I-DNA ne-RNA: Incazelo, umehluko, imisebenzi nokunye

Umthwali othize wolwazi lofuzo kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo yi-nucleic acid eyaziwa ngokuthi i-DNA, enye i-nucleic acid eyinhloko i-ribonucleic acid, ushukela wayo onekhabhoni emihlanu uhluke kancane kulowo we-DNA. Kulesi sihloko sibonisa ulwazi oluthakazelisayo mayelana Isakhiwo se-DNA ne-RNA!

Incazelo ye-DNA ne-RNA

Ukuphila emhlabeni kuhlukahluka kakhulu, kusukela ku-protozoa enengqamuzana elilodwa kuya ezitshalweni nasezinyaweni eziningi ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, kodwa ezingeni lamangqamuzana, zonke izinto eziphilayo zakhiwa izakhi ezifanayo eziyisisekelo, I-DNA ne-RNA njengoba beyingxenye ye Umsuka wempilo, omunye umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-DNA ne-RNA ukuthi i-DNA inezintambo ezimbili kuyilapho i-RNA inomucu owodwa. 

Yini i-DNA?

Ngokomzimba, i-macromolecule engagcini nje ngokugcina ulwazi lwefa ngokwayo, kodwa futhi iyisiqondiso esinemibandela sokuthuthukiswa okunemibandela kwayo yonke into ephilayo kusuka engqamuzaneni yendawo yonke.

Uma uqhathanisa umuntu nekhompiyutha futhi konke ukuhlukahluka kwempilo yezinto eziphilayo kuqhathaniswa nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamakhompiyutha angamarobhothi, i-DNA kulesi siqhathaniso izoba ulimi lohlelo lwebhayoloji, umehluko kuphela ukuthi izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ziphelele kune amakhompyutha athuthuke kakhulu.

Isibonelo, zonke izinhlobo zezilwane zinekhono eliyingqayizivele lokuhlukanisa nokuguqula amangqamuzana, empeleni, ngesikhathi sokuzikhiqiza kwamangqamuzana, i-biomass ayigcini nje ngokuvela ngokwayo, kodwa futhi iguqula ngokomzimba ukuxazulula imisebenzi eminingi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. zezinhlobo eziphilayo, izinhlobo zazo, amakhono ayingqayizivele avela ekwehlukaneni kwengqamuzana elisendaweni yonke, lokhu kukodwa kudlula kude zonke izimpumelelo zofuzo zesimanje.

Umsebenzi

La Umsebenzi we-DNA Okuhlobene nephrotheni kuyi-polymer eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yama-monomers aziwa ngokuthi ama-amino acid, amaprotheni angama-molecule anamandla kumaseli akho, angena njengama-enzyme, ukusekelwa kwesakhiwo, amahomoni, kanye nenqwaba yamanye ama-molecule asebenzayo, zonke izici eziphumayo. kusukela ekusebenzelaneni kwamaprotheni namanye kanye nezindawo ezizungezile.

Isakhiwo se-DNA

Wonke umuntu uzwile ukuthi i-deoxyribonucleic acid inesakhiwo esinezintambo ezimbili, ku-inthanethi, kumamuvi, ezikhangisweni, ungathola isithombe sayo esandisiwe yonke indawo. Ake siqonde kangcono ukuthi yini Isakhiwo se-DNA:

• Ama-nucleotide ayizisekelo zokwakha.
• Izintambo ezimbili zofuzo, ezisontekile zaba yi-spiral.
• Iketango ngalinye lakhiwe ama-nucleotide afaka isakhi sofuzo esithile.
• Amaketanga amabili axhunywe ngamabhondi e-hydrogen.

Amaketanga e-Nucleotide aqukethe nezakhiwo ezingakahlolisiswa ngokuphelele, okuthi, uma uthi nhlá, zingabambi iqhaza ezinqubweni ze-physiological, lezi zindawo ezinkulu zibizwa ngokuthi udoti.

Izinhlobo 

• A-DNA: Itholakala kumswakama ongu-75%, endaweni lapho kunosawoti omningi noma ukugxila kwe-ionic, okufana ne-K +, Na +, Cs + noma esimweni sokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, ihlala isesimweni esiqukethe amapheya angu-11 wama-nucleotide ane zishintshiwe zaba ngu-+2.56 A ⁰  mpo ngokubhanqwa kwesisekelo ngasinye.  
• B-DNA: Ikumswakama ongu-9.25 kanye nokugxiliswa kukasawoti okuphansi noma amandla e-ionic, inamapheya ayisisekelo angu-10 ijika ngalinye elivela ku-axis ye-helical.
• I-C-DNA: Ibonwa kumswakama ongu-66% kanye nasekusebenzeni kwamanye ama-ion afana ne-lithium (Li +). Inamapheya ayisisekelo angaba ngu-9.33 ngokujika ngakunye, ububanzi be-helix bucishe bube ngu-19 A. ⁰ futhi ukuphakama okuqondile kwe-base pair ngayinye ye-helix engakwesokudla ngu-3.320.
• I-D-DNA: Akuvamile ukubonwa njengokuhlukile okwedlulele, wonke amapheya angu-8 ayisisekelo ahlehla kabi ukusuka ku-helix axis ngokukhuphuka kwe-axial uma cishe ku-3.03A ⁰
• Z-DNA: Itholakala endaweni enosawoti omningi kakhulu, ngokungafani nohlobo lwe-DNA A, B no-C, iyisakhiwo se-helical esingakwesokunxele.

Iyini i-RNA?

Uma i-ADN iyikhabhinethi yongqongqoshe elawula yonke into futhi yenza zonke izinqumo, khona-ke i-ARN iyisinamathiseli sabezindaba, yazisa wonke umuntu ngemiyalo emisha nezinqumo, futhi isabalalisa imiyalelo ensimini.

I-RNA i-ribonucleic acid ekwazi ukukopisha izimo zezifunda ezihlukahlukene ze-deoxyribonucleic acid futhi izithuthe isuka ku-nucleus yeseli iye endaweni yayo ye-intracellular.

Umsebenzi

Imfundiso eyinhloko yesayensi yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo isikisela ukuthi umsebenzi oyinhloko we-RNA ukuguqula ukwaziswa okugcinwe kuyi-DNA kube amaprotheni.

Isakhiwo se-RNA

I-RNA ivamise ukuba yi-molecule enomucu owodwa, futhi ushukela oku-RNA uyi-ribose esikhundleni se-deoxyribose (i-ribose iqukethe iqembu elilodwa le-hydroxyl ku-carbon yesibili), elichaza igama le-molecule, i-RNA iqukethe izisekelo ezine ze-nitrogenous: 

• adenine
• i-cytosine
• uracil
• I-Guanine 

I-Uracil iyi-pyrimidine enesakhiwo esifana ne-thymine, enye i-pyrimidine etholakala ku-DNA.

Izinhlobo

Kuphela ezinye zezakhi zofuzo kumaseli ezivezwa ku-RNA, okulandelayo yizinhlobo ze-RNA lapho uhlobo ngalunye lubhalwe ngekhodi uhlobo lwalo lofuzo:

• I-tRNA: Dlulisela i-RNA noma i-tRNA ihambisa ama-amino acid kuma-ribosome ngesikhathi sokuhumusha.
• mRNA: Isilayezi i-RNA noma i-mRNA ifaka amakhodi ama-amino acid e-polypeptide.
• rRNA: I-Ribosomal RNA noma i-rRNA ikhiqiza ama-ribosomes anamaprotheni e-ribosomal angama-organelle anesibopho sokuhunyushwa kwe-mRNA.
• snRNA: I-RNA encane ye-nuclear yakha ama-complexes anamaprotheni asetshenziswa ekucubunguleni i-RNA kuma-eukaryotes.

Umehluko Phakathi kwe-DNA ne-RNA

Okulandelayo umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwe-DNA ne-RNA:

I-DNA

• I-polymer ende, inomgogodla we-deoxyribose kanye ne-phosphate onezisekelo ezine ezihlukene: i-thymine, i-adenine, i-cytosine ne-guanine.
• Itholakala ku-nucleus yeseli naku-mitochondria.
• Ine-2-deoxyribose.
• I-DNA iyasebenza ukudluliswa kolwazi lofuzo, yakheka njengendlela yokugcina isikhathi eside.
• I-DNA iyingqamuzana enezintambo ezimbili enochungechunge olude lwama-nucleotide.
• I-DNA iyaziphindaphinda, iyaziphindaphinda.
• Ukumatanisa okuyisisekelo kungokulandelayo: I-GC (i-guanine ihambisana ne-cytosine) i-AT (i-adenine ihambisana ne-thymine).

i-RNA

• I-polymer enomgogodla we-ribose ne-phosphate enezisekelo ezine eziguquguqukayo: i-uracil, i-cytosine, i-adenine, ne-guanine.
• Itholakala ku-cytoplasm, i-nucleus, ne-ribosome. 
• Ine-ribose.
• I-RNA iyasebenza ukudluliswa kwekhodi yofuzo edingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe amaprotheni ukusuka ku-nucleus kuya ku-ribosome.
• I-RNA iyi-molecule enomucu owodwa enochungechunge olufushane lwama-nucleotide.
• I-RNA ayiziphindaphindi ngokwayo, ihlanganiswa ku-DNA uma kudingeka.
• Ukumataniswa kwesisekelo kungokulandelayo: I-GC (amapheya e-guanine ne-cytosine) i-AU (amapheya e-adenine ne-uracil).