Umjikelezo wempilo uyashintshashintsha kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane, kwesinye isikhathi kungaba amahora nezinye izikhathi izinyanga. Kulesi sihloko sizochaza ngomjikelezo wempilo yempukane. Lo mjikelezo wempilo uzoncika ebulilini bayo, kodwa ikakhulukazi uma isekuthunjweni noma endle. Kungakho sikumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda isihloko esilandelayo ukuze wazi la maqiniso athakazelisayo.
Fly Life Cycle
Ukuphila kwezinhlobo eziningi kunqunyelwe isikhathi esithile, lokhu kuvame ukuhluka ngokuya ngezinhlobo zazo. Lokhu kuphila kungathatha amahora, izinsuku, izinyanga, noma mhlawumbe iminyaka. Kodwa uma kuziwa emjikelezweni wokuphila kwempukane, kunzima kakhulu ukwazi ngokuqinisekile. Njengoba enkululekweni ngokwezifundo ezehlukene kulinganiselwa ukuthi umjikelezo wempilo yempukane uhamba phakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-25 kuya kwezingama-52 lapho usumdala. Kodwa lokhu kungashintsha lapho besekuthunjweni, njengoba abanye babo bakwazi ukufinyelela amasonto ayishumi nanye. Kodwa into eyodwa engashintshi ukuthi abesilisa bazophila isikhathi esincane kakhulu kunabesifazane.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngo-2008 kwakukhona indaba yezindaba lapho, ngokusho kwabacwaningi abaningana abavela endaweni ethile yokucwaninga yaseSwitzerland, bathi ngenxa yokwanda komsebenzi wobuchopho wezimpukane, kwabangela umjikelezo wokuphila wezimpukane wehla. Okusho ukuthi, baphila ngaphansi kakhulu kwalokho obekushiwo. Lab’ ososayensi kwakungoprofesa ababili ababengaphansi komnyango wesayensi yemvelo nokuziphendukela kwemvelo eNyuvesi yaseLausanne, eNtshonalanga. Laba bacwaningi baqanjwe ngo-Tadeusz Kawecki kanye no-Joep Burger, ababethole ukuhlobana okungalungile lapho betadisha intuthuko yabo emakhonweni abo okufunda ezimpukane nokuphila isikhathi eside.
Ngalokhu sisho, ngamafuphi, izimpukane ezihlakaniphe kakhulu zaziphila kancane kakhulu. Ososayensi abashicilele imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ephephabhukwini elaziwayo elibizwa ngokuthi i-Evolution bazibophezele ekuhlukaniseni izinombolo zempukane ukuze kufundwe ngamaqembu amabili. Elinye lala maqembu lahlala lisesimweni salo semvelo, kuyilapho elinye laqala ukuthuthukisa amakhono alo okufunda. Abacwaningi bafundise leli qembu ukuhlonza iphunga lokudla ngokunambitha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi limnandi noma cha, futhi lihlobanise iphunga elidalwe ilebhu nephunga elinembile.
Lokhu kwenziwa ezizukulwaneni ezimbalwa futhi emva kwezizukulwane ezingama-30 kuye kwezingama-40 kamuva. Ososayensi bathole izimpukane ukuze bathuthukise amakhono okufunda angcono futhi bakwazi nokubamba ngekhanda isikhathi eside. Nokho, naphezu kwakho konke lokhu kuhlola, kwaboniswa ukuthi iqembu lezimpukane elalisesimweni sazo semvelo lalinomjikelezo wokuphila omude kakhulu kunalezo ezazihlakaniphe kakhulu. Ngakho umjikelezo wokuphila wezimpukane wawunqunywa ngaphezu kwakho konke inkululeko yazo. Umphumela walolu cwaningo wawuwukuthi lapho impukane ihlakanipha kakhulu, iphila mfishane.
Ososayensi baqinisekisa futhi baphetha ngokuthi ukuguga kwezimpukane kwasheshiswa umsebenzi we-neural othuthuke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke lokhu kwakhiqiza ukuguga, okungachaza iqiniso lokuthi izimpukane azizange zithuthukise ngokugcwele amandla azo e-neuronal. Lesi sakamuva sigqanyiswe ocwaningweni lwakhe, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ubuchopho buchitha u-20% kuya ku-25% wamandla azo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo futhi kuyaqondakala ukuthi lezo zilwane ezinenhlanhla yokuba nobuchopho obungasetshenziswa kancane ziphila isikhathi eside. .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5r-2uDSu4I
Ngakho-ke, impukane iyinambuzane yasemhlabeni, enomthelela omkhulu emvelweni, okungeyesigaba sezinambuzane kanye ne-Diptera oda. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, okuvame kakhulu yileso somndeni wakwaMuscidae, esatshalaliswa ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba. Ngokuqondene negama layo lesayensi, i-Musca domestica, ibonakala ngokuba nemigqa emnyama emi-4 ngemuva kwethorax yayo. Isisu sayo sinombala okhanyayo nhlangothi zombili futhi sinebhande elimnyama elimaphakathi phezu kwezingxenye zesisu.
Izimpawu Zezimpukane
Impukane ibonakala ngomzimba owakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu, okuyikhanda, ithorax nesisu. Amehlo akhe anombala obomvu, akhiwe izingxenye eziyizinkulungwane ezizokwazi ukuzwela ukukhanya. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi balokhu besula amehlo abo ngokuhlikihla izidladla zabo. Amehlo akhe, noma isitho sakhe esibukwayo, azoswela ilensi emaphakathi, ngenxa yalezo zici noma amayunithi amukelayo, azomvumela ukuthi abonise konke ukunyakaza okwenzeka eduze kwakhe ngaso leso sikhathi.
Ngokuqondene nekhanda lezimpukane, liqukethe zonke izingxenye zomlomo, lezi zizokuvumela ukuba uzisebenzise ukukhotha, ukuncelisa, ukubhoboza noma ukuluma. Futhi kukhona ngisho nezinhlobo ezithile zezimpukane ezizokwazi ukuluma nokumunca igazi kubantu. Lezi zimpukane zibonakala ngokuba namaphiko azozivumela ukuba zindize. Kodwa futhi inezinye ezincane kakhulu, ezinobukhulu obuncane obuzothatha igama elithi ama-seesaws noma ama-haltere, lezi zimpiko ezincane zizoba nomsebenzi wokuzinzisa ukunyakaza kwazo.
Ngaphandle kwalokho osekuchaziwe kakade, impukane imbozwe izinwele nezinombolo eziningi zamasilika ezinzwa, okuzoyivumela ukuba inambithe, izwakale futhi ihogele. Indlela lezi zimpukane ziziphatha ngayo zijabulela konke ezikunyathelayo futhi uma lokhu kukuthanda, okusho ukuthi kubonakala kumnandi, zehlise imilomo yazo ziphinde ziyizame. Lokhu kuziphatha kujwayelekile kakhulu kubo futhi bakusebenzisa ukuthola ukudla kwabo. Zibuye zisizane ngemilenze yazo, ezivumela ukuthi zihambe kahle.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imilenze yabo inohlobo lwemicamelo emincane yokunamathela ezobavumela ukuthi bakwazi ukuhamba ezindaweni ezibushelelezi njengengilazi. Izimpukane uma sezikhulile zinosayizi ophakathi kwamamilimitha angu-5 no-8 ubude kanye namaphiko acishe abe ngamamilimitha ayi-13 kuya kwangu-15. Elinye iqiniso elibalulekile ukuthi abesifazane bakhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa, ngokwamehlo abo, abesifazane banebanga elikhulu phakathi kwamehlo abo amabili kunabesilisa.
Indawo yokuhlala kanye nokudla
Impukane iyandiza futhi igcwele ezindaweni eziningi lapho kukhona noma kukhona khona abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sezulu sinjani. Futhi nalolu hlobo lwezilwane yizona ezijwayela amazinga okushisa amaningi emhlabeni. Izimpukane zikhangwa izindawo ezinuka izinhlanzi nenyama, njengoba idla udoti. Ngenxa yalokhu, zingatholakala lapho kukhona ukudla, udoti kanye nemfucuza. Kodwa izimpukane ngeke zidle kuphela udoti, kodwa futhi nendle, izithelo ezibolile, okungukuthi, noma yiluphi uhlobo lwemfucuza.
Lolu hlobo lwezilwane, ngaphandle kokuba nesicefe kakhulu ezindlini zethu, luphinde lube yingozi kakhulu empilweni yethu. Njengoba lawa enamagciwane angabangela izifo ezimbi kakhulu kubantu, yingakho kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile ngokudla abangakungcolisa. Izimpukane uma zidla azihlafuni, kodwa zizomunca futhi zibuyisele uketshezi lwalezi zinto. Esinye isici esibalulekile ukuthi zithwala amagciwane emizimbeni yazo, yingakho lolu hlobo lwezilwane luyingozi kakhulu empilweni. Njengoba kubantu lokhu kungaba yingozi kakhulu futhi kuholele nakwezinye izifo.
ukuthi badla kanjani
Izimpukane zasendlini zisebenzisa ujusi wazo wokugaya ukudla. Lolu ketshezi luhlanzwa izimpukane ekudleni kwazo okuqinile. Lokhu kuzozivumela ukuthi zincibilikise ukudla kwazo kube izingcezu ezincane ezizovumela umlomo wazo ukuthi udle ukudla kwazo. Ngokwezifundo ezihlukahlukene, le nqubo yokudla yanikezwa igama elithi "proboscis".
Bangakwazi ukunambitha ngezidladla zabo
Njengezinye isinambuzane, kulokhu izimvemvane, izimpukane zinganambitha ukudla zisebenzisa imilenze yazo emincane. Lokhu kubangelwa kakhulu ukuthi izimpukane zinesici esingavamile kakhulu. Etholakala ezingxenyeni zokugcina zemilenze yayo emincane. Lesi sici ukuthi inambitheka, yingakho uma impukane ihlezi esitsheni esimnandi, okungaba yindle yezilwane, kungase kube ipuleti lakho lokudla. Yingakho ukuziphatha ababa nakho ngaphambi kokudla noma yikuphi ukudla. Bandiza bagqolozele yonke into ukuze babone ukuthi yini engcono kuye nokuthi yini emcasulayo ngaleso sikhathi.
Ukuzalana Kwezimpukane
Izinambuzane zizokwethula i-metamorphosis ephelele, ngalokhu sisho ukuthi, izigaba zangaphambi kokucabanga ziyahlukahluka kakhulu uma zisesigabeni sabantu abadala. Isikhathi sebhayoloji siyadlula, nokho, kukhona okuhlukile okumbalwa. Lezi zizobonakala ngezigaba ezi-4 ezichazwe kahle njengoba zinjalo; iqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi kanye nomuntu omdala. Kulokhu lapho kwethulwa khona i-Diptera enamaphiko ngokuvamile. Konke lokhu bese kuxhunyaniswa nalezi zigaba ezi-4 ezishiwo.
Ngokuphathelene nokuvundiswa kwamaqanda nokumelana nezibungu, kuhlobene eduze nezinga elithile lokushisa. Uma sikhuluma ngezinga lokushisa sibhekisela ekushiseni, okungasheshisa isimo. Kodwa lokhu kunomphumela wokuphindaphinda njengoba uma ukushisa kukhuphuka, ukukhiqizwa kungehla. Futhi, ngokocwaningo abalwenzile, amazinga okushisa asebusuku nemini ngeke abe nomthelela kubo. Njengoba akufanele kube nomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalokhu.
Omunye umphumela owenziwe ucwaningo ukuthi izimpukane ziba yinyumba uma zihlangana nezinga lokushisa elingu-30°C. Mayelana nokuzala, kuphakeme kakhulu kunalokho okulindelekile ezinambuzaneni. Kodwa elinye iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni inani lamaqanda livame ukuhluka. Isibonelo salokhu ama-hypoboscoid azokhiqiza isibungu esisodwa kuphela. Ngokuqondene namanye ama-Diptera, azozalela amaqanda aphakathi kuka-6 kuya kwayi-8 kuphela, kuyilapho kwezinye izinhlobo angabala kusukela kwezimbalwa kuye ezinkulungwaneni. Njengoba kuchaziwe, konke kuzoncika ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezinhlobo.
Lapho kukhulunywa ngezimpukane, insikazi ingavundisa amaqanda angaba ngu-2000 100, ngamaqembu amaningana aphakathi kwekhulu kuya kwayi-150. Ngalokhu, kungaphethwa ngokuthi uma insikazi ishiya okungenani amaqanda ayikhulu ekuzaleni ngakunye . Uma lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, kungafinyelela abalandeli abaningi njengenani lamadoda aphila emhlabeni. Lokhu kuthathwa ku-100, uma kwenzeka ukuthi ukufa kwabo akukho, kodwa iningi lifa esigabeni sabo sezibungu. Noma nangemva kokuba sebedlulile kulesi sigaba izinombolo zabo zehla kakhulu njengoba beyizisulu ezilula ezidla ezinye ezingapheli.
Ngokuqhubeka nomjikelezo wokuphila kwezimpukane, lezi zinambuzane zizophuma emaqandeni ziyizibungu esikhathini esingamahora angu-24 noma zingaphuma ngisho nangemuva kwamahora angu-12 uma amazinga okushisa ephezulu. Izibungu ezizobizwa ngokuthi izimpethu kulesi simo sezimpukane zizozinikela ekunambitheni ukudla okubolile. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izimpethu ngeke zikwazi ukubonwa, njengoba zihlala ngaphansi kwe-substrate ekhethwe impukane endala ukuze izalele amaqanda ayo.
Uma lezi zibekwe endaweni evulekile, zizongena ngokushesha ngaphakathi. Lokhu kungenxa yokufinyela okunamandla kwemisipha, lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokuthi bangase bakwenyanya ukukhanya noma babaleke ngokushesha ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye ngokwemvelo, njengezinyoni, ezifanekisela ukudla okumnandi nokunomsoco. Yingakho inani labo lehla kulesi sigaba njengoba beyizisulu ezilula zozakwabo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zizodinga ukushisa nomswakama okwengeziwe, ngakho zizokoma ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu uma zivezwe emoyeni. Ezinambuzaneni eziningi, yizibungu ezizoqoqa ukudla okuningi ezizokufuna. Lokhu ngeke nje kube ukulondoloza impilo yabo, kodwa futhi bakwenzela ukwakhiwa kwe-nymphal. Lokhu kwakamuva yikho okuzozala abantu abadala, inhloso yabo kuwukuzalana. Konke okuchazwayo kuyingxenye yomjikelezo wempilo yempukane.
Ngemva kwalokhu, cishe izinsuku eziyisi-6 zizodlula lapho kulapho lapho ziqeda khona ukukhula, lapho zingakwazi khona ukukhulisa ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-800 ubukhulu bomzimba wazo. Ngemva kokudlula kulesi sigaba, isikhumba saso sangaphandle sizoqina kakhulu, size siqine, ngaleyo ndlela siguquke sibe ikhayithi ensundu. Okuzoba side futhi kube yindilinga, okuzokwenza i-pupa ibe ngaphakathi. Lesi sici esimise okwekite sizothatha i-puparium njengegama layo. Uma sekudlule isikhathi, cishe isonto elilodwa liyabalwa, isiphungumangathi sishintsha sibe impukane endala.
Le mpukane ishintsha isuka kukhayithi lapho ibivalelwe khona. Lokhu ukuziphatha okufanayo itshwele elinalo noma elidlula lapho kufanele liphule igobolondo leqanda. Bobabili baletha inkinga efanayo, okungukuthi ngokwayo kufanele baphule "imvilophu" yabo ukuze baphume sebevele sebeshintshile. Kodwa okuzihlukanisayo ukuthi, esikhundleni soqhwaku, endabeni yezinyoni, zizoba nethuluzi elibalulekile nelikhethekile lalesi senzakalo, njenge-putilino. Okuzobonakala kuhlobo lwe-vesicle elisebunzini lalezi. Phakathi kwamehlo akho, okuzokwenza njengohlobo lomshini wokunyathelisa we-hydraulic.
Konke lokhu, esesikuchazile, kungomjikelezo wokuphila kwempukane. Kodwa akugcini lapho, kunesinye isigaba esenzeka lapho impukane ibamba umzimba wayo ngesigqi, okubangela ukuba igazi ligeleze ngaphakathi kwe-vesicle. Lokhu kuzovuvukala kubangele ukuthi icindezele kakhulu esigxotsheni sangaphambili se-puparium. Uma amandla esetshenzisiwe kule ndawo, aqhubeka nokuphuka ubude bawo bonke ngendlela eyindilinga, okubangela ukuthi iphakame njengesivalo. Yingakho beqamba leli qembu elikhethiwe lama-cyclorraphics. Ngemva kwenkathi yezinsuku ezi-3 kusukela i-puparium iphukile, iqala ukubeka amaqanda. Ukunikeza ngale ndlela isiqalo, futhi, somjikelezo wempilo yempukane.
Uma ubukade unentshisekelo kulesi sihloko esimayelana ne-Life Cycle of the Fly, ngiyakumema futhi ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda izihloko ezilandelayo ezimayelana nezilwane zonke nezinhlobo ezikuwo: