Imfihlakalo Yesayensi Yezinkanyezi Embusweni WamaMayan

Kunezimfihlakalo eziningi kanye neminikelo amaMayans asishiyela yona, eziningi zazo zinethonya elikhulu ezintweni ezenzeka ezikhathini zamanje. Funda kulesi sihloko konke mayelana i-mayan astronomy, izimfihlakalo, izibikezelo nokuningi.

isayensi yezinkanyezi mayan

Iyini i-Mayan Astronomy?

Isayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayans idlulela ngalé kwamasiko namasiko, iyisiko elenza iminikelo emikhulu neyingqayizivele kwisayensi.

Phakathi kwabantu bendawo yamasiko yaseMelika eyaziwa ngokuthi iMesoamerica, efinyelela endaweni yaseMexico, eGuatemala, e-El Salvador, eChile, eBelize, etholakala naseHonduras, eCosta Rica naseNicaragua. Ukubukwa kwezinkanyezi kwakubaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni okungokomoya nokuphila okubonakalayo ngokubambisana neminye imiphakathi.

Isiko laseMesoamerica, naphezu kokuba izici ezithile ezilenza likhetheke, enye yalezi ezibaluleke kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa kwekhalenda leLunita Larga, lapho amaMeya enkathi yakudala akwazi ngayo ukwenza izilinganiso zesikhathi eside.

AmaMayans enza izibalo eziqondile zezikhathi ze-synodic zeMercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter kanye neSaturn. Babala ngokunemba okukhulu izikhathi zeNyanga, iLanga nezinkanyezi ezifana nePleiades, abayiqamba ngokuthi iTzab-ek (rattle star) base bememezela ukuqala kwemikhosi yabo engokwesiko ehlukahlukene.

Ikhalenda le-TzolKin lezinsuku ezingama-260 liyikhalenda elingaqondakali kakhulu ngokuya ngokudalwa kwalo, izimfuno ezimbalwa zokuthi lisekelwe endleleni yokuphatha abantu, ezinye izazi zalolu daba zilixhumanisa nemijikelezo yezinkanyezi ebonakalayo Ubukhulu bomhlaba.

Kukhona futhi inkolelo-mbono evezwa isazi sokuma komhlaba uVicent Malmstrom lapho elandisa khona ukuthi ukuzalwa kwakhe kwasungulwa imijikelezo yelanga, ngokuvela esifundeni esiseningizimu yesifunda saseMexico saseChiapas (Izapa) nasezweni laseGuatemala cishe eminyakeni eyi-15. ° North, lapho Kwenzeka ngezinsuku ezifanayo (April 29 wokuqala kanye Agasti 13 yesibili) nge ikhefu izinsuku 260 phakathi komunye nomunye.

Esifundweni sezinkanyezi samaMayan, iMilky Way yayiyingxenye eyinhloko ye-cosmology, yayibizwa ngokuthi, ngokusho kokutholwe, i-Xibalba Be noma indlela eya endaweni engaphansi komhlaba. U-Wakah Chan wayibiza ngendlela efanayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi futhi wayibiza ngokuthi i-Kiche'.

Bagcina izinkanyezi, ezisekelwa yi-ecliptic, zibhekisela ekudluleni kwelanga emithanjeni yezinkanyezi engaguquki. Lokhu ku-stela 10 Tikal kanye ne-1 Xuitún, zombili iziza endaweni yase-Petén yaseGuatemala, kanye naku-Grolier Codex.

Umkhuba wokufunda ngezinkanyezi kwamaMayan wawungabapristi baleli siko kuphela, nokho, abantu abavamile babeyihlonipha kakhulu imikhuba yezinkanyezi futhi bebusa ukuphila kwabo ngokuvumelana nokushumayela kwabapristi.

Umkhuba we i-mayan astronomy Yahlala ngisho nangemva kokwenziwa kwamakholoni, kwenziwa odokotela ngasese futhi kamuva bayihlanganisa nemikhuba yokuphila kwansuku zonke yabantu baseMayan, eminye yayo esasebenza nanamuhla.

Abapristi babenolwazi lokuhamba kwezinkanyezi zasemkhathini futhi bakwazi ukusondela ekubhuleni kokusitheka kwelanga kanye nomzila weplanethi iVenus ebonwa emhlabeni. Lokhu kwamnika inhlonipho ekhethekile ngenani labantu, elalibabheka njengabahlobene ngokuseduze nonkulunkulu.

Onkulunkulu abakhulekelwa amaMeya bathola igama kanye nezakhiwo ezikhethekile zanikezwa ngamunye wabo, njengeVenus, eyayibizwa ngokuthi u-Ah Chicum Ek', okusho ukuthi "Inkanyezi enkulu yokusa", amaningi alawa magama kwakuyizibongo zabamele kakhulu. abantu baseMayan.

KumaCodices aseMayan, iDresden ithathwa njengeqoqo eliyisisekelo lesayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayan.

AmaMayans ayaziwa kuze kube yilolu suku, ngenxa yemisebenzi yawo emihle yezakhiwo, ucabangela imisebenzi yobuciko, ukunemba kwezibalo zezibalo kanye nobudlelwano konke lokhu okunabo nemibhalo ebikezelayo ngekusasa lesintu kanye nezimo zemvelo ezizokwenzeka. .

isayensi yezinkanyezi mayan

I-cosmology yamaMeya

Isiko lamaMaya lahlela indawo yonke njengenhlangano ehlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu futhi ngayinye yahlukaniswa yaba amakhona amane:

  1. Ngenhla kunendlu yasezulwini, esekelwe phezu kwama-Bacabs, lapha kwenzeka izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zezinkanyezi, ikakhulukazi indlela yelanga.
  2. Ezingeni eliphakathi, umhlaba wamadoda usungulwa lapho izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke zisakazeka khona, ngakho-ke, umhlaba wawucatshangwa njengendawo enkulu yesikwele futhi amakhona awo abekwe ekuqondeni kwamaphuzu ama-cardinal, lapho i-Pauahtunes ikhona.
  3. Izinga eliphansi, elingaphansi kwamanzi, lalikhungethwe yi-underworld noma i-Xibalbá. Kule ndawo ethusayo, impi yelanga enodlame yenzeka, ngemva kohambo lwayo lwansuku zonke inqamula endaweni engaphansi yezulu, nezidalwa ezihlukene ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye nonkulunkulu elabehlula, ngaleyo ndlela liqala kabusha uhambo lwayo ngokusebenzisa izinga eliphezulu lomhlaba.

Umehluko Nokufana phakathi kweKhalenda laseYurophu nelaseMayan

Lawa amakhalenda amakhulu amabili imiphakathi esekelwe kuwo, phakathi kwawo kukhona kokubili umehluko nokufana.

Ikhalenda laseYurophu

Umbusi uJulius Caesar, ngonyaka wama-46 BC wasungula ukuthi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iminyaka yayiyokwakhiwa izinyanga nokuthi lezi ziyoba cishe eziyi-12, zona lezi zinyanga zakhiwe izinsuku ezingama-30 iyinye, ngaphandle konyaka we-leap. Inyanga izoba nonyaka owodwa ngaphezulu, okungukuthi, izinsuku ezingama-365 onyakeni ojwayelekile kanye nezinsuku ezingama-366 onyakeni oleap. Lokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi unyaka we-Civil bese kuba nobude obulinganiselwa kwezinsuku ezingama-365,25. Kungenxa yalesi simemezelo ukuthi leli khalenda labizwa ngokuthi "ikhalenda likaJulian".

Kwakukhona kanye izinsuku ezingu-365,2422, eziqinisekisa unyaka welanga, ngonyaka we-1582, phakathi nenkathi yasebusika kanye no-December, kwakukhona umehluko wangempela phakathi kwalesi sikhathi kanye ne-spring equinox ne-Easter.

UPapa Gregory XIII esekelwa isazi sezinkanyezi esingumNtaliyane u-Aloysins Lilius (Luis Lilio), washintsha le ndlela ukuze aqede izinsuku zika-October 5 no-14, 1582, ezabuyisela iminyaka eguquguqukayo emuva ekhalendeni.

Ikhalenda likhansela izinsuku ezintathu njalo emakhulwini amane eminyaka, libeka ukuthi amakhulu eminyaka iminyaka eyi-leap, uma ihlukaniswa ngama-400, isibonelo, i-1700, i-1800, i-1900 akuyona iminyaka ye-leap, kodwa i-1600 ne-2000. Leli ikhalenda likaGregory.

Izazi zezinkanyezi zisebenzisa womabili ikhalenda likaJulian nelikaGregory, izinsuku ezingaphambi kuka-46 BC ziguqulelwa ekhalendeni likaJulian, lokhu kwaziwa ngekhalenda le-Proleptic Julian.

I-Astronomy yenza izibalo zayo ziqala onyakeni ongu-0, ngakho iminyaka engaphambi kwalokhu ayibhekwa njengeminyaka engalungile, inikezwa igama lesiteshi sezinkanyezi.

Emininingwaneni yomlando unyaka ongu-0 awuveli, lezi ziqala onyakeni woku-1 BC, ziqhubeke ziye onyakeni woku-1 AD, isibonelo unyaka ka-3113 uzofana nonyaka ka-3113 AD ngokwemininingwane yezinkanyezi.

AmaMeya amaningi ayahluka ngezinsuku ekhalendeni likaMayan kuya ekhalendeni leProleptic Gregorian. Kuleli khalenda, izinsuku ezihlukene zekhalenda likaJulius ziqinisekiswa njengokungathi ikhalenda likaGregory lalisetshenziswe ngaphambi kuka-October 15, 1582.

Ukuze zikwazi ukufunda lezi zinsuku, kwakudingekile ukuba zidluliselwe ezinsukwini zekhalenda lezinkanyezi, ngoba izazi zezinkanyezi zangaleso sikhathi zazisekela izibalo zazo ekhalendeni likaJulius nelikaGregory.

isayensi yezinkanyezi mayan

Izinsuku zekhalenda le-Proleptic Gregorian zimake umehluko ikakhulukazi ngezinsuku zezinkanyezi. Usuku Lokudalwa Kwenganekwane ekhalendeni likaMayan lungo-August 11, 3114 BC ekhalendeni le-Proleptic Gregorian elilingana noSepthemba 6, 3113 BC kwelezinkanyezi.

Ikhalenda leMayan

Kunamakhalenda amathathu amaMayan, ahlukene futhi anezinombolo ezihluke kakhulu zezinsuku.

Ikhalenda Elide Lokubala

Ukubala okude kuyindlela yekhalenda yokubala isikhathi enokusekelwa komlando, isayensi yezinkanyezi, indawo yonke, inganekwane kanye nezinkanyezi. Kule ndlela, ukuqala kwenkathi yesimanje, Agasti 13, 3114 BC, cishe kuhlotshaniswa nokuzalwa kwenganekwane yeVenus.

Ezinguqulweni eziningana bagcina ukuthi yafinyelela umvuthwandaba wenkathi ngo-December 21, 2012, ingeyosuku lwe-solstice yasebusika ye-northern hemisphere.

Abanye abavubukuli abanjengo-Erick Velázquez (Umdwebi wezithombe) baye babonisa ukuthi lokhu kubhekisela emaqenjini ahlukahlukene amaMayan, ngenxa yemibhalo etholakala kuyi-Palenque, ekhuluma ngezikhathi ezinkulu kunesikhathi esifanayo.

Ikhalenda elakhiwe ngamaqembu ezakhi ezingu-20 (i-vigesimal), ehlanganisa izingoma ezingamashumi amabili ezakha umjikelezo we-Katun (iminyaka engu-19,7) ama-karuane angamashumi amabili, akha umjikelezo we-Baktun (iminyaka engu-394,25) futhi i-baktun ingxenye yeshumi nantathu yesikhathi eside. bala.

Ikhalenda le-TzolKin

Leli ikhalenda lezinsuku ezingama-260 elidalwe yizikhathi ezingamashumi amabili zezinsuku eziyi-13 noma izikolo eziyishumi nantathu, usuku ngalunye lunegama.

Haab' Ikhalenda

Lona unyaka ohlangene wezinsuku ezingama-365 wezinyanga eziyi-19 neziyi-18 okusele izinsuku ezinhlanu ekupheleni konyaka.

Lapho i-TzolKin ne-Haab' isidlulile, lolo suku lwaziwa ngokuthi umjikelezo wekhalenda, luvuselelwa njalo ezinsukwini eziyi-18.980, ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi njalo eminyakeni engama-52.

Ukubuya kwekhalenda kunenganekwane etholakala ekuqaleni kwamaMayan, enombolweni yesine ethi «Ahau» kanye ne-8 «Kamku», kuthiwa lapho lolu suku luphindaphindiwe, ubona lubhekwa njengokuphela noma ukubuya okuphelele kwe umjikelezo wekhalenda.

Ahlobene kanjani amaKhalenda aseMeya kanye naseYurophu?

Amakhalenda aseMeya kanye naseYurophu axhunywe ngokusebenzisa usuku olufanayo lweJulian ngosuku lwenganekwane yokudala -13.0.0.0.0 no-4 Ahua, 8 Kumkuu. Usuku lukaJulius emini ngalolu suku lwaluyizi-584,283. Lokhu ukuhlobana kwakho kwe-GMT.

imibhalo yezinkanyezi

Amakhodi ama-Mayan ayizinkomba eziyinhloko noma imibhalo yezinkanyezi eshiywe yilesi siko ezingeni le-Mesoamerica.

Amakhodi wamaMayan

Ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa kweSpain, isiko lamaMaya lalibhalwe ezincwadini eziningi ezenziwe ngendwangu yamagxolo eguquguqukayo.

Abapristi bamaKatolika nabanqobi baseSpain babecabanga ukuthi laba basebenzelana nokusakazwa kwenkolo yobuqaba, bawaqothula ngokushesha nje lapho bewathola.

Isibonelo esinyanyekayo kwaba ukushiswa kwenqwaba yezincwadi eMani, eYucatan nguMbhishobhi u-Diego de Landa ngoJulayi 1562. Mane kuphela kulawa ma-codex aziwayo ukuthi akhona namuhla. Lawa yiDresden, Madrid, Paris kanye neGrolier Codex.

  • I-Dresden Codex iyikhalenda lesayensi yezinkanyezi.
  • I-Madrid Codex iqukethe ngokuyinhloko ikhalenda nezinkanyezi ezibikezela izinkanyezi ezisetshenziswa abapristi baseMaya ngemikhosi yabo nemikhuba yokubhula, futhi inokwaziswa kwezinkanyezi, nokho, okungaphansi kwalawo atholakala kwamanye amakhodi amathathu asekhona.
  • I-Paris Codex ihlanganisa iziprofetho zamashuni nama-katun kanye nenkanyezi yamaMayan.
  • I-Grolier Codex ikhalenda yeVenus.

U-Ernst Forstemann, wayengumsebenzi wasemtatsheni wezincwadi okwathi eRoyal Public Library eDresden, waphenya ukuthi i-Dresden Codex iyikhalenda lesayensi yezinkanyezi futhi wayenekhono lokuyichaza ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX.

izikhumbuzo ze-mayan

Kunezikhumbuzo eziningi zamaMayan ezikhona emazweni aseMesoamerican, agcina ingxenye enkulu yesiko lesayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayan.

i-mayan stelae

Itshe lesikhumbuzo samaMayan yizakhiwo ezinkulu ezakhiwa amaMayans, okwabekwa kuzo izinsuku zekhalenda elithi Long Count, lezi nazo zaba nezinsimbi eziyisithupha ezengeziwe.

Uchungechunge oluhambisanayo lunedatha yenyanga, inani lezinsuku enkathini eqondile yokuthwasa kwenyanga, ubude bayo benyanga, kanye nenani lezinyanga ochungechungeni lwezinyanga eziyisithupha.

Uchungechunge luhlobene nomjikelezo weJupiter, ngalinye lilandela ukubala kwezinsuku ezingama-819 ngokwalo mjikelezo. Uchungechunge lusungula ngokuphindaphindiwe ezinye izenzakalo, njengezixwayiso zokusitheka kwelanga. EMesoamerica, kwaba khona ukusitheka kwelanga okukodwa kuphela okungaphelele okwathatha izinsuku ezimbili ngonyaka ka-771 AD ngenyanga kaJanuwari.

Izikripthi Zekhalenda

Amathempeli namapiramidi aseMeya cishe aphelele, ahlotshiswe ngokubhala nge-hieroglyphic, lapho kungabonakala khona amakhalenda nemibhalo yezinkanyezi.

Ukuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi kwenziwa kanjani?

Kuyamangaza ukuthi amaMayans asebenzisa kanjani ukuhlola izinkanyezi ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesici, njengesibonakude. Isayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMaya yayiqhutshwa yibo ngendlela yokubona ngeso lengqondo, abapristi bezinkanyezi ukushona kwelanga nokubingelela kwelanga nezinye izindikimba zasezulwini. Ukudalwa kwe-stelae nezikhumbuzo zenziwa ngokusekelwe endaweni yezinkanyezi zasezulwini.

Imithombo eminingi etholakala emanxiweni aseMayan, ngaphezu kwezindawo zokubuka i-Central Passage of the Sun. Enye yezindawo ezifundelwa kakhulu ngezinkanyezi zaseMayan umnenke oseChichen Itza.

I-El Caracol iyindawo yokuhlola, isakhiwo esakhiwe ukuze sikwazi ukuqhubeka nendlela yeVenus unyaka wonke. Izitebhisi eziholela esakhiweni esiyisilinda sichezuka ngamadigri angu-27,5 ukusuka ekuhleleni kwezakhiwo ezithile ezizungezile ukuze zakheke ngechopho elisenyakatho yeVenus.

I-diagonal esenyakatho-ntshonalanga-eningizimu-mpumalanga yakhiwa ukuphuma kwelanga ku-zolstice yasehlobo kanye nokushona kwelanga ku-solstice yasebusika.

Okutholakele Kwezinkanyezi

Kuningi okutholwe yizinkanyezi kanye nokubhekwa okwenziwa amaMayans, okutholakele okusacwaningwa kuze kube manje.

I-Solar

AmaMayans akhombise ukunaka okukhethekile kuma-equinox nama-solstices akhona onyakeni, ubufakazi balokhu yizakhiwo ezakhiwe futhi ezihlobene kakhulu nazo. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kumaMeya kwakuyi-lenith passage.

Ngonyaka, ilanga lihamba phezu kweplanethi ezindaweni ezishisayo okungenani kabili, izakhiwo ezinkulu namathempeli adalwe amaMayans, akhiwe ngenxa yalezi zenzakalo.

AmaMaya ayeqikelela ukuthi amaHaab' ezinsuku ezingu-365 ahlukanisa unyaka wezindawo ezishisayo ngezinsuku ezingaphansi noma ezingaphansi kwezingu-25 ngonyaka. Ukulandelana kwesikhathi okuhlukile kuyatholakala ezikhathini zama-Mayan ongakwazi ukusizakala ngazo ukusondeza unyaka we-tropical.

Ukulandelana okuqondile ukuthi unyaka wezindawo ezishisayo wedlula izinsuku ezingama-365 Haab' ngosuku olulodwa njalo ezinsukwini eziyi-1508. Umusa we-solstice yomuntu siqu ngosuku olunikeziwe e-Haab' ukhunjulwa ngemva kokudlula kweminyaka engu-1508 Haab'.

Unyaka Wezitropiki kumaCodices aseMayan

Kuma-Codices aseMeya, ama-solstices nama-equinoxes azokwethulwa aboniswa kabanzi, ngamakhalenda namatafula, amakhulu. Iminikelo yamaMaya kusayensi yezinkanyezi. Ama-solstic amaningi nama-equinoxes asukela maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX.

isayensi yezinkanyezi mayan

ICresx yaseDresden

Amathebula amakhulu namancane (amakhasi 61-69) ahlobene ne-Haab', i-solstices, i-equinox, umjikelezo wokusitheka kwelanga, kanye nomthwali wonyaka (noma i-Pop). Ithebula lisekelwe maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX kodwa liqukethe izinsuku ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX.

Ikhalenda lemvula (amakhasi 29b kuya ku-30b) lihlobene neHaab' kanye nonyaka wezindawo ezishisayo. Nakuba onyakeni okukhulunywa ngawo intambama yehlobo yandulela phakathi nonyaka ngezinsuku ezimbalwa ezengeziwe, lokhu kufakazela ukuthi unyaka ochazwe kwakungu-AD 857 noma 899.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umcimbi wemvula oyizicucu uchazwa ngezingxenye ezine ezilingana nomcimbi owaziwayo wase-Yucatecan we-ethnography yamanje.

Ithebula elihlukanisiwe (amakhasi 31a kuya ku-39a) liyingxube yamatafula amabili ahlukene, linemikhuba efakwe eVayab', phakathi nonyaka, izindaba zezolimo nezesimo sezulu, linobudlelwano phakathi nonyaka kanye nemithala, emibili yayo. ube ne-glyph yeVenus.

Ithebula linezinsuku ezine eziyisisekelo: ezimbili ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, eyodwa ngeyesi-XNUMX neyodwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX.

Ikhalenda le-Burner (amakhasi 33c kuya ku-39c) libonisa izinkathi zonyaka zomjikelezo we-Burner, indlela yokuhlukanisa i-TzolKin eyaziwa kusukela emlandweni wamakoloni wase-Yucatán. Leli khalenda liphinde lihlobane nezinkathi zonyaka nezinkathi zonyaka wezindawo ezishisayo.

Leli khalenda lesayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayan lihilela iminyaka eminingana ngaphambi nangemva kuka-1520, lapho kungenzeka ukuthi iCodex kakade isisezandleni zabantu baseSpain.

Ikhalenda labashadile (amakhasi 22c ukuya ku-23c) ingelinye lamakhalenda alandelanayo akhuluma ngobudlelwane bokushada phakathi kwamapheya onkulunkulu. Kungaba nobudlelwano ne-equinox yasebusika.

Futhi ematafuleni avikelwe esayensi yezinkanyezi kuyi-Dresden Codex, kunemifanekiso yonkulunkulu kanye nokubhekisela kwabo ekumeni kwamaplanethi.

ICodex yaseMadrid

I-Madrid Codex ye-Mayan astronomy, ekhasini 10b.c – 11b.c, iqukethe amakhalenda amabili e-Dresden Codex, njengangonyaka ka-925, lapho ilanga lasehlobo senzeka ngonyaka wekhalenda ofanayo nokaHaab'.

Ikhalenda elisemakhasini alo 12b kanye nele-18b, lisikhombisa imisinga yezinkanyezi kanye nokubikezela kwezimvula, ngezithombe ze-Haab', kulesi sibalo eside noma eside ama-glyphs ekhalenda lokusitheka anikezwa nesikhathi esiqondile sokuvela kwawo.

Ikhalenda lezinsuku ezingu-1820 elakhiwe ngamakholomu angamashumi amabili anezinsuku ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nanye lilinye. Mela unyaka wezindawo ezishisayo emakhasini 58.c no-62.c. ama-hieroglyphs akhombisa ubudlelwano ne-equinox kanye ne-hieroglyphs ye-Venus, ebeka leli khalenda phakathi konyaka ka-890 no-962 AD.

Ikhalenda leNyoni liqukethe emakhasini alo, ukuhleleka okuhlukile ekubaleni nasekusabalaliseni kwezinsuku, lokhu kuyizinsuku ezingama-780. Omunye wemiklamo yakhe kungenzeka ukuthi uhlobene ne-equinox yasebusika. Leli khalenda kungenzeka alinalo idethi.

isayensi yezinkanyezi mayan

I-Codex yaseParis

Ikhalenda likaNkulunkulu (amakhasi 15a,b kuya ku-18a,b) aliphelele futhi liqedwe ngokwengxenye. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi uqinisekise ubude noma izinsuku zazo, kodwa amasiko amabili akwaHaab ayabonakala.

Kungenzeka ukuthi ikhalenda likaNkulunkulu liyafana namathebula enkathi ethile e-Dresden Codex kanye nekhalenda likaNkulunkulu #C kulawo e-Paris Codex.

Izincwadi zikaChilam Balam

Ngaphakathi kwesayensi yezinkanyezi yama-Mayan kunezincwadi ze-Chilam Balam, ezisekelwe maphakathi nonyaka wama-Mayan, okuhlanganisa ama-solstices nama-equinoxes.

I-Building Lineups

Ababhali u-Aveni noHartung, abanolwazi ngezinkanyezi zaseMayan, bashicilele izifundo ezikhuluma ngokuhleleka kwezakhiwo endaweni yaseMayan. Siphawula ukuthi iningi lazo akhiwe at izixhumanisi 8 ° - 18 ° enyakatho-ntshonalanga.

Bacabanga ukuthi umumo ongu-25° eningizimu-mpumalanga uhambisana nokushona kwelanga ehlobo, ngokusho kwesayensi yezinkanyezi yaseMayan.

I-Caracol observatory yaseChichen 'Itza yakhiwe ngokuvumelana ne-engeli eyakhiwe nge-meridian kanye nesiyingi sokuma okuqondile okweqa i-engeli. ukwakheka komhlaba (i-azimuth) ngesikhathi sasebusika, lokhu kufakazelwa ukuqondanisa kwe-diagonal kwesisekelo se-Caracol, kubuye kuhlotshaniswe ne-solstice yasehlobo ekuhleleni kwayo kwe-perpendicular.

Elinye lamafasitela ombhoshongo oyindilinga lihlinzeka ngomugqa omncane wokubona ukushona kwelanga ngesikhathi se-equinox, i-Caracol yayisetshenziselwa ukubona indawo edlula ilanga ngoba isisekelo sepulatifomu engenhla kanye nomnyango oyingxenye eshiwo kuqondile. ukushona kwelanga azimuth.

Amanye ama-solar observatories atholakala e-Uaxactun, Oxikintok nase-Yaxchilan.

I-Lunar

Kunemibhalo eminingi equkethe idatha mayelana nenani lezinsuku lapho ukuvuthwa okuqondile kwenzeka khona, kanye nokuma kwakho emjikelezweni wezinyanga eziyisithupha.

Izazi zezinkanyezi ezintsha zifunda ukuhlangana kwelanga nenyanga (lapho ilanga nenyanga zine-Ecliptic longitude efanayo) inyanga entsha. AmaMayans abala usuku oluyiziro lwesishingishane senyanga noma lapho inyanga ecwebile ingasabonwa (ngendlela ye-palenque).

isayensi yezinkanyezi mayan

Ngokusekelwe kule ndlela, u-Fulls no-Aveni banqume ukuthi usuku lukaZiro ekubaleni kwenyanga luzokwenzeka ezinsukwini ezimbili ngemva kwesigaba sokuthwasa kwenyanga, ngokwesayensi yezinkanyezi yaseMayan, lokhu kwanikeza ukwethembeka endleleni ye-Palenque.

U-Fulls uthole okungenani amasistimu namafomula amabili ahlukanisiwe futhi asetshenziselwe ukubala iminyaka nendawo yenyanga emjikelezweni wezinyanga zayo.

K Es Es Escha! Escha Escha! Escha Escha! Escha!

Amakhasi 30c-33c e-Dresden Codex ayikhalenda yeVenus neMercury. Ubude bezinsuku zekhalenda eziyi-2.349 ukulinganisa kwenkathi ye-Synodic ye-Venus (4×585) kanye ne-Mercury (20×117). Ikhalenda liphinde lihlobane ne-solstice yasehlobo kanye nemikhosi ye-Haab' uayeb yekhulu le-XNUMX.

Venus

Kwakubalulekile kubantu baseMesoamerica naseMayan astronomy. Imijikelezo yabo yayilandelwa ngokucophelela amaMeya.

IVenus iseduze nelanga kunomhlaba, ngakho idlula umhlaba ngesikhathi sokuzungeza kwayo. Okwamanje idlula ngemuva kwelanga elihlangene elingenhla futhi phakathi komhlaba nelanga elingaphansi elihlangene ayibonakali.

Okudabukisa kakhulu ukunyamalala kwenkanyezi lapho kuhwalala nokuvela kwayo kabusha njengenkanyezi yokusa cishe ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalombili kamuva, ngemva kokuhlangana okungaphansi. I-Venus Cycle ithatha izinsuku ezingama-583,92 kodwa ishintsha phakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-576,6 nezingama-588,1.

Izazi zezinkanyezi zacabanga lesi senzakalo (inguqulo yokuqala neyokugcina yokuphuma kwelanga noma ukushona kwelanga kwezindikimba zasemkhathini) zisebenzisa i-Arcus visionis, umehluko phakathi kokuphakama komzimba wasezulwini kanye nendawo ephakathi kwelanga ngesikhathi sokuphuma noma sokushona kwelanga komzimba, ngaphandle kokufaka imizuzu engu-34 yokuphindaphinda okugunyazayo ukubheka umzimba ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga noma ama-degree angu-0,266.563.88 ohafu wobubanzi belanga.

Izimo ze-atmospheric ezifana nokunyamalala azicatshangelwa, umbono we-Arcus odingekayo ushintsha ngokukhanya okukhishwe umzimba. IVenus iyashintsha ngosayizi futhi inezigaba ezihlukene, ngakho i-Arcus visionis isetshenziswa kukho konke ukuphuma kwelanga namafreyimu amane.

Dresden Codex

Kufaka ikhalenda yeVenus emakhasini 24 kanye nama-46-50 uBrickery futhi uBircker uyabhala:

Ithebula le-Venus lilandelela umjikelezo we-Synodic we-Venus ngokuqaphela izinsuku zokubonakaliswa kokuqala nokugcina kweplanethi njengenkanyezi yasekuseni kanye nenkanyezi yakusihlwa.

Amandla omfanekiso angokomfanekiso awumbono wokuqala njengenkanyezi yasekuseni (i-heliacal dawn), izinsuku zabhalwa ngokunemba okwanele, ukubonakaliswa kokuqala kwakubhekwa njengomzuzwana wengozi futhi inhloso eyinhloko yetafula likaVenus kwakuwusuku lokwazisa ukufika kuka izikhathi eziyingozi.

Ithebula limele izinsuku ze-TzolK'en zezehlakalo ezine zokubukeka/ukunyamalala kweplanethi ngenkathi ngayinye yeMijikelezo yeVenus eqhubekayo engama-65, isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyi-104, ithebula lasetshenziswa okungenani izikhathi ezine ngezinsuku ezihlukene zokuqala. , kusukela ekhulwini le-XNUMX kuya kwele-XNUMX AD

Ngenxa yokuthi isikhathi seCanonical yamaMayan sasiyizi-5 (izinsuku ezi-4 kanti isikhathi se-Synodic sasiyizinsuku ezingama-583,92), iphutha lengezwe emathebulani njengoba isikhathi sihamba. Ukumelwa okungenzeka kokulungiswa kukhodeksi futhi kuxoxwa ngu-Aveni noBricker noBricker.

I-Dresden Codex emakhasini 8-59 iyithebula leplanethi elibonisa imijikelezo ye-Synodic ye-Mars ne-Venus. Kwakunezinsuku ezine okungenzeka zaziyisisekelo, ezimbili ngekhulu lesikhombisa kanye nezimbili ngekhulu lesisishiyagalombili.

Amakhasi 30c-33c e-Mayan Astronomy Codex, abonisa ikhalenda ye-Venus Mercury. Izinsuku zekhalenda eziyi-2.340 ziwukulinganisa kwenkathi ye-Synodic ye-Venus (4×585) kanye ne-Mercury (20×117). Ikhalenda liphinde lihlobane ne-solstice ye-Venus kanye nemikhosi ye-Haab'uayeb yekhulu le-XNUMX.

isayensi yezinkanyezi mayan

I-Codex ka-Grolier

Bala izinsuku ze-TzolKin zokuvela/ukunyamalala kweVenus kuze kube maphakathi nemijikelezo yeVenus echazwe ku-Dresden Codex.

I-Building Lineups

Umnenke e-Chichen Itza usekela izinsalela zefasitela ongabona ngalo ibanga elidlulele lamaplanethi.

Izindawo ezine ezibalulekile zeshalofu eliphansi zihlukanisa amaphuzu okunyakaza okuphezulu okuvundlile kweplanethi phakathi nonyaka.

Ifasitela elisekhona embhoshongweni ongenhla lihlotshaniswa nezikhundla ezihlukene ezidlulele zeplanethi ngobukhulu bayo obusenyakatho naseningizimu.

Isakhiwo esingu-22 eCopán sidumile futhi saziwa njengethempeli laseVenus ngenxa yezimpawu zalo eziningi eziqoshiwe. Inefasitela elincane ongabona ngalo izindawo ezikude kakhulu zeVenus.

ISigodlo Sababusi e-Uxmal kuhlehliswa ngo-30 ° ukusuka ekuhleleni okusenyakatho-mpumalanga kwezinye izakhiwo. Umnyango ubheke eningizimu-mpumalanga. Amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-6 ukusuka emnyango kukhona i-pyramidal zero.

Kusukela emnyango ungabona ukubonakala kwezikhathi zeVenus ngaphambi kokufinyelela ebangeni elidlulele. Amahembe esakhiwo athwele izifihla-buso eziningi ze-Chacc ezinezimpawu ezihlukahlukene zeVenus ngaphansi kwamajwabu amehlo.

ImiBhalo

U-De Meis unemibhalo engu-25 yekhalenda ye-Long Count, engu-11 eqaphela izenzakalo ze-helical kanye ne-11 yebanga elikhulu kakhulu ukusuka eVenus.

Emibhalweni yaseBonampak Murals, ukunqoba kweNkosi uChaan Muan kubonakala, izitha zakhe zigobile ekuceleni izimpilo zazo ngosuku lapho kwakuwukusa kweVenus kanye nokudlula kwelanga.

Mars

I-Mars ingelinye lamaplanethi afundwe isayensi yezinkanyezi yaseMayan, enquma isikhathi sayo emzileni nasekunyakazeni.

IDresden Codex

Ngaphakathi kwe-Dresden Codex kunezikhala ezintathu kuplanethi i-Mars, ngaphezu kwalokho ku-Codex yaseMadrid ungathola ikhalenda elinganingi le-Mars.

Ku-Dresden Codex kukhona itafula lomjikelezo we-Synodic weplanethi i-Mars, enezinsuku ezingama-780 ngokwamakhasi ayo 43b kanye ne-45b, lesi kungaba yisikhathi esihle kakhulu sokubukwa kwe-Mars, esigabeni sayo sokubuyela emuva, leli thebula labhalwa unyaka. 818.

Umbhalo umele isizini yokusitheka kwelanga (lapho iNyanga iseduze nendawo yokukhuphuka noma eyehlayo) ehambisana nokuhamba kwe-Mars.

Amakhalenda aphezulu naphansi emakhasini 67 kuya ku-74 avela kuyi-Dresden Codex, kodwa ngendlela ehlukile.

I-Superior table inamaqembu ayi-13 ezinsuku ezingama-54, ingqikithi yezinsuku ezingama-702. Lesi isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze i-Mars ibuyele kubude bayo besibhakabhaka esifanayo, uma isikhathi sasezulwini sinenkathi yokubuyela emuva. Ithebula laqinisekiswa ukuze liphinde lingathathi hlangothi ukuthi linezinsuku eziyisikhombisa ezikhonjisiwe kusukela ku-VII Century kuya ku-XI Century.

IThebula Lamanzi Eliphansi linamaqembu angama-28 ezinsuku ezingama-65, okuyizinsuku eziyi-1820 sezizonke. Leli thebula linesithombe esisodwa kuphela, isigameko semvula enamandla ekhasini 74, lesi sithombe sihunyushwe ngephutha ngokuthi simelela ukuphela komhlaba.

Inhloso yaleli thebula bekuwukuhlaziya eminye imijikelezo yamasiko nemvelo, njengesikhathi sokutshala, sokuvuna, isikhathi semvula neziphepho, isikhathi sokusitheka kwelanga kanye nokufana kwendlela yobisi nomkhathizwe. Ithebula laqinisekiswa ngezikhathi ezithile futhi lisukela ezikhathini ezihlukene phakathi kwekhulu lesine neleshumi nambili.

Amakhasi 8 kuya ku-59 e-Dresden noma i-Dresden Codex itafula leplanethi elifunda imijikelezo ye-Synodic ye-Mars ne-Venus. Kunezinsuku ezine okungenzeka ukuthi zikhona, ezimbili ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX nezimbili ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

I-Codex yaseMadrid

Ekhasini lesi-2a le-Madrid Codex libonisa ikhalenda lomjikelezo we-Synodic we-Mars. Leli khasi lonakele kakhulu futhi liyingxenye yetafula elikhudlwana. Izikhathi zezinsuku ezingama-78 kanye ne-iconography ziyefana netafula ku-Dresden Codex.

UJupiter noSaturn

ISaturn kanye ne-Jupiter kuphela, yizinto ezimbili zasezulwini ezikhanya kakhulu kusayensi yezinkanyezi yaseMayan.

Lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi ukunyakaza kwe-retrograde okusobala akuyona into engaphezu kwesikhathi lapho iplanethi engumhlaba izungeza emzileni wayo ozungeza amaplanethi amakhulu, okubonakala sengathi ayama imizuzwana embalwa bese eqhubeka nohambo lwawo.

Lapho beqala noma beqeda umnyakazo wabo wokubuyisela emuva, umnyakazo wabo wansuku zonke umile ngaphambi kokuthatha enye indlela.

ImiBhalo

U-Lounsbury uveze ukuthi izinsuku zemibhalo eminingi ekhumbula imindeni yamasiko e-Palenque ka-K'inich Kan Bahlam II, ehambisana ne-Jupiter ekhuphuka isuka endaweni yokuma yesibili.

i-mayan astronomy

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kweJupiter neSaturn noma iMars babugujwa ngesiko lamaMaya, leli qiniso lenzeka ngokwekhalenda likaGregory ngoJuni 21, 690 noJulayi 18, 18 ngokwekhalenda lezinkanyezi.

UFox noJusteson (1978) baveze ukuthi ezimbili zalezi zinsuku zihlukaniswa ngezinsuku ezingama-378, eduze kakhulu nonyaka we-Synodic weSaturn, kuthiwa le planethi izofinyelela indawo yayo yesibili yokuma ngaphambi nje kokuqeda ukunyakaza kwayo kokubuyela emuva. AbakwaBrickers babonise ezinye izinsuku ezimbili eziyingxenye yokulandelana okufanayo. I-El Cayó Chiapas iqhamuke kuphaneli 1 yaseDumbarton Daks, indawo engamakhilomitha ayi-12 ukusuka emfuleni iSumancinta ePiedras Negras.

Isazi sezinkanyezi u-Susan Milbrath uthathe izifundo zakhe ze-Jupiter waya ezingeni eliphezulu, esikhathini sakudala nesangemuva kweklasikhi, emsebenzini wakhe ukuthi i-Jupiter ibhalwe njengoNkulunkulu u-K'awil.

Enye ingxenye yomsebenzi wakhe inyunyana yemijikelezo ye-Synodic ye-Jupiter ne-Saturn nemijikelezo yabo ye-Katun ye-Long Count. UMilbrath uphawula ukuxhumana okulula phakathi kwezithombe zikaNkulunkulu K kanye nezinsuku ezihambisana nezindawo ezimile eziphenduliwe.

UMilbrath ukholelwa ukuthi i-K'awil wusuku lomjikelezo wokubuyisela emuva we-Jupiter ne-Saturn. AbakwaBrickers bayaphikisana ngaleyo ncazelo.

I-Mayan Codex

Ngaphakathi kwama-Codices of Mayan astronomy, abukho ubufakazi banoma yiliphi irekhodi lekhalenda elibhekisela kumaplanethi i-Jupiter ne-Saturn.

I-Eclipses

Asikho esinye isenzakalo esifundwe futhi sahlaziywa amaMayans ukwedlula ukusitheka kwelanga, lezi zimelelwe, ngokusho kwesayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayan, ingozi eseduze esintwini. Ziningi izibikezelo ezingatholakala mayelana ama-maya kanye nokusitheka kwelanga.

IDresden Codex

Emakhasini 52 no-58 ale Codex, kuboniswe amathebula okusitheka kwelanga kuphela, anezaziso eziningi zokufiphala kwelanga nenyanga, nokho, kulawa matafula akucaci ukuthi zingaki lezi ezingabonakala ezindaweni zaseMeya.

Kukhona ama-lunation angama-405 eminyakeni engaba ngu-33, kucatshangwa ukuthi angasetshenziswa futhi, ngakho-ke uhlelo lokulungisa lwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Lawa mathebula ahlobene nokusitheka kwelanga nenyanga kwemijikelezo yeMercury neVenus, ngaphezu kwezinye izigigaba zonyaka. Iqala ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, kodwa inezilungiso ezivumela ukuthi isetshenziswe kuze kube ikhulu le-XNUMX.

Ngaleso sikhathi lapho umjikelezo weNyanga unqamula i-ecliptic, yilapho kwenzeka khona ukusitheka kwelanga. Lo mzuzu waziwa njengokunganyuki noma ukwehla, okwenzeka kabili ngonyaka, lapho i-node yenzeka, ukusitheka kwelanga kungasondelwa esikhathini esingafika ezinsukwini eziyi-18 ngaphambi noma ngemuva kwe-node.

Ezingxenyeni ezintathu zetafula lokusitheka kwelanga le-Dresden Codex izinsuku zenkathi yokusitheka kwelanga zitholakala, ikakhulukazi enkathini esukela ku-November kuya ku-December wonyaka ka-755 AD.

I-Codex yaseMadrid

I-Madrid Codex iyikhalenda yokusitheka kwelanga emakhasini 10 no-13, afana ncamashí nalawo aku-Dresden Codex.

Lezi izethulo zisekelwe emvuleni, Amafu, isomiso, isikhathi sokutshala nokuvuna, ngaphezu kobudlelwane balezi zikhathi nokusitheka kwelanga. Lezi zenzakalo zihambisana nalezo ezitholakala kuyi-Dresden Codex yekhulu lesi-XNUMX noma lesi-XNUMX. 

I-Paris Codex isekelwe emikhubeni namasiko okufanele agujwe ekupheleni kweKatun, emakhasini 2 kuya ku-11, le mikhuba nezenzakalo zezinkanyezi zekhulu le-V kanye nele-VIII zimelelwe, ngokusekelwe kuVenus kanye nobuhlobo bayo nokusitheka kwelanga kanye imilaza.

ImiBhalo

Umbusi u-Kan II, okhona eCaracol, wasungula ithempeli elingu-21 phakathi nendawo yonke enkundleni yokudlala, elinemibhalo emele izinsuku ezifanele zezenzakalo kanye nempumelelo yombusi wangaphambili u-Agua. Lezi zinsuku zazisetshenziswa yilaba babusi ukuze kugcinwe izenzakalo ezibalulekile ngesikhathi futhi bezihlobanisa nezimo zezinkanyezi.

Isibonelo sale mibhalo ukuphakama kukamkhulu kaKan II, umbusi u-Agua, ngo-April 14, 553, okuhlotshaniswa nokufiphala okuphelele kwenyanga, impi ye-Tikal yamelwa ngo-April 27, 562, lapho ukufiphala kwelanga okuyizinsuku eziyi-8 kanye i-prenumbral yezinsuku eziyisi-7 kanye nomdlalo webhola ngoMashi 13, 593, lapho kuphawula ukusitheka kwelanga okuyizinsuku ezi-5.

I-Las Estrellas

Ngaphakathi kwesayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayan, kwatholakala imilaza eyishumi nantathu, emelwe ekhalendeni le-Paris Codex ne-Madrid Codex, ngayinye yazo yanikezwa isilwane esimele, esathi imilaza yakha leso silwane. Izinkanyezi zihlobene nezinye izenzakalo zezinkanyezi zaseMayan ezifana nokusitheka kwelanga, amasiko e-Haab kanye neVenus.

I-Codex yaseParis

I-Paris Codex igcina emakhasini ayo 21 kuya ku-24, ikhalenda lezinkanyezi, elakhiwe ngemigqa emihlanu enezinsuku ezingu-364 ngamunye, lemigqa ihlukaniswe yaba yizi-13 ezihambisana nezinsuku ezingu-28 ngayinye, izimpawu zayo zimelelwa izilwane, okungenye yezifanekiselo kakhulu. i-scorpion eyakha umlaza kanye ne-hieroglyphics of eclipses. Eyangekhulu lesishiyagalombili.

I-Codex yaseMadrid

Ikhalenda elibanzi nelimelelayo lemikhuba, imikhosi, nezolimo zesayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayan, equkethwe emakhasini 65, 72 no-73b, eMadrid Codex, lokhu kuhlanganisa izinkomba zezinkanyezi, imijikelezo yama-synodic, ukusitheka kwelanga nezinye izenzakalo.

Indlela yobisi 

Kuwukwakheka emthaleni we-spiral owenziwe izinkanyezi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili, phakathi kwazo kunesimiso sonozungezilanga.

Lokhu kubonakala njengokwakheka kwezinkanyezi okuguqubele, lezi zakha indilinga yomthala uma ibhekwa eceleni, yokukhanya okusabalale okunebhande elingamadigri ayishumi elinqamula isibhakabhaka, lidlule endaweni ephakeme kakhulu ye-elliptical. Ibonakala ngenkungu enkulu emnyama etholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu nasentshonalanga.

Awekho amakhalenda, amakhodidi noma imibhalo eveza okuthile okuqondile mayelana ne-milky way, noma kunjalo, ibonakala kumakhalenda namakhodidi wezinye izenzakalo zezinkanyezi zaseMayan.

Ukubikezelwa kwe-Equinoxes

Ama-equinox e-Mayan astronomy, ahamba endaweni yesibhakabhaka (ecliptic) uma eqhathaniswa nezinkanyezi ezimile, lezi zihamba ngokuphambene nokuhamba kwelanga ngonyaka nge-ecliptic, kuthiwa lezi zibuyela endaweni yokuqala njalo ngezinkulungwane ezingama-26. iminyaka.

Kukhona kuyi-Dresden Codex ebizwa ngokuthi “Izinombolo Zenyoka”, ikakhulukazi ekhasini 61 kuya ku-69, amathebula ezinsuku abhalwe emakhoyili ezinyoka. Owokuqala ukuqaphela lokhu kwakunguBeyer, ethi uchungechunge lwenyoka lusekelwe ezinombolweni ezingavamile 1.18.1.8.0.16, okusho ukuthi izinsuku ezingu-5.842.096 eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingu-30 edlule.

Ku-Grofe lezi zikhathi zazifana kakhulu nokuphindaphinda okuphelele kwesikhathi esidlula phakathi kohambo olubili olulandelanayo lweplanethi emzileni wayo, owaziwa ngokuthi unyaka oseceleni, lapho izinkanyezi zithathwa njengereferensi.

Uphetha ngokuthi uchungechunge lwezinyoka lubonisa indlela amaMayans kusayensi yawo yezinkanyezi abikezela futhi abala ngayo indawo eseceleni yokufiphala kwenyanga onyakeni oshisayo, okungaba ukunemba kwama-equinox. Ngakolunye uhlangothi uBricker noBricker babheka ukuthi kusekelwe ekuchazeni okuyiphutha kwesihloko futhi izizathu zabo zibonakala kusayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayan Codices.

AmaMayans awagqami ngokuba nezinsimbi eziyinkimbinkimbi zokwenza imephu yendawo yento yasezulwini ecwaningwayo, ukubhekwa kwawo kwenziwa ngeso, ngezinto ezingajwayelekile.

isayensi yezinkanyezi mayan

Babengenawo ama-sextants noma ama-armillary sphere afana nalawo ezinye izimpucuko ezazinazo, okwenza uMbuso WamaMeya uhlabeke umxhwele kakhulu. Isithakazelo samaMeya kwakuyizici ezithile zezinkanyezi ezifana nelanga, inyanga, iVenus, indlela yobisi nezinkanyezi, ngaphezu kwezinkanyezi, vele lonke lolu lwazi lwalutholakala kuphela kubapristi baseMaya, ababeyizazi zezinkanyezi. isikhathi, abanikela ukuphila kwabo ekulandeleni ukudlula kwalezi zakhi endaweni yonke.

Lena kube ngeminye yemiphakathi eye yanikela kakhulu kwezesayensi, ethathwa njengoMbuso, enezimfihlakalo ezingakacaciswa.

AmaMayya akwazi kanjani ukubikezela ukusitheka kwelanga?

Kukholakala ukuthi amaMeya asebenzisa isayensi yezinkanyezi ukutadisha ukunyakaza komhlaba, noma kunjalo, kwakwaziwa ukuthi lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele, isayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayans yayiyindlela yokubhula.

Eminyakeni eyinkulungwane edlule impucuko yamaMeya yenza izibikezelo ezimangalisayo, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi zokulinganisa, zazisekelwe ekubalweni kwezibalo ezinembe kakhulu, inani labantu baseMesoamerica namuhla lisaqhubeka lihlaba umxhwele.

UMbuso WamaMeya udale ikhalenda eliyingqayizivele, elinezibikezelo eziqondile zokujikeleza kwenyanga, i ukwakheka kwelanga, ukusitheka kwelanga nokunyakaza kwezinkanyezi. Amakhalenda amaMeya anembe kakhulu kunezibalo ezenziwa ngaphambi kukaKristu.

Babenemibhalo eqondile yamaplanethi kuze kufike kuJupiter, futhi baqamba amagama konkulunkulu ababefuna kubo ukuphila okuphakade.

Abapristi basebenzisa isayensi yezinkanyezi ukuze bafunde ngezenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule, bakwazi ukubikezela ikusasa futhi ngaleyo ndlela benze iziprofetho, bahlele lokho abakutholile ngezinkanyezi kanye nokusitheka kwelanga okuqoshiwe okuqoshiwe.

Ngendlela elula yokuphambana kwezinti, abapristi bezinkanyezi babekwazi ukuhlola izinkanyezi. Ngesikhathi isifunda saseMesoamerica sihlaselwa abaseSpain nabanye abantu baseYurophu, amaMayya athola indlela yokuqhubeka enza izindlela zokubhula ngendlela ecashile futhi azifihle ngezinye izinkolo noma amasiko.

KumaMayans, ukusitheka kwelanga kwakuyingozi emhlabeni, yingakho kwagcizelelwa kakhulu ukwazi ukuthi kwenzeka nini ngempela. Kuyi-Dresden Codex, ukusitheka kwelanga kwakufanekiselwa njengezinyoka ezazisongela ukushwabadela umhlaba.

Ukugcizelelwa kokuzibikezela ngezinkanyezi zaseMayan kwakuwukulungiselela imikhosi efanele lapho zenzeka. KumaMayans, ilanga nenyanga kwadliwa ukufiphala kwelanga, okwabangela ukwesaba empucukweni.

Babecabanga ukuthi ukukhanya kuzohamba unomphela, okusho ukuphela komhlaba kanjalo nempucuko, kungenxa yakho konke lokhu ukuthi ukusitheka kwelanga kube yinto ehamba phambili ezifundweni nasekubalweni kwezinsuku lapho lezi zigigaba zizokwenzeka khona, okwamanje omunye weminikelo emikhulu ye-Mayan astronomy. 

Kubo ilanga lalinguNkulunkulu onika ukuphila nokuthula, lapho ilanga lisitheka, lo nkulunkulu walinyazwa, okwadala umonakalo kubahlali, ngenxa yalokhu kwenziwa amasiko ukuze kudlule izinsuku zobumnyama nokukhanya. uzobuyela emphakathini.

isayensi yezinkanyezi mayan


Yiba ngowokuqala ukuphawula

Shiya umbono wakho

Ikheli lakho le ngeke ishicilelwe. Ezidingekayo ibhalwe nge *

*

*

  1. Ubhekele idatha: I-Actualidad Blog
  2. Inhloso yedatha: Lawula Ugaxekile, ukuphathwa kwamazwana.
  3. Ukusemthethweni: Imvume yakho
  4. Ukuxhumana kwemininingwane: Imininingwane ngeke idluliselwe kubantu besithathu ngaphandle kwesibopho esisemthethweni.
  5. Isitoreji sedatha: Idatabase ebanjwe yi-Occentus Networks (EU)
  6. Amalungelo: Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ungakhawulela, uthole futhi ususe imininingwane yakho.