Inkulumo ethi umhlaba wakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu zamanzi iyiqiniso. I-marine biome iyi-biome enkulu kunazo zonke ezikhona, ngoba yenza ingxenye enkulu yama-70% eplanethi yethu, kodwa futhi yenza ama-90% amanzi omhlaba. Yazi ukubaluleka izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle.
I-Marine Biomes
Kunezinhlobo eziningana Ama-Biomes kufaka phakathi ama-marine biome, Banezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-230 zezidalwa eziphilayo. I-marine biome inesici sokuthi amanzi ayo anosawoti, abanikazi bomhlaba omkhulu I-Marine Biodiversity futhi adale ama-ecosystem amaningi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Ama-Marine biomes yiwo afaneleka kakhulu ngoba abe yi-biotic factor. Ukube bezingekho izinto eziphilayo, lokhu bekuyosho ukuthi izilwandle ngeke zibe nokuphila. Esinye isici esibalulekile ezintweni eziphilayo zasolwandle yilanga, ngoba likhiqiza ukukhanya kwelanga okudingekayo ukuze ulwelwe kanye ne-phytoplankton, okutholakala ngaphansi kochungechunge lokudla kolwandle, kuchume.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izakhi ezibalulekile zokuthuthukiswa kokuphila emanzini asolwandle izinga lokushisa nokujula kwamanzi. Khumbula ukuthi i-marine biome iyingxenye ye-aquatic biome, nayo eyi-biome, kodwa amanzi ahlanzekile.
Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, iyiqoqo eliyingqayizivele lezinto eziphilayo ezingaphansi kwamanzi, okuyizona ezihlinzeka ngendawo yokuhlala yezilwane, izitshalo nezimo ezingenakubalwa. Kodwa i-marine biome ngokuyisisekelo iyisimiso sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle.
Futhi lezi biomes zasolwandle zisakazwa phakathi kwezilwandle ezi-5 eziyinhloko, i-Pacific, i-Atlantic, i-Indian, i-Arctic kanye ne-Southern Ocean.
Isimo sezulu
Ama-biomes olwandle anezinga lokushisa elijwayelekile elingu-39 degrees Fahrenheit, okungama-4 degrees Celsius. I-oceanic biome iyabanda ngokunengqondo e-South Pole, kodwa njengoba isondela enkabazwe, iya ifudumala, ngenxa yokuthi imisebe yelanga ithinta ngokuqondile indawo engaphezulu kwamanzi. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izinhlobo zasolwandle ziyolokhu zithinteka kunoma yikuphi ukuguquka kwezimo zezulu.
Izilwandle zivame ukuphazanyiswa amaza olwandle namagagasi. Lapho izimo zomkhathi ziba ngokwedlulele, zikhiqiza iziphepho nezivunguvungu ngokuvamile eziba nemiphumela emikhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane zasolwandle. Ngaleso sizathu, izinhlobo ezifana nama-penguin, izinyoni zasolwandle, ama-walrus, amabhubesi olwandle, izimvu zamanzi, ama-plankton, amabhere amhlophe nezinhlanzi zithwala kanzima.
Yingakho izinhlobo eziningana kuye kwadingeka zifunde ukuzivumelanisa nalezi zenzakalo zemvelo ezenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, ngakho zifudukela ezindaweni ezinokuvikeleka okwengeziwe, lapho lezi zehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu zenzeka noma lapho sezizodlula.
Amazinga okushisa aphezulu angenye into ekhiqiza imiphumela ezinhlotsheni ezinendawo yazo endaweni yasolwandle. Baye babangela ukufa, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, kwezidalwa eziningi zasolwandle. Phakathi kwemiphumela yako singathola ukucwazimula kwamakhorali, okube yimbangela yokufa okungama-70% olwandle emhlabeni jikelele.
I-substrate ye-marine biomes ihlale imanzi emanzini. Konke kugcinwa yizilwane zasemanzini.
Izitshalo ze-Marine Biome
Ukuhlolwa kwe Ukubaluleka Kwezinhlobonhlobo Zezinto Eziphilayo ukuthi kulolu hlobo lwe-biome kunezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko zezitshalo eziwutshani basolwandle kanye ne-algae kanye nezimila zasolwandle. I-algae yasolwandle ifakiwe emndenini wezitshalo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ulwelwe nokhula lwasolwandle lumelela izinhlobo zokuphila ezilula futhi ngokuvamile azibonwa ngamehlo enyama.
Izitshalo ku-marine biome zisukela ezintweni ezincane ezineseli elilodwa kuye kwezinkulu, amafomu ayinkimbinkimbi. Izitshalo zasolwandle zinendawo yazo yemvelo eduze kwamanzi, ukuze zikwazi ukuthatha ukukhanya kwelanga ezikudingayo ukwenza i-photosynthesis.
Ngokufanayo, izitshalo zasolwandle zithatha umsoco wazo ezinhlayiyeni ezithwalwa imisinga esuka phansi olwandle. Ezinye izitshalo ziyakwazi ukuphila ekujuleni kolwandle, lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kungafinyeleli khona. Lezi zitshalo, ezinesici sokuthi ziyi-fluorescent, ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza izibani zamakhemikhali.
Izinhlobo Zezitshalo Ze-Biome
Izitshalo eziningi zingatholakala kuma-marine biomes, phakathi kwazo okungashiwo okulandelayo:
I-Phytoplankton
Lezi yizitshalo ezincane kunazo zonke ezihlala e-marine biome. Kuyisitshalo esisodwa futhi kuyisisekelo salo lonke uchungechunge lokudla kwasolwandle.
I-algae eluhlaza (Chlorophyta)
Ulwelwe oluluhlaza luwumfanekiso owaziwa kakhulu wezitshalo zasolwandle. Ukuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll okuwanika umbala wawo oluhlaza ogqamile obonakala kakhulu. Okwamanje lezi zinhlobo zezitshalo ziqala ukubala, ziba yingxenye yezingxenye ezingaphansi kolwandle. Ngokwezibalo, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-200.000 ze-algae kuleli izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle, kodwa ezingaba ngu-36.000 XNUMX kuphela eziye zafakwa ohlwini.
Ulwelwe olubomvu (Rhodophyta)
I-algae ebomvu yizinhlobo zezitshalo zasolwandle ezinkulu kunazo zonke futhi ezihluke kakhulu ku-marine biome. Umbala wazo ungenxa yokuthi zinebala elibizwa nge-phycoerythrin. Ezinye zalezi algae ezibomvu zivame ukunamathela kumakhorali futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zakha izixhobo. Kokubili ulwelwe oluluhlaza nolubomvu lungachuma emanzini ashisayo noma abandayo.
Ulwelwe olunsundu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lubizwa nangokuthi ama-phaeophyte, ngoba lunemibala ebizwa ngokuthi i-fucoxanthin, futhi luchuma kahle kakhulu emanzini abandayo noma afudumele. Futhi ezindaweni ezishisayo kungenzeka ukubona izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-algae ensundu. Ulwelwe olunsundu yizinhlobo zezitshalo ezivame kakhulu emanzini.
AmaCyanobacteria
I-Cyanobacteria, okungamagciwane aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngaphambili ayewaziwa ngokuthi ama-algae aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ayizintambo ezincane kakhulu. Le micu engabonakali ishintsha i-nitrogen ezikwaziyo ukuyithatha emkhathini ngezindlela ezingasetshenziswa ezinye izitshalo zasolwandle.
Izitshalo ezitholakala ku-marine biome ngokuvamile zihlala ezindaweni eziningi ezizungeze iplanethi, okuhlanganisa eduze nogu, amaxhaphozi kasawoti, kanye nolwandle oluvulekile. Isibonelo salokhu i-giant kelp, okuwukhula lwasolwandle oluvame ukuhlala eNingizimu Pacific, lumila ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini afudumele asogwini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ulwelwe oluhlala eqhweni lasolwandle futhi lumila ezingoqweni zeqhwa ezintantayo.
Izitshalo ze izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle Zingaba nemisebenzi eminingi. Izitshalo ze-marine biome, ikakhulukazi utshani basolwandle kanye nama-macroalgae, zinikeza indawo yokukhosela, izindawo zokucasha nokudla kwezidalwa eziningi. Izitshalo zasolwandle zisiza amakhorali akhe izixhobo.
Imifula ibanjwe ndawonye izitshalo ezifana ne-coralline algae. Ulwelwe ngokuvamile luhlala phakathi kwezinye izilwane zasolwandle. Futhi izicubu zamakhorali yindawo lapho izigidi zolwelwe zihlala khona ngesentimitha-skwele. Izitshalo zasolwandle ziyimithombo yemisoco yamakhorali.
Ulwelwe lungaphila futhi kumagobolondo, ngaphakathi kwama-giant clams, kuma-flatworms, nasezipontshini zasolwandle. Izitshalo zasolwandle nazo zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu emahlathini e-kelp, zisebenza njengendawo yokuhlala nokudla kwenani lezinto eziphilayo njengezimvu zamanzi, ama-octopus kanye nama-eels.
Izilwane ze-Biomes
I-Los izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle Ziyindawo yokuhlala yezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane. Izilwane zithola ukudla kwazo ezitshalweni nakwezinye izilwane zasolwandle ezincane ezihlala endaweni efanayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izitshalo zinikeza indawo yokuhlala kwezinye izilwane. Eminye imindeni emikhulu kakhulu yezilwane ezihlala emanzini olwandle ihlanganisa amabhaktheriya, isikhunta, ama-anemones olwandle, ama-mollusk, ama-crustaceans, imikhomo, nezinhlanzi.
Ezinye zezilwane ezihlala ku-marine biomes futhi ezimele kakhulu yilezi:
Tiger shark
Ukudla kwazo izinhlanzi, izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, izinyoni zasolwandle, ama-crustaceans kanye nama-mollusc. Indawo yayo iseduze nogu lwamanzi ashisayo nangaphansi. Oshaka be-tiger banamazinyo abukhali kakhulu, abavumela ukuba badle inyamazane yabo.
Umkhomo ompunga
Umthombo wokudla oyinhloko ama-amphipod amancane kanye nezibungu ezine-tuberous, ezifana nama-crustaceans. Ngokuyisisekelo bahlala emanzini angashoni eNyakatho Pacific Ocean. Imikhomo empunga inemizimba emide, ehlelekile eyivumela ukuthi ibhukude emanzini kalula.
I-Starfish
Ukudla kwayo okubalulekile ama-oyster, ama-plankton nama-clams. Itholakala olwandle lwasePacific, i-Atlantic kanye ne-Arctic. Banesikhumba se-calcareous sangaphandle esinamandla okuvuselela nokusivikela.
Ihhashi Lolwandle
Zidla izimfanzi. Indawo yayo yizixhobo zamakhorali kanye notshani basolwandle obutholakala emanzini asezindaweni ezishisayo. Ihhashi lasolwandle linamehlo ahambayo elikwazi ukubuka ngawo ngaphandle kokunyakaza. Eyeduna iyona ethwala amaqanda avundisiwe, futhi inakekele amazinyane aze aphume esikhwameni sakhe, ngokuphambene nenkolelo evamile yokuthi yinsikazi yohlobo olukhulisa izingane.
Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala olwandle i-blacktip reef shark, ushaka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ama-manatee, ama-dugong, ushaka onecala, inkalankala, nezinye ezingenakubalwa.
I-Biome Classification
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zama-marine biomes:
Izilwandle
Izilwandle ziyizigaba ezinkulu kunazo zonke izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle, njengoba zinezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinto eziphilayo. Zihlangana nendawo yokuhlala yasemhlabeni ngokusebenzisa indawo ebizwa ngokuthi i-intertidal, okuyindawo lapho amagagasi ehla futhi egeleza khona. Nokho, umhlaba nolwandle kuyasebenzisana ukuze kukwazi ukunyakazisa amanzi nokushisa ezweni.
Izixhobo zamakhorali
Izixhobo zamakhorali ziyizakhiwo ze-limestone ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezidalwe ukunqwabelana kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla ezinegama lamakhorali. Izixhobo zamakhorali zingakhula kuphela olwandle olushisayo olungashoni. Lezi zilwane zikhiqiza i-calcium carbonate ephenduka ibe i-limestone ukuze kwakhiwe i-exoskeleton.
Imvamisa, bahlala ngamaqembu, futhi uhlaka lwamathambo luyaqhubeka nokukhula lube udonga. Izixhobo zamakhorali ziyindawo yokuhlala yezinto eziphilayo eziningi ze-marine biome, kanye nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-4.000 zezinhlanzi zasezindaweni ezishisayo.
Emilanjeni
Amachweba, ukubeka kalula, amachweba lapho imifula igelezela khona olwandle. Zivamise ukuvaleka kancane, okuzenza zibe izindawo ezivikelekile. Amanzi awazungezile agcwele imisoco evela emifuleni, futhi awashoni ngokwanele ukuvumela ukukhanya kwelanga ukuze izitshalo zikwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesis. Ngenxa yalokhu, amachweba agcwele izilwane zasolwandle.