AmaMayya ayenesiko lokukhulekela onkulunkulu abaningi, nokho omunye wababaluleke kakhulu wawunjalo hunab ku, ayembheka njengonkulunkulu abakhulu kunabo bonke. Sikumema ukuthi ufunde kabanzi ngomlando wayo, umsuka wayo kanye nencazelo ngesihloko esilandelayo.
hunab ku
Ngaphakathi kwezinganekwane zamaMaya singathola onkulunkulu abaningi ababalulekile abaye banesisindo sabo kuwo wonke umlando walesi sizwe, esibhekwa njengenye yezifanekiselo nezidumile kunazo zonke. Phakathi kwezithixo ezidume kakhulu zamaMaya kubalwa uHunab Ku, ogama lakhe lisho ukuthi "Owukuphela kukaNkulunkulu".
U-Hunab Ku angase achazwe njengonkulunkulu wamaMaya owaziwa kakhulu phakathi kwesiko lamaMeya, futhi nakuba kuyinqaba ukucabanga ukuthi amaMeya akholelwa kunkulunkulu oyedwa kuphela, konke kubonakala kubonisa ukuthi uHunab Ku wayenendawo ekhethekile esikweni lamaMeya. Kungaba kuhle ukubuza: Ingabe amaMayya ayekholelwa kunkulunkulu ongumdali owazi konke? Sizokhuluma ngalokho nokunye esihlokweni esilandelayo.
Hunab Ku njengoNkulunkulu wamaMaya
Ukuze uqonde okuncane ngomlando nokubaluleka kukankulunkulu u-Hunab Ku, kuyadingeka ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana nemvelaphi yakhe. Lapho sifuna ukuthola impendulo yokuthi kungani sikukholelwa lokho esikukholelwayo, ngokuqinisekile siphendukela eBhayibhelini. Kufanele senze okufanayo ngomlando.
Kungakho ngaphambi kokwenza umcabango osuselwe egameni lalo nkulunkulu wamaMaya, sizogxila kafushane kumaqiniso ngamunye atholakalayo. Ngale ndlela sizokwazi ukuqonda ngokunembe kakhudlwana umsuka kankulunkulu uHunab Ku nokuthi kungani ebhekwa “njengoNkulunkulu Oyinhloko” wesiko lamaMayan.
Ngaphambi kokuba siqale kufanele sicabange isikhashana ngale mibuzo elandelayo: Uvelaphi uHunab Ku? Likuphi leli gama elishiwo kuqala? Le mibuzo neminye izosisiza siqonde ukuthi wayengubani unkulunkulu u-Hunab Ku kanye nethonya lakhe phakathi kwezinganekwane zamaMayan.
Kuye kwashiwo kuwo wonke umlando ukuthi u-Hunab Ku wayengomunye wezithixo zomdabu zesiko lamaMayan. Ake sithi siqinisile. Uma kunjalo, into enengqondo kakhulu kungaba ukuthola uhlobo oluthile lobufakazi balokho kuma-codex abo (izincwadi ze-hieroglyphic). Kodwa-ke, iqiniso liwukuthi abukho ubufakazi bukaHunab Ku noma kuphi, kuze kube yilapho kufika izindela zaseFrancisca eYucatan.
Ngokomlando, i-Francisca Order ibhekwa njengenye yemiyalo enamandla kakhulu futhi enethonya ezwenikazi laseYurophu phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, baqashelwa njengomyalelo okwazile ukuthumela inani elikhulu lezithunywa zevangeli eZweni Elisha zisuka eSpain.
Ngayinye yalezi zithunywa zevangeli ezazithunywe i-Franciscans Order yayinenhloso enkulu futhi okwakuwukuzama ukuguqula abomdabu baguqukele esimweni samanje sobuKatolika. Lezi zithunywa zathunyelwa zivela kuBukhosi baseSpain futhi zaba nendima ebalulekile emlandweni wangaleso sikhathi.
Ngesikhathi sika-1549 kwafika esinye sezithunywa zevangeli zokuqala. Kwakungumbhishobhi wakusasa waseYucatan, u-Diego de Landa Calderón. Lo mlingisi waziwa kabanzi ngokuba ngumdali "Wohlu Lwezinto e-Yucatan". Kulo mbhalo eminye imininingwane ngenkolo yamaMaya, impilo kanye nolimi ichazwe.
Ngemva kweminyaka, ikakhulukazi ngo-1562, u-Diego de Landa ngokwakhe waqhubeka nokushisa inani elikhulu lama-codices aseMeya ukuze aqede ubuqaba endaweni. Iqiniso liwukuthi uLanda wakwazi ukushisa ama-codex amaningi, nokho amanye akwazi ukuphila, kanye nezinguqulo zesiMayan-Spanish zezindela zaseFrancisca ukuze afakaze ngempilo nenkolo yamaMayan ngaphambi kokufika kwabanqobi baseYurophu.
Iphuzu liwukuthi lena ingenye yemisebenzi kaFrancisca lapho singathola khona inkomba yokuqala kuHunab Ku. Isichazamazwi se-Motul yisichazamazwi sesiMayan-Spanish sasukela cishe ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Lesi sichazamazwi sihambisana nokubhala kukaFrancisca u-Antonio de Ciudad Real, okuthiwa wayeyisazi sezilimi samaMayan esinekhono kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.
Kukholakala ukuthi lo Franciscan wachitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe ehlanganisa le kanye nezinye izincwadi zolimi lwesiMayan-Spanish, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu waziwa njengomunye wezazi zezilimi zamaMayan ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi ezinethonya emlandweni.
Ukukhulunywa kokuqala kukaHunab Ku kusho okulandelayo:
“U-Hunab Ku: okuwukuphela kukankulunkulu ophilayo futhi wayengumphathi-dolobha wonkulunkulu baseYucatan futhi wayengenaso isithombe, ngoba bathi wayengakwazi ukuzihlanganisa ngoba wayengumuntu ongaphili. Lokhu kuhunyushwa ngokuthi: “unkulunkulu oyedwa ophilayo noweqiniso, futhi omkhulu kunabo bonke onkulunkulu babantu baseYucatan. Yayingenalo ifomu ngoba bathi yayingeke imelwe ngoba yayingekho emzimbeni.
Kweminye imibhalo yesikhathi kukhulunywa ngayo ngoHunab Ku, ikakhulukazi kuzichazamazwi ezimbili ezifanayo ezihambisana nesikhathi esifanayo. Kuyo yomibili le mibhalo lobu nkulunkulu buchazwa ngokuthi “Dios Único noma UNkulunkulu Kuphela”.
- U-Hunab Ku: UNkulunkulu Oyedwa (San Francisco Dictionary, Mayan-Spanish)
- U-Hunab Ku: UNkulunkulu Oyedwa (Kuhlanganiswe i-Solana/Motul II/SF Spanish-Maya)
Iqiniso liwukuthi ukukhulunywa kokuqala kukaHunab Ku okuvela olimini lwaseYucatecan Mayan kuhambisana nereferensi equkethwe kusichazamazwi esibhalwe ngumuntu wangaphandle, ngakho-ke kungaba kuhle ukubuza: Kungenzeka yini ukuthi lo nkulunkulu kwakuwukusungulwa kukaFrancisca?
Abaningi baqinisekisa ukuthi kwakuyinto esunguliwe ukwethula amaMayans emcabangweni kaNkulunkulu oyedwa weqiniso ngolimi lwabo, nokho abanye baqinisekisa ukuthi uHunab Ku utholakala emthonjeni wangaphambi kokunqotshwa. Uma lokho bekuyiqiniso, bekuyoba ubufakazi bokuthi uHunab Ku wayengunkulunkulu ngaphambi kokufika kwabanqobi ngakho-ke amaMeya ayenolwazi lwenkolo eyodwa.
Incwadi kaChilam Balam
Ngokwalokho okushiwo izazi-mlando eziningi, iNcwadi kaChilam Balam iyincwadi yomdabu kuphela, okusho ukuthi akekho umuntu ohlobene nabapristi bamaKatolika owangenela kuyo. Iqiniso liwukuthi i-Libro de Chilam Balam de Chumayel ayiwona umsebenzi owodwa, kodwa kunalokho uchungechunge lwezincwadi eziyisishiyagalolunye ezidumile ezibhalwe nguChilam Balam, ezigcina ingxube yolwazi lwendabuko lwamaMayan kanye nemithonya yaseSpain.
Eqinisweni, ezinye izingxenye zencwadi zibhalwe ngolimi lwamaMayan lwama-hieroglyphs, kodwa kwezinye izingxenye singabona izinhlamvu zesiLatini, ezibonisa ukuhlangana phakathi kwamasiko womabili, kokubili amaMayan namathonya aseSpain. Konke lokhu kusenza siqonde ukuthi le ncwadi inemvelaphi yayo ezikhathini ngaphambi kokufika kwabanqobi, kanti ezinye izingxenye zencwadi zabhalwa ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa kweYucatan.
Kusukela kulelo phuzu, akubonakali sengathi ukhona ongaqinisekisa ukuthi lencwadi ayizange ithintwe umoya wamaKatolika. Izazi ngokuvamile ziyavuma ukuthi lapho uHunab Ku kukhulunywe khona eNcwadini kaChilam Balam, kusimo lapho uHunab Ku ebonakala njengegama lamaMayan likankulunkulu wamaKristu.
Phakathi kwalezi zazi noma izazi singakhuluma ngokukhethekile ngoWilliam Hanks, owayeyisazi sezilimi ze-anthropological. Lo mlingisi ungumbhali wencwadi ethi "" Ukuguqula Amagama: I-Maya Enkathini Yesiphambano ", lapho ekhomba khona okulandelayo ngonkulunkulu u-Hunab Ku:
“Izithunywa zevangeli zazazi kahle ukuthi ngokusebenzisa igama lesiMayan elalikhona kakade elisho ‘unkulunkulu’ (ku), zazizifaka engozini yokubangela ukungezwani nokudideka phakathi kukaNkulunkulu wobuKristu nezithombe zobudeveli ezazifuna ukuziqeda. Ngakho, nakuba zombili izichazamazwi zicaphuna impande engenalutho ethi ku esho unkulunkulu, le msuka ngokuvamile ivela nezimfanelo ezihloselwe ukuhlanekezela.”
“UNkulunkulu ophilayo, uNkulunkulu wokuthula, uNkulunkulu obuse abantu ngabanye bayizici zomqondo wobuKristu ngokuqondile. Ukusetshenziswa kweHunab Ku [isijobelelo + esisodwa + unkulunkulu] ngenxa yobungqayizivele bukaNkulunkulu kusobala ngokolimi ebunyeni bukaYise, iNdodana, noMoya oNgcwele, futhi kwenzeka kabanzi emibhalweni yezithunywa zevangeli.”
Ngemva kokuhlaziya kafushane ngayinye yale mibhalo yezincwadi, singaqonda ngokuseduze ukuthi lo nkulunkulu okuthiwa uHunab Ku waba khona kanjani. Kungashiwo ukuthi kwakuyigama elisetshenziswa kakhulu izindela zaseFrancis njengesiqu esithathela indawo kaNkulunkulu oyedwa wobuKristu.
Ake sithi uHunab Ku kwakuyigama elalimane lisetshenziswe izindela zamaFrancisca ukuze libhekisele kuNkulunkulu oyingqayizivele wobuKristu, kodwa kungani kunokudideka okungaka kumaKristu ngalo nkulunkulu? Impela sisenezinto eziningi okumele sizivumbulule, ngakho-ke asiqhubeke sihlola imvelaphi nomlando walo nkulunkulu.
Kuthunjiwe
Kuze kube manje akukho ukungabaza ngokubaluleka igama likaHunab Ku elalinakho emlandweni, ngaphambi nangemva kwesikhathi sokunqotshwa. Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi ekuqaleni lo nkulunkulu wawusetshenziselwa izinjongo ezinhle, isibonelo, ukufundisa amaMayya ngoNkulunkulu, kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi lo nkulunkulu uthunjwe izikhathi eziningi ngababhali bezwe lanamuhla.
Umhlaba wesimanje wakhipha igama lalo nkulunkulu endaweni yalo yomlando futhi waliguqula laba yigama elihlukaniswe ngokuphelele neqiniso, waliyisa ngakolunye uhlangothi lwalokho u-Hunab Ku ayehloselwe ukuba yikho. Lokhu kuthunjwa kususa umqondo walesi sithixo kude nangaphezulu ethuluzini lokuguqula.
Kungashiwo ukuthi umhlaba wanamuhla uguqule i-Hunab Ku ibe uhlobo lophawu lomphakathi wenkathi entsha, ngisho nakubalandeli beMayanism. Kodwa-ke, amaKristu akufanele ahlukunyezwe ubudlelwano obunjalo, njengoba lapho usuphenye kabanzi, uthola ukuthi lezi zimangalo azinawo amaqiniso omlando.
Kuthiwa omunye wabantu bokuqala abathumba u-Hunab Ku kwakuyisazi sefilosofi esidumile esazalelwa eMexico okuthiwa u-Domingo Martínez Paredez, owafika ezobonisa lo nkulunkulu njengobufakazi be-Mayan Monotheism. Ngokusobala uxhume uHunab Ku kumfanekiso ngaphakathi kweFreemasonry.
Izinkolelo-mbono zakhe zingabonakala kwenye yezincwadi zakhe ezishicilelwe eminyakeni eyishumi ye-1964, ikakhulukazi "ku-Hunab Ku: Ukuhlanganiswa komcabango wefilosofi yamaMayan." Amanye amadoda abe nesibindi sokudlulela phambili ukuduna umbono kaHunab Ku ngokusekelwe emsebenzini kaParedez.
Omunye wala madoda kwakunguJosé Argüelles (1939-2011). Waziwa ngokuba ngumsunguli waseMelika wenhlangano yeNkathi Entsha, kodwa mhlawumbe waziwa kakhulu ngokungenelela kwakhe esimweni esibhubhisayo sangonyaka ka-2012. Ngokwalesi sigameko, kukholakala ukuthi isigameko esiyinhlekelele sizoqeda umhlaba ngomhla zingama-21 kuZibandlela. Disemba 2012.
U-Arguelles wayephethe futhi ekwandiseni ezinye izimpawu ezihlobene no-Hunab Ku, ikakhulukazi leyo ayishicilele encwadini yakhe ethi "The Mayan Factor" eminyakeni eyishumi ye-1987. Impela uma uzama ukucinga ulwazi ku-inthanethi mayelana ne-Hunab Ku, izimpawu eziningi avele, kodwa kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi empeleni alukho uphawu lomlando noma lwe-hieroglyphic lwalo nkulunkulu nhlobo.
Ake sithi uphawu lweHunab Ku lwadalwa ngemva kokufika kwezindela zaseFrancisca. Uma kunjalo, iqiniso liwukuthi abukho ubufakazi obufakazela lesi sigameko. Kubonakala sengathi ekuqaleni wayephakamise ukuthi u-Hunab Ku wayemelwe izimpawu zesikwele ngaphakathi kwendilinga noma indilinga ngaphakathi kwesikwele; lokhu akuzange kuhlolwe lapho kubhekisiswa.
U-Arguelles uguqule umqondo kaParedez wophawu futhi wawenza waba yinto ebonakala kakhulu emhlabeni wezindaba wanamuhla. Njengoba etshelwa yilo mbhali, waqala ukubona lolu phawu ekhaphethini laseMexico, kodwa hhayi njengoba kuboniswe encwadini yakhe. Uphawu oluvezwe encwadini yakhe ukujwayela kuka-Argüelles ukwenza uphawu lufane nento efana ne-Yin-Yang noma i-Milky Way, ejwayelekile kwezinye izinkolelo zeNkathi Entsha.
Izithombe eziningi zezinhlobo zokuqala zophawu olulungiswe ngu-Argüelles ziye zavela obala. Ezinye zalezi zithombe zatholakala kuyi-Codex yama-Aztec yekhulu le-XNUMX ebizwa ngokuthi i-Codex Magliabechiano. Ngaphakathi kweCodex kunemifanekiso yezingubo ezisetshenziswa emikhubeni yenkolo yama-Aztec.
Ngayinye yalezi zingqimba inombala negama elihlukile, lokhu kusho ukuthi bekungewona umklamo oyingqayizivele kodwa kunezinhlobonhlobo. Ngokuqinisekile uyazibuza ukuthi kungani i-cape yama-Aztec ixhunywe uphawu olwakhelwe unkulunkulu wamaMaya ongazange abe khona kwaze kwaba yilapho kufika izindela zaseFrancisca? Akukho ukuqonda.
Asikho isisekelo sobudlelwano obungaba khona noma ukuxhumana phakathi kuka-Hunab Ku nezinye izimpawu ezisekelwe ezinkolelweni zeNkathi Entsha. Ngakho-ke, uma kungekho ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinkolelo zikaHunab Ku neziNkathi Entsha, ingabe lobu bufakazi bobuMonotheism kumaMaya? Ngeshwa akunjalo; lowo mbono awukwazi ukusekelwa umongo womlando.
Umlando usifundisa ukuthi amaMayya ayengakhulekeli noma akhulekele unkulunkulu oyedwa, kunalokho, ayenonkulunkulu abaningi ayebakhonza, nokho ayegcina iminonjana yeqiniso phakathi kwezizwe zawo. Lapho sibhekisela ensalini yeqiniso, sibhekisela olwazini lukaNkulunkulu oluvela eMbhoshongweni WaseBabele.
Ulwazi ngoNkulunkulu weqiniso lwasakazekela emhlabeni wonke njengoba kwanda nolwazi lwamanga kaSathane. Kungakho, noma kuphi lapho ubheka khona, uzothola izinsalela nokuhlanekezelwa kwemibono yeBhayibheli. Ngisho naphakathi konkulunkulu bamaqaba bonkulunkulu bamaMayan, kukhona okufana nonkulunkulu ongumdali kanye ne-akhawunti yendalo, esizoxoxa ngayo kafushane ephuzwini elilandelayo.
Inganekwane
Isiko lamaMeya linenganekwane yalo mayelana nokudalwa komhlaba. Indaba ikhuluma ngomlingiswa obizwa ngokuthi u-Itzamná, u-Itzamnaah noma u-“God D”, nakuba ebonakala njengamagama amathathu ahlukene, iqiniso liwukuthi abhekisela kunkulunkulu ofanayo. Lo nkulunkulu, kanye nomkakhe, okuthiwa u-Ix Chel, babenomthwalo wemfanelo ekudaleni lokho izazi ezikubiza ngokuthi iNkathi Yakudala.
AmaMeya akhulekela unkulunkulu u-Itzamná isikhathi eside. Eqinisweni, ngaphakathi kwalesi siko kwakukholelwa ukuthi lo nkulunkulu ulethe ukuhleleka emhlabeni futhi wabusa phezu kwabanye onkulunkulu. Lona bekungaba unkulunkulu owavunyelaniswa kamuva noHunab Ku emzamweni wamaFrancisca wokusiza ukuguqulwa kwabantu bomdabu kubuKatolika.
Nokho, amaMayya awazange agcine ngokukhonza unkulunkulu u-Itzamná. Eqinisweni, ngaphambi kokuba bakhulekele lowo nkulunkulu, babekhonza abanye onkulunkulu abangabadali ababebusa imihlaba yangaphambili. Akukhona nje ukuthi amaMayya anonkulunkulu abadali, kodwa futhi ane-akhawunti yasendulo yendalo.
Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Maya Creation Account ingatholakala encwadini ethi Popol Vuh. Igama lale ncwadi lihunyushwe ngokuthi "iNcwadi yabantu"; "Incwadi Yomphakathi", kanye "Nephepha Wena". Ihlanganisa iqoqo lezindaba zezinganekwane zomlando, kuhlanganise nendaba yendalo, kanye nokukhuluma ngoZamcolo Omkhulu wosuku lukaNowa.
Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi lolu hlobo lombhalo, njengePopol Vuh, lwalusengozini enkulu ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa kweSpain, ngoba abaningi bazama ukulishisa futhi basula ubufakazi bokuba khona kwalo, kodwa lakwazi ukusinda futhi libe ngomunye we imibhalo ebaluleke kakhulu yamaMayan emlandweni.
Kuthiwa kwadlula iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ngemva kokufika kwabanqobi baseSpain lapho umfundisi waseDominican uFrancisco Ximenex eqaphela ukuba khona kwencwadi engcwele amaMayans ayeyifihlile isikhathi eside. Le nsizwa yazilobela eyakhe ikhophi, futhi ikhophi yayo yangekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili iyona kuphela esisekhona nanamuhla.
“Ngakho lawa angamazwi okuqala, inkulumo yokuqala. Akukabikho muntu, isilwane, inyoni, inhlanzi, inkalankala, isihlahla, idwala, umgodi, umhosha, idlelo, noma ihlathi. Izulu kuphela elikhona. ubuso bomhlaba abukabonakali.
Kungumkhathi wolwandle kuphela, kanye nesizalo salo lonke izulu. Akukaqoqwa lutho. Konke kuphumule. Akukho okuzamazamayo. Konke kuphelile, ekuphumuleni esibhakabhakeni. Akukho okumile okwamanje, kuphela umkhathi wamanzi, kuphela ulwandle oluzolile lulele lodwa.
Namanje akukho okungaba khona. Yonke into inokuthula futhi ithule ebumnyameni, ebusuku.” ( Popol Vuh, k. 67-69 ) Ingxenye engaphambili yendaba yendalo yePopol Vuh inanela lokho esikuthola emiBhalweni: “Ekuqaleni uNkulunkulu wadala izulu nomhlaba. Umhlaba wawuyize, ungenalutho, nobumnyama babuphezu kokwalasha. Futhi uMoya kaNkulunkulu wahamba phezu kobuso bamanzi.”
Yini esiyifundile kuze kube manje ngoHunab Ku? Okokuqala, sichaza incazelo yegama layo. Manje siyazi ukuthi kusho ukuthini "uNkulunkulu Yedwa". Siphinde sihlaziye izenzakalo ezingokomlando ezifakazela ukuthi lo nkulunkulu akahambisani ngempela namaMeya omdabu.
Empeleni kwakuyigama elasungulwa izindela zaseFrancisca zangaleso sikhathi ukuze zisize amaMayya aqonde umqondo kaNkulunkulu. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, u-Hunab Ku wathunjwa ababhali beminyaka emisha abamenza abukeke njengento ayengeyona, bezama ukuhlanekezela incazelo yakhe yangempela.
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi uHunab Ku akanakusetshenziswa njengobufakazi bokuthi amaMaya asendulo ayekholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa, kodwa sisengathola imikhondo yeqiniso ezinganekwaneni zabo lapho sibheka izincwadi ezifana nePopol Vuh. Lokhu kufakazela ukwethembeka kokulandisa kweBhayibheli okunjengoMbhoshongo WaseBabele futhi kusikhumbuza ukuthi uSathane akasoze akwazi ukudala, angasonta lokho uNkulunkulu akwenzile.
konke mayelana nesimboli
U-Hunab Ku waqala ukuvela ngemva kokufika kwabanqobi baseSpain, empeleni, ngaphambi kokunqotshwa ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha, kungashiwo ukuthi akukho okushiwo ngalo nkulunkulu. Kuzo zonke izinkulungwane zemithombo ekhona, efana ne-stelae, i-ceramics, imidwebo yasendongeni nezincwadi ezikhuluma ngomlando wamaMaya, akukho noyedwa kubo okhuluma ngoHunab Ku.
Kunobufakazi obanele obusenza sicabange ukuthi amaMaya ngokungangabazeki ayekholelwa endaweni yonke ekholelwa kunkulunkulu abaningi, okungukuthi, ayengakhulekeli unkulunkulu oyedwa kodwa ayekholelwa konkulunkulu abaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngaphakathi kwesiko lamaMaya kwakungekho mbono kaNkulunkulu oyedwa futhi lokho kungaphezu kokudume kabi.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kulula ukuphetha ngokuthi umsuka walo nkulunkulu wamaMaya wawuwumphumela wezincwadi zamakholoni, ezabhalwa ikakhulukazi izindela zaseFrancisca ngemva kokunqotshwa kweSpanishi, futhi ezazifuna ukuguqula abantu baseMeya ebuKristwini. Wavela kanje umlando walokho esikwazi namuhla njengoHunab Ku.
Hunab Ku kanye nezithunywa zevangeli ezingamaKristu
Akuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani ukuthi uHunab Ku, njengonkulunkulu, unomsuka wakhe emibhalweni yemishini yobuKristu. Ngokwalokho okushiwo yizazi-mlando nabacwaningi abaningi banamuhla baseMaya, isibalo sikaHunab Ku sasingekho, okungenani njengonkulunkulu wamaMaya, ngezikhathi zangaphambi kweSpanishi.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi kwakungemva kokufika kwabanqobi baseSpain lapho uHunab Ku waqala ukubonakala njengonkulunkulu wamaMaya, ngisho nangemva kwaleso sikhathi sokunqoba lapho lo mqondo wenezelwa khona kunkulunkulu wamaMaya. Izazi zithole ukufana okubalulekile phakathi komqondo wobuKristu wobunye, njengoba ubonakaliswa ebunyeni bukaZiqu-zintathu, kanye nobunye obuhlobene neHunab Ku.
U-Hunab Ku nokugxekwa kwezemfundo
Ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi be-anthropological, isibalo sikaHunab Ku ngokuyisisekelo sihambisana nokusungulwa okudalwe izithunywa zevangeli ezithunyelwe yi-Francisca Order. Ngokombono walezi zazi ze-anthropologists, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi u-Hunab Ku uvela endaweni yokuqala yonkulunkulu baseMayan.
Ukuze kucace lokhu, izazi ziye zaqhathanisa imibono yezithunywa zevangeli ezingamaKristu kaZiqu-zintathu kanye nobunye obuhlobene noHunab Ku. Ngokwalezi zazi, inhloso yohlobo lweyunithi eyanikezwa uHunab Ku iwukuyenza ibukeke ifana noNkulunkulu wobuKristu futhi ngaleyo ndlela isondeze amaMayans enkolweni yokukholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa, ngokuyisisekelo okwakuyinhloso yezithunywa zevangeli ngemva kwempi. inkathi.-Spanish.
Hunab Ku New Age imvuselelo
Abantu abahlukene abahlobene nezwe leNkathi Entsha babenomthwalo wemfanelo ngandlela thile ukuvuselela nokwazisa umqondo we-Hunab Ku ekhulwini lama-XNUMX. Ababhali abaningi abadumile babuyisele lo mqondo ekuphileni, phakathi kwabo singagqamisa u-Domingo Martínez Paredez, owahumusha unkulunkulu wamaMayan okholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa ngokuwuhlanganisa nophawu lwesikwele ngaphakathi kwendingilizi.
UParedez uphinde wadweba ukufana phakathi kwalokhu kuhumusha kanye nomqondo wendawo yonke we-Freemason owenziwa i-Great Architect. Lona kwakuwumzamo wokuhlobanisa izakhi ze-esoteric nombono kankulunkulu wamaMaya okholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa. UParedez wabhala ngemibono yakhe encwadini yakamuva futhi kamuva yandiswa nguJosé Argüelles.
Hunab Ku symbolism
Njengoba kade sisho kuso sonke lesi sihloko, isibalo sikaHunab Ku asizange sivele emadolobheni asendulo aseMeya futhi kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthola noma yiluphi uphawu oluhlobene nalo nkulunkulu othile phakathi kwamaMayans okuqala, kodwa abanye iNkathi Entsha yazenzela ezazo izimpawu.
Ababhali abaningi beNkathi Entsha ekhulwini lama-XNUMX bamemezela ukuhlotshaniswa kwezimpawu ezihlukene ne-Hunab Ku. Omunye wabo kwakunguParedez, owathuthukisa inkolelo-mbono ebonisa ukuthi lo nkulunkulu wayemelwe isikwele esiphakathi kwendilinga, noma indilinga phakathi kwesikwele.
Ngemva kwesikhathi ukwazisa komunye umlobi weNkathi Entsha kwavela obala. Kwakumayelana no-Arguelles, okwathi iminyaka eminingana egxile ekwandiseni imibono ehlongozwa nguParedez. Wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi empeleni kwakungesona isikwele, kodwa kunalokho idizayini engunxande abantu baseMesoamerican ababeyisebenzisela ukubhekisela kunkulunkulu ophakeme.
U-Arguelle waqhubeka nokuguqula uphawu ukuze lubonakale luhlanganisa i-yin ne-yang motif, kanye nomklamo oyindilinga omelela umthala. Lo mklamo othile wawusetshenziswa iningi lama-Aztec ezingutsheni zawo zemikhuba futhi uye watholakala kuyi-codex yekhulu le-XNUMX ehlobene nama-Aztec.
Hunab Ku kanye ne-cosmology
Iningi lababhali benkathi ebizwa ngokuthi iNkathi Entsha baye banaka ngokukhethekile ukubaluleka kwendawo yonke kankulunkulu wamaMaya owaziwa ngokuthi uHunab Ku. Ngokunengqondo, le ncazelo ihlanganiswa nokugcizelela ukuthi u-Hunab Ku ungunkulunkulu wasendulo, kuyilapho kungekho bufakazi obunjalo obukhona emithonjeni yamaMaya.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababhali beNkathi Entsha bayaqhubeka bekholelwa ukuthi lo nkulunkulu, u-Hunab Ku, wayengunkulunkulu owayephethe ekuqaleni uMkhathi. Baqinisekisa nokuthi lo nkulunkulu wayehlala enkabeni yeMilky Way. Ngokufanayo, kuye kwathiwa, njengoba amaMayans ayemakhulu, izazi zezinkanyezi zabona izinkanyezi futhi zabeka uHunab Ku phakathi nendawo yendawo yonke.
Kuhle ukusho ukuthi i-Hunab Ku, ngokwezinkolelo zamasiko amaningi nemisinga, yayibhekwa njengesikhungo sawo wonke umthala. Ngokufanayo, kusiko lamaMaya, lo nkulunkulu wayeyinhliziyo nengqondo yoMdali. Lapho futhi elangeni, zaziqondisa amehlo azo njengoba zihlola izinkanyezi.
AmaMayans ayenezinkolelo eziningi ezithandwayo kulo nkulunkulu, isibonelo, ayekholelwa ukuthi izinhliziyo nezingqondo zabo ziphakathi nendawo yonke futhi bakwazi ukuxhumana nonkulunkulu uHunab Ku kwakungenzeka kuphela ngelanga. Kubhekwa njengesikhungo somthala futhi, ngokulandelayo, inhliziyo nengqondo yomdali, umdali womhlaba nomuntu, kuthiwa uHunab Ku wakha umhlaba izikhathi ezintathu.
Isikhathi sokuqala kwakuhlala uGenii. Okwesibili umhlaba wawuhlalwe yi-dzolob, uhlanga olumnyama nolubi. Emzamweni wokugcina owenziwa uHunab Ku, umhlaba wawuhlalwa amaMayans. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaMayans agcina inkolelo yokuthi inkaba yomthala, okungukuthi, i-Hunab Ku, njalo eminyakeni engu-5.125, kuvela "i-synchronizing ray", evumelanisa ngokunembile ilanga nawo wonke amaplanethi, ngokuphuma kwamandla okunamandla.
I-Hunab Ku kanye ne-Cosmic Consciousness
Akuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani ukuthi ababhali beNkathi Entsha baqinisekise iminyaka ukuthi unkulunkulu owaziwa ngokuthi u-Hunab Ku utholakala maphakathi ne-Milky Way. Manje, ngemuva kwaleyo nkulumo, kukhona futhi inhloso kamoya. Eqinisweni, ababhali beNkathi Entsha banikeza incazelo engokomoya engokomfanekiso kule ndawo kankulunkulu uHunab Ku.
Ngokwezinkolelo zabo, kuthiwa unkulunkulu uHunab Ku nguye owadala indawo yonke. Isiko liyaqinisekisa ukuthi lo nkulunkulu wakha indawo yonke ngediski elijikelezayo futhi nguye oqhubeka ezala imithala emisha nemizimba yezinkanyezi. Ngokunjalo, uHunab Ku kukholakala ukuthi ungumdali wakho konke ukwazi endaweni yonke.
Isifinyezo se-Hunab Ku
Kuze kube manje sibe nethuba lokufunda okuningi ngonkulunkulu u-Hunab Ku. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi sibhekene nomunye wezithixo, uma kungeyena unkulunkulu ophikisana kakhulu ngaphakathi kwesiko lamaMeya. Ngokwezazi-mlando eziningi, kunenkolelo yokuthi lo nkulunkulu ekuqaleni wasungulwa izithunywa zevangeli ezingamaKristu, ngemva kokunqoba kweSpain izifunda zaseMayan.
Yayiyini injongo yezithunywa zevangeli ezingamaKristu ekusunguleni unkulunkulu onjengoHunab Ku? Ngokomlando, inhloso eyinhloko yezithunywa zevangeli kwakuwukudala unkulunkulu, ogama lakhe lisho “uNkulunkulu oyedwa” ngesiMayan. Ngalokhu kusungulwa, izithunywa zevangeli zazihlose ukusondeza amaMayans enkolweni yobuKristu futhi ziwaguqulele kulowo msinga wenkolo.
Le nguqulo iba yigugu nakakhulu lapho kuhlaziywa imibhalo yasendulo yomlando yesiko lamaMayan, lapho isibalo sikaHunab Ku singarekhodwa ndawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi emadolobheni asendulo aseMeya lo nkulunkulu wayengekho, kodwa kunalokho kwakuyinto eqanjiwe eyafika ngezikhathi zokunqotshwa kweSpain.
Intshisekelo yesimanje ku-Hunab Ku ivuswe ngemuva kokuthi labo ababizwa ngokuthi i-New Agers baqale ukufaka izimpawu nezincazelo ezintsha ku-Hunab Ku phakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Incazelo kuma-tattoos
Izimpawu zamaMaya seziphenduke enye yezindlela eziyinhloko ezifakwe kuma-tattoos. Uma ungomunye walabo bantu abacabanga ngombono wokudweba uphawu lwesiko lamaMeya, ake ngikutshele ukuthi kunemibono eminingi ehlobene nonkulunkulu u-Hunab Ku. Sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda ukuze uthole umsuka nencazelo yalolu phawu.
U-Hunab Ku ukholakala ukuthi uwuphawu lwasendulo lwamaMayan oluyisici esiyinhloko kumasondo abo angcwele esikhathi noma izinhlelo zekhalenda. Kukhona nezinkolelo-mbono zokuthi uphawu lungase lube ngama-Aztec asendulo. Uphawu luyisisekelo esibalulekile ekuqondeni imijikelezo yokuphila (futhi futhi isici esiyinhloko ekuqondeni izinganekwane zamaMeya).
Uphawu lwe-Hunab Ku luhumusha ngokuthi: “Umuphi wokunyakaza nesilinganiso” noma “Umthombo wamandla okuwukuphela kwawo”: Ngalolu hlobo lokuhlushwa okunamandla kwamandla, i-Hunab Ku iphinde ibe umfanekiso ongokomfanekiso kankulunkulu; okuwukuphela kukankulunkulu, noma unkulunkulu ophakeme kunawo wonke phakathi kwamaMaya (nakuba lokhu kubheka kungazange kuboniswe).
Manje, isho ukuthini i-tattoo ye-Hunab Ku? Iqiniso eliwukuthi lingaba nezincazelo eziningana, kodwa ezinye zazo yilezi:
- Ukuhamba kwamandla okuphila
- Umjikelezo wempilo ngezinga elikhulu
- Ukuhleleka nokulinganisela kwendawo yonke
- Amandla angcwele noma amandla angapheli atholakala kukho konke ukuphila.
Uma sihlaziya lesi simboli ngokuningiliziwe, singabona izinto eziningana, ikakhulukazi ukuthi limelela isimiso sasendulo sokulinganisela kuzo zonke izinto. Kusikhumbuza ngisho uphawu lwakudala lwe-yin yang olutholakala ku-symboogy yase-Asia. Ungabona ibhalansi ngokuya ngezinto ezikhanyayo nezimnyama. Iphethe izimpawu ezijulile zokuthola ibhalansi.
Ibhalansi ekudumeni njenge:
- isithunzi sakhe nokukhanya kwakhe
- Ejabule futhi edabukile
- Umama nobaba
- Ubusuku nemini
- Kwesokudla nakwesokunxele
- Ilanga nenyanga
Ngokwesazi samaMaya uJosé Argüelles, iHunab Ku iwukuqala kokuphila ngale komkhathi. U-Argüelles uveza okulandelayo ngalesi sihloko:
“Ingachazwa njengokuthi inokunyakaza okujikeleza ngasikhathi sinye kanye ne-counter-spin okuphumela ngaphandle kusuka endaweni emaphakathi yamandla angachazeki ashaya ngesivinini esithile. Lokho kushaya kwenhliziyo kuwumgomo wokuphila kanye nokuqaphela okuseduze kuzo zonke izigigaba.”
Ezinye Izithombe Ezifakiwe
Umthelela u-Hunab Ku abe nawo empucukweni yamasiko amaningi, hhayi nje ezinganekwaneni zamaMaya, awuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani. Singasho ukuthi ingenye yezibalo ezimele kakhulu, kangangokuthi lo nkulunkulu, njengophawu oludumile, usetshenziswa kabanzi kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lomkhiqizo. Singabona ukumelwa kwayo kusukela kumidwebo ye-tattoo, kuya kuma-wallet noma izikhwama, ngisho nezibuko.
Ngezansi sikubonisa ezinye zezithombe ezivelele lapho kuvela khona uphawu lwe-Hunab Ku:
Ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo ezihlokweni ezilandelayo: