa ukudoba iphinde idale uhlobo lokuncintisana okukhulu phakathi kwamahlengethwa nabadobi ngokwabo ngezinhlanzi. Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa ngamahlengethwa apinki, kuye kwatholakala ukuthi ukudla kwawo kusekelwe kuphela ku-43% wezinhlobo ezingu-53 zezinhlanzi ezithengiswa umdobi. Ngakho izinhlanzi ezibanjwayo ngeke zibe nkulu ngokwanele ukuba kube nesithakazelo sokuhweba.

Ukucekelwa phansi Kwendawo yokuhlala

Ukucekelwa phansi nokungcoliswa kwendawo ehlala amahlengethwa ebomvana kungenye yezinto eziyinhloko ezithonya usongo olubhekene nalolu hlobo lwezilwane. Esinye sezici ezinomthelela ekucekeleni phansi kwendawo ehlala amahlengethwa abomvana ukuthola izinkuni ekugawulweni kwamahlathi ehlathi lase-Amazon. Lona omunye wemiphumela etholakala ebukhoneni babantu kanye nezenzo zabo zobugovu. Lezi zenzo ezifanayo yizo ezizofaka isandla ekulahlekelweni kwendawo yazo.

Umuntu ubelokhu ekhula ngokushesha kuyo yonke indawo yokusabalalisa kanye nendawo yehlengethwa elipinki. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ezindaweni zaseColombia naseBrazil. Ukuba khona kwabantu kudala ukwanda kwemisebenzi yezolimo kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi, imfuyo ngisho namasimu. Mayelana nokugawulwa kwamahlathi ukuze kuqhutshekwe nemisebenzi yezolimo ngisho nasembonini yokugawula imbala. Lokhu kuholela ezinkingeni ezithinta umjikelezo we-hydrological kanye ne-riparian ecosystem.

Omunye wemiphumela eyinhloko ebangelwa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ukwehla kokuphindaphindeka kwenani lezinhlanzi. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi ukudla kwamahlengethwa nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye kube nomkhawulo futhi kube nemingcele. Enye imbangela engase ibangele ukuguqulwa kwendawo yokuhlala yalolu hlobo ukwakhiwa kwezitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Lezi zakhiwo zizoba isithiyo esikhulu ekufudukeni kwezinhlobo zezilwane ngisho nempango yazo. Lokhu kukhiqiza umkhawulo wokuthola ukudla futhi kuthanda ukuhlukaniswa noma ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu abahlukene.

izilwane ezidla ezinye

Okwamanje alikho irekhodi lokulandelana kwemvelo kwehlengethwa lasemfuleni elibomvana. Kodwa kuye kwathiwa i- black caiman ( Melanosuchus niger ), ushaka oyinkunzi ( Carcharhinus leucas ), inhlwathi ( Eunectes murinus ) kanye nejaguar ( Panthera onca ) kungaba yingozi kakhulu kuhlengethwa olubomvana. Njengoba lezi zingabamba kalula lolu hlobo. Ezinye izilwane zitholwe zinezibazi ezimise okwenyanga ezixhunyaniswe ne-catfish yomndeni we-Cetopsidae kanye ne-Trichomycteridae.

Uma ubunentshisekelo kulesi sihloko seDolphin ePink, ngikumema futhi ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda izihloko ezilandelayo:


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  2. Inhloso yedatha: Lawula Ugaxekile, ukuphathwa kwamazwana.
  3. Ukusemthethweni: Imvume yakho
  4. Ukuxhumana kwemininingwane: Imininingwane ngeke idluliselwe kubantu besithathu ngaphandle kwesibopho esisemthethweni.
  5. Isitoreji sedatha: Idatabase ebanjwe yi-Occentus Networks (EU)
  6. Amalungelo: Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ungakhawulela, uthole futhi ususe imininingwane yakho.