Funda nathi namuhla, ngalokhu okuthunyelwe okuthakazelisayo, umlando we Cuzco, idolobha lokhokho eliseningizimu-mpumalanga yesizwe sasePeruvia, ezintabeni zase-Andes, isisekelo salo sokuqala, eMagna Carta iyinhloko-dolobha yomlando wezwe nokunye okuningi. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!
Umsuka weDolobha laseCuzco
Ingelinye lamadolobha amadala aphilayo eMelika, abanqobi baseSpain bayibona okokuqala ngo-1533, yayiyisikhungo sombuso wama-Inca, ukuqala kwayo kuphawulwe ngayo ngolimi lwesi-Aymara, nenkulumo ethi qusqu wanka, ethi ulimi lwesiCastilian, lisho iRock of the owl, ngenxa yokulandisa kwabazalwane abathile okuthiwa u-Ayar, ngoba kwakuwumbuso omkhulu kunawo wonke owawukhona e-Pre-Columbian America.
Idolobha laseCuzco libone kungena abantu baseSpain njengezindawo eziningi eMelika, kodwa lisawugcina umlingo walo wokhokho lapho lihamba emigwaqweni yalo, oluheha izinkulungwane zezivakashi ezifuna nsuku zonke ukuba yingxenye yale ndaba, qhubeka nokufunda lesi sihloko.
Lapho omunye wabazalwane, owayenamandla omlingo, wavuma indawo endiza ngamaphiko aphuma emzimbeni wakhe ukuze ihlale phezu kwedwala futhi ibe yingxenye yetshe njengoba imibhalo kaJuan Díez de Betanzos ithi:
"... Hamba uye lapho, undiza... futhi uhlezi lapho, uthathe isihlalo lapho leso sibonakaliso sibonakala khona, ngoba kamuva sizohamba sihlale futhi sihlale ... futhi ehlezi lapho waphenduka itshe, wenza isikhundla sezwe. ngolimi lwasendulo lwaseCuzco nabaseSpain balishiya igama elithi Cuzco…”
Ngenxa yokuthutheleka kwezivakashi, iCuzco iyidolobha lesikhombisa elinabantu abaningi esizweni sasePeruvia, imvelaphi yaleli dolobha iyinganekwane, ngenxa yezindaba zokhokho balo, kukhulunywa ngenkulungwane yeminyaka ngaphambi kukaKristu, sonke lesi sifunda sasigcwele abantu. amasiko ahlukahlukene , okubonwa ngenxa yesayensi yemivubukulo ezimfanelweni ze-ceramics, njengoba ngayinye inezici ezichaziwe.
Kukhona inkulumo mayelana noNkulunkulu weLanga ngokwakhe ogama lakhe lingu-Inti, wathatha la mazwe, abanye bakhuluma ngendodana enkulu ye-Sun God Manco Capac kanye nodadewabo, kodwa usuku oluqondile lokudalwa kwayo njengendawo yokuhlala akwaziwa, babusa amasiko amaningana. . abanye bawahlanganisa benza indawo enkulu engamakhilomitha-skwele ayizi-600.000, inhloko-dolobha yayo kuyiCuzco.
Ezakhamuzini zaseCuzco, ukukhulelwa kwazo kwakukabili ngakho-ke izindawo zazo zahlukaniswa zaba izintaba ezibizwa ngokuthi iHanan kanye nezindawo eziphansi ezinegama elithi Hurin, kusukela egameni likaManco Capac kwavela isigaba esithile sesimo senhlalo phakathi kwezihlahla ze-cacique ezibonisa Ngokuhamba kweminyaka. , ukuhambisana okukhulu, ngenxa yophenyo olwenziwayo, izitsha zobumba kanye nesiko laseKillke zingezabo, bazibiza ngokuthi ama-Inca.
Wabonisa umbuso wama-Inca, inhlangano enhle kakhulu yezenhlalo nezombusazwe eyabavumela, ngenxa yentuthuko yabo ekwakhiweni, ukuba bathole idolobha elihlelekile, iCuzco, njengaleyo yasendulo eyabonwa eRoma, into emangazayo ngolwazi lwabo lobunjiniyela nakuba wayengalazi isondo.
Kusukela kuManco Capac wasenganekwaneni, kwasungulwa uchungechunge lwababusi eCuzco ababephuma kunkulunkulu weLanga, bahlukaniswa ngamasiko abo kangangokuthi bona, ababusi bombuso wamaInca, babengakwazi ukuthinta phansi, bona kuphela. bashiya inqaba yabo enkulu emisebenzini yenkolo yabantu babo, ukuze bahlonishwe yibona.
Inkaba yomhlaba, embusweni wamaInca kwakuyidolobha laseCuzco, ngolimi lwayo lwesiQuechua, ngokophenyo olwenziwayo, kubhekwa ukuthi phakathi kweminyaka eyi-1200 ne-1400 kwakuyizisekelo zezombangazwe, zezenhlalo nezenkolo. Impucuko yangaphambi kweColumbian, ngokwalezi zifundo ezifanayo kukhona inkulumo yokubusa kwe-Inca okuthiwa iPachacútec phakathi kweminyaka ye-1438 ne-1463.
Ukuqiniswa kwalo mbuso omkhulukazi kuyaqala, kwehlisela phansi izizwe ezakhelene nazo ezaziphikisana nawo lapho i-diplomacy ingayifezi imiphumela eyayiyifiselekile, ubuhlakani babo bukhulu kangangokuthi leli dolobha ladalwa onjiniyela babo bemise okwe-puma eyayibonakala kude. phezu kwezintaba ezakha isigodi saseKuzco.
Ukubonisa ubudolobha obukhulu kanye nokunethezeka njengoba kwatholakala ekudlondlobaleni kwawo amaSpanishi lapho enqoba, ekhulwini le-XNUMX; Ngaphezu kokwakhiwa kwedolobha laseCuzco, laba onjiniyela abakhulu babonisa intuthuko kwezolimo, bavuselela umphakathi futhi bakha izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zomphakathi nezenkolo ezifanelekela ukutuswa nokuhlonishwa ngesiko labo.
I-Cuzco ibonise intuthuko yayo yezenhlalakahle njenge-nucleus enkulu yasemadolobheni, eyahlukaniswa imifula emibili i-Saphi ne-Tullumallo, lapho bathuthela kwezinye izindawo zasemadolobheni ukuze bahwebe ngenxa yokuthi babengazi uhlobo lwemali.
Kuleli dolobha laseCuzco kwakuyisigodlo.
Ngaphezu kochungechunge lwezakhiwo ezinkulu zamathempeli enkolo nezindlu zezicukuthwane, ngale kwalokho kwaba ukufudukela emadolobheni kanye namaqembu athandwayo ayeyisisekelo sezolimo nokufuywa kwezilwane.
ICuzco yayiyinhloko-dolobha yombuso wama-Inca kanye nabaseSpain, elinye lamadolobha abaluleke kakhulu ebukhosini basePeru, ngezikhathi zamakholoni ngaphansi komyalo woMqhele waseSpain, kwakhiwa inani elikhulu lamathempeli enkolo, izinqaba nezikwele ezihlukahlukene. ngobuciko be-baroque ne-neoclassical.
Ukwenza idolobha laseCuzco lahlaba umxhwele, ngonyaka we-1972, laqashelwa njengesikhumbuzo seNational Historical Monument kwathi ngo-1983, iNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba yi-UNESCO.
Isisekelo seCuzco nesikhathi sombuso we-Inca
Ngenxa yokulandisa kwabomdabu, okwahlanganiswa uGómez Suárez de Figueroa, wozalo lwaseSpanishi-Inca, owazalwa ePeru ngo-April 12, 1539, wasebenzisa igama mbumbulu elithi Inca Garcilaso de la Vega.
Waphawula ukuthi uManco Cápac wayengumbusi wokuqala futhi owasungula iCuzco ekanye nomama u-Ocilo, owayengudadewabo nomkakhe wokuqala, abantwana beLanga, bathuthela eduze kweLake Titicaca.
Ngomyalo kayise, uNkulunkulu weLanga, baphonsa umkhonto wegolide ngamandla amakhulu, lapho lelo thuluzi lawa khona, basungula idolobha labo laseCuzco, njengoba kulandiswa yilomlobi wemestizo, ngonyaka ka-1615, lalaziwa iSpain kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. , ngenxa yalokhu kubhala:
“… indawo yokuqala abafika kuyo kulesi sigodi, kusho i-Inca, yayisegqumeni elibizwa ngokuthi iHuanacauri, emini yaleli dolobha, lapho bazama ukushayelela isigxobo segolide phansi, esacwila kalula ekushayweni kokuqala abakwenza. bamtholile, ukuthi abasamboni… "
“... Khona-ke iNkaba yethu yathi kudadewabo nomkakhe: “Kulesi sigodi ubaba wethu iLanga uyala ukuba sime futhi senze indawo yethu yokuhlala nezindawo zokuhlala. ”
Ngokusho kolwazi olutholwe ngenxa yophenyo olwenziwa ku-archeology kanye ne-anthropology, umsebenzi weCuzco usuhloliwe, kuphetha ngokuthi ukubusa kweTiahuanaco kwehla, okukhiqiza ukudluliselwa kwedolobha kusukela manje okuyiBolivia.
Lesi sibalo sabantu sinyakaza cishe amadoda angama-500, ahlala esigodini somfula i-Huatanay, eza azothola iCuzco osebeni lomunye umfula okuthiwa iSaphy; usuku oluqondile akwaziwa, mayelana nokuthi iCuzco yasungulwa nini, kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi ngokophenyo olwenziwa ukuthi yahlalwa iminyaka engu-3000.
Omunye wababhali boMqhele waseSpain, uPedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, lapho efika ezwenikazi laseMelika, wayephethe ucwaningo lweCuzco, ngokocwaningo lwakhe lokuthi iCuzco yayivele inabantu bezizwe zamaGuaya, Antasayas kanye namaSahuasiray.
Njengezakhamuzi ezindala kakhulu zaleli dolobha, ubuye wakhuluma ngezinye izizwe ezifana namaCopalimaytas, amaCulunchimas nama-Alcavistas njengamasiko akamuva; Wabuye wakhuluma ngama-Ayarmacas, okwakuyizakhamuzi ezindala kakhulu futhi ama-Inca ayesebenzisa i-diplomacy, lapho inyunyana yomshado phakathi kwalezi zimpucuko yavumela ubukhazikhazi beCuzco.
Njengoba idolobha elibaluleke kakhulu loMbuso Wase-Inca ngokuba inhloko-dolobha yalo, lokhu kwaveza ukuchuma okukhulu kangangokuthi kwaba isikhungo samasiko nenkolo salo mbuso omkhulu, lapho ukukhulumisana kungenakufezeka, ukulwa kwenziwa ukuze kulawule amandla ombuso. ibutho layo..
Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yombusi wayo uPachacútec, waguqula uCuzco waba i-apogee yamasiko, waqala ukubusa ngo-1438, bobabili uPachacútec nendodana yakhe uTúpac Yupanqui babephethe iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu behlela futhi bahlanganisa izizwe ezihlukahlukene, befika ukubusa cishe kweshumi. izigidi zabantu, kuwo wonke umbuso wama-Inca.
Lombuso wawumkhulu kangangokuthi amandla eCuzco afinyelela eQuito, namuhla eyinhloko-dolobha yase-Ecuador, ehlanganisa zonke izakhamuzi ngobubanzi obungamakhilomitha angu-4500 XNUMX ochungechungeni olukhulu lwezintaba zase-Andes; Ngaphezu kwalokho, kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuma komklamo weCuzco kuwumsebenzi wePachacútec.
Hhayi-ke uma uyibuka usezintabeni zaseCuzco ifana ne-puma ngenxa yomsebenzi wonjiniyela bayo njengoba kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi babengenabo ubuchwepheshe kodwa bakhombise ikhono elikhulu ekwakhiweni kwabo okukhombisa ubuhlakani babo. ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwengqondo.
I-puma iyisilwane esingcwele sabantu base-Andean, lapho uCuzco wayevela kude umfanekiso we-puma enkulu, eyindawo emaphakathi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Haucaypata esifubeni se-feline futhi ekhanda lesilwane kwakukhona igquma le-Great. inqaba yemikhosi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Sacsayhuamán, yayihleleke kakhulu esakhiweni sedolobha.
ICuzco yayiyisizinda samandla nokuhleleka, ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezintathu namakhulu amathathu namashumi amahlanu ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle, okwabonakala ngesakhiwo salo kusukela idolobha lajoyina izindlela ezine ukuhlanganisa elalo, okwakuyizindawo ezine ababehlala kuzo. indawo yaseCuzco, eyaziwa ngokuthi iTahuantinsuyo, okusho ukuthi bobane bendawonye.
Le ndawo yayinkulu kangangokuthi yafinyelela e-Ecuador nakwezinye izindawo okwamanje okuyiChile, i-Argentina, iBolivia neColombia, njengoba eSigodini sase-Urubamba ungabona nezakhiwo ezinkulu ze-Inca, ezifana kakhulu nalezo zedolobha laseCuzco.
Ukunqoba kweSpanishi kanye nenkathi ye-viceregal
Lapho abaseSpain befika endaweni yaseCuzco, banquma ukuthatha leli dolobha baliyise eMqheleni waseSpain, bakwazi ukubamba i-Inca Atahualpa owayengumbusi wokugcina wombuso wama-Inca, edolobheni laseCajamarca, basuka lapho baya eCuzco. , ngokwemilando ethulwayo Asukela ngonyaka ka-1533, ngenyanga ka-February, ngalokhu kunqotshwa ubukhazikhazi beCuzco buphela.
AbaseSpain ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa abakwazanga ukuguqula imvelo yedolobha laseCuzco ngenxa yokuthi ukwakhiwa okuqinile kwama-Inca kwenze kwaba nzima ukuwacekela phansi ukuze enze izakhiwo ezintsha, ngakho banquma ukwakha izakhiwo zabo ezakhiweni ezikhona ze-Inca, ezingaba khona manje. kubonakala eConvent yaseSanto Domingo eyayakhiwe eThempelini LeLanga.
Isigodlo esibabazekayo saseViracocha esakhiwa amaInca saba isikhungo seSonto Lombhishobhi laseCuzco, yingakho i-Inca yasemadolobheni ingamelwa namuhla ezinkulungwaneni zezivakashi ezivakashela idolobha laseCuzco.
Abacwaningi abaningana abavumelani ngabalingiswa abenza impi enjalo yenkolo, i-Inca Garcilaso de la Vega y López de Gómara ikhuluma ngoHernando de Soto noPedro del Barco, kuyilapho uPedro Pizarro noRubén Vargas Ugarte bekhuluma ngabanye abalingiswa, leli qembu lokuqala labantu baseSpain. Babuya eCuzco baya edolobheni laseCajamarca, phakathi kwenyanga ka-May no-June ngonyaka ka-1533.
AbaseSpain bafika nenani elikhulu legolide nesiliva, njengoba umlobi wemilando uVargas Ugarte ebhala, futhi abanqobi benza olunye uhambo lokuya edolobheni laseCuzco, ngo-August 11, 1533.
UFrancisco Pizarro owesabekayo ekanye nomunye womdabu ogama lakhe linguTúpac Hualpa ngenhloso yokuthi athathe izintambo njengo-Atahualpa, kodwa waphila izinyanga ezintathu kuphela ngenxa yokuthi wabulawa ushevu, kanye neqhawe elinguCalcuchimac, owayengomunye wojenene abathathu abakhulu. I-Atahualpa.
I-Manco Inca, eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi uManco Cápac II, nayo yaphelezela uFrancisco Pizarro, yasiza uPizarro namadoda akhe ukuba bangene eCuzco, ngo-November 15, 1533, uManco Cápac II wathweswa umqhele njengo-Inca, njengoba kulandiswa emlandweni womunye wabacwaningi. URubén Vargas Ugarte.
Ngemva kwenyanga, base bekwazile ukubamba zonke izinsimbi eziyigugu eCuzco futhi abaseSpain bancibilikisa yonke imisebenzi emihle eyayidale umbuso wamaInca; leli nani elikhulu legolide elincibilikisiwe abalithukuthelisa eCuzco lalilikhulu kakhulu kunalelo elitholakala eCajamarca, ligoqa ngokomlando kuma-pesos angu-700.113.880 XNUMX XNUMX.
Kakade ngoMashi 23, 1534, uFrancisco Pizarro wakwazi ukuthola idolobha laseSpain edolobheni laseCuzco, ePlaza de Armas, okwamanje idolobha lanamuhla laseCuzco, elaliphethwe ababusi bombuso wama-Inca.
Esizeni esikhulu esibheke enyakatho, uFrancisco Pizarro wakhipha umyalo wokuba kwakhiwe ithempeli lenkolo, ebeka isiqubulo esithi: Idolobha elihle kakhulu nelikhulu laseCuzco, abantu baseSpain abangamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesishiyagalombili, babengabahlali bokuqala baseCuzco, manje okuyidolobha laseSpain, eThe ngosuku olulandelayo kwadalwa umkhandlu wedolobha, ekubeni izimeya ezivamile Pedro de Candia kanye Beltrán de Castro, ngaphezu aldermen eziyisishiyagalombili.
Edolobheni laseCuzco, manje okuyiSpanishi, izimeya nama-aldermen kwadingeka bashintshwe unyaka, ngenyanga ka-Okthoba wonyaka ka-1534 benza ukwabiwa kwenkatho noma izindawo zaseCuzco phakathi kwabanqobi baseSpain, kwakusenezingxabano amalungu e-empire Inca.
Ngemva kweminyaka emibili ngo-1536, uManco Inca uyazisola ngokusiza abaseSpain futhi uqala ukulwa nabanqobi futhi uhlela ubukhosi obaziwa ngokuthi ama-Inca aseVilcabamba, okwakungamakhosi amane angaba yizindlalifa ze-Atahualpa futhi Bamelana nabanqobi, kodwa izingxabano zathatha. indawo kuze kube unyaka ka-1572.
Kwaba neminyaka engamashumi amathathu nesithupha ukubhekana kwaze kwaba yilapho uTúpac Amaru I ehlulwa phakathi nezimpi, bambamba futhi ukuze babonise abanye bomdabu ukuthi babengeke bahlule iSpanishi bamnquma ikhanda emphakathini.
ICuzco yaba isikhungo esikhulu sohwebo namasiko eziNtabeni zase-Andes, kwakukhona nemizila eya eLima kanye nemvelo yezimayini eyayiyaziwa ngokuthi i-Upper Peru.
Okwengeziwe kwabaseSpain kulula kakhulu ukuthi itheku libeke idolobha laseLima njengenhloko-dolobha yenkosi, kodwa iCuzco yayingowomnyango wezokuphatha we-viceroyalty of the Crown yaseSpain, ngokophenyo olwaluhlonishwa abantu baseCuzco. ekubeni iningi labomdabu abavela emphakathini ophakeme wama-Inca, abanikezwa wona amalungelo athile.
Ngokufanayo, ingxenye yaseSpain yaqedwa eCuzco, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungafani kwamasiko nezomnotho okubonwa manje edolobheni namuhla kwaqala, mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwezindwangu, yebo ngaleso sikhathi kwakungaphambi kwezimboni, manje zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe. , ukuze bafike eRío de la Plata, kwakudingeka badlule eCuzco.
Kakade ubuswa abaseSpain, phakathi neminyaka engu-XVI kanye XXVII, Cuzco iqala ukulahlekelwa ubuhle bayo be-Inca, ukuqala ukwakhiwa kwamathempeli enkolo oda baroque, njengoba kwenzeka Cathedral, elakhiwa phakathi neminyaka 1560 futhi 1664 , amanye amasonto anjengeLa Compañía ngo-1576, iLa Merced, eyakhiwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX.
Ithempeli laseSan Francisco, phakathi kuka-1572 no-1662, abaseSpain nabo babephethe ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo zezibhedlela ezihlukahlukene ezifana nezibhedlela zamakholoni zaseSan Bartolomé, kamuva ezashintsha igama labo laba yiSibhedlela kanye neConvent yaseSan Juan de Dios, ukuze baye khona. ngokukhethekile kwabaseSpain kanye neSibhedlela se-Naturals sabomdabu baseCuzco.
Izinguquko eziningi kanye nezakhiwo zenziwa esakhiweni sedolobha laseCuzco, mayelana nokwakhiwa kwezikhungo zokuhleleka kwabantu, njengeSigodlo sase-Almirante, indlu yeMarquises yaseSan Lorenzo de Valle Umbroso kanye neSigodlo Sombhishobhi Omkhulu.
Mayelana nemfundo, abaseSpain banquma ukuqala izikole eziningana edolobheni laseCuzco, njengesikole saseSan Francisco de Borja, ukufundisa izingane zamakhosi ama-Inca, ngaphezu kweNyuvesi yaseSan Ignacio de Loyola, iSeminary of San Antonio de Abad, ngaphezu kwenye Inyuvesi enegama likaSan Antonio Abad.
Ngemva kokungqubuzana nama-Inca, manje kwaba ukunyakaza kwe-telluric okwacekela phansi idolobha laseCuzco, manje eliyiSpanishi, yingakho ukuthuthuka kwedolobha kwabonakala kuhamba kancane, ukuzamazama komhlaba kwakamuva kwabonakala ngonyaka ka-1650.
Kusukela lapho, ukubaluleka kombuso wama-Inca kubhekwa ekwakhiweni kwawo okusekelwe emasitezini ukuze kugwenywe ukucekelwa phansi kwezakhiwo zawo ngoba zaziphikisana nokuzamazama komhlaba, njengoba kuboniswe okwamanje ngenxa yophenyo olwenziwa ezakhiweni ezakhiwe onjiniyela bezakhiwo. umbuso wamaInca.
KwabaseSpain, ukwesaba kwabo kulokho kuzamazama komhlaba kangangokuthi baba abazinikele beNkosi Yokuzamazama komhlaba, okwathi kusukela ngalolo suku kuhlonishwa minyaka yonke ngodwendwe, nakuba kubalulekile ukukhawulela.
Ukuthi izakhamuzi zaseCuzco zazinomkhuba wokudansela izidumbu zazo ezazingabaphathi basendulo bempucuko yazo enkulu, ngoba zaziqhubeka namasiko azo kodwa esikhundleni sokudansela izidumbu zazo, abaseSpain babedansa abangcwele besiko lamaKatolika.
Zenzeka eSpain, iBourbon reforms lapho uFelipe de Borbón, ethatha umbuso wesizwe saseSpain, ngenkathi lokhu kwenzeka e-Europe ngonyaka we-1780, eCuzco kunenhlangano eyaqalwa abantu bomdabu ekhanda kwakuyinduna uJosé. UGabriel Condorcanqui, obizwa ngoTupac Amaru II.
Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yethonya lemibono ekhanyisiwe uTúpac Amaru II, uvuka ngokumelene namandla aseSpain, edolobheni laseCuzco, lezi zingxabano zasakazeka kulo lonke izwe lasePeruvia, lokhu kuvukela kwakungathatha izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela ngoba phakathi kwezimpi ukuthi senzeka eCuzco.
I-cacique uJosé Gabriel, owaziwa kangcono ngokuthi u-Túpac Amaru II, uyabanjwa futhi ukuze idolobha lingabi nesibindi sokuphinda lezi zingxabano, ukubulawa kuyalelwa kanye nomndeni wakhe wonke ePlaza de Armas yaseCuzco.
Namuhla ungabona eCuzco, ngakolunye uhlangothi lweSonto LaseCompañía de Jesús, isonto elalisetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi njengengqamuzana ukuze kugcinwe lelo cacique namuhla eliyiQhawe lasePeru.
Lesi senzakalo sakwaziswa ngokushesha, kulo lonke ukhahlamba lwezintaba zase-Andes, okwenzeka eCuzco futhi kwaba ukukhala kwenkululeko yabomdabu lapho abantu baseSpain abaningi bezikhulu eziphakeme, besaba ukubhekana nenani elikhulu labantu bomdabu, banquma ukuhamba nabo. imindeni yabo enhloko-dolobha yasePeru nasedolobheni lase-Arequipa.
Lokhu kwabangela ukwehla kwezentengiselwano kwedolobha laseCuzco njengoba izivakashi zazigwema ukusondela kule ndawo ngenxa yokwesaba ukucindezelwa okuthile kwabomdabu, ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, futhi ngonyaka we-1814, kwaba nokunye ukungqubuzana kwabomdabu ngokumelene nokuphathwa koBukhosi baseSpain. , eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi iCuzco Rebellion.
Lokhu kungqubuzana kwakumelwe abazalwane base-Angulo kanye no-brigadier ogama lakhe linguMateo Pumacahua, owayengumestizo waseCuzco, baqala ukuvukela okufana nalokhu okwakuqala eBuenos Aires ukuze bathole inkululeko ePeru eCuzco, kodwa okufanayo kungenzeka ngoba u-Viceroy José De Abascal wafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngalokhu kuvukela ezinyangeni eziyishumi nanye.
Cuzco kanye nenkathi yeRiphabhulikhi
Njengoba kubonakala emlandweni wePeru, yathola ukuzimela kwayo ngonyaka we-1821 futhi idolobha laseCuzco ligcina ukuhlobana kwalo enhlanganweni yezombangazwe yendawo yezwe, phezu kwendawo ehlala i-Intendancy, ethatha ngisho nendawo ye-Amazon. , njengoba ingakabi semngceleni wesizwe saseBrazil, iCuzco iyinhloko-dolobha yawo wonke lowo mnyango ngokomyalelo kaJosé de San Martín.
Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-Ephreli 26, 1822, kodwa le ndawo yayisengabanikazi baseSpain abathembekile kumqhele waseSpain, impi yase-Ayacucho yanqotshwa kwathi uGeneral Simón Bolívar waphuma enqobile, lapho uViceroy La Serna kwadingeka ahoxise khona, ngoDisemba 22, 1824 uyaqaphela. ukuthunjwa kuka-Ayacucho, eyisikhulu seCuzco General Agustín Gamarra, ngo-December 24, walowo nyaka.
Unyaka ka-1825 uyaqala futhi idolobha laseCuzco likwamukela ngomzwelo ukuvakashelwa kukaGeneral Simón Bolívar, ngenxa yenhlonipho isizwe sasePeru esasinayo ngomkhululi ohlonishwayo waseVenezuela uSimón Bolívar, kwavulwa izikole zeSayensi nezoBuciko, zagxila ezikoleni zangaphambilini. San Francisco de Borja, San Bernardo, University of San Antonio de Abad.
Phakathi nalokhu kuvakasha, isikole sokuqala semfundo yabesifazane basePeruvia, esibizwa ngokuthi i-Colegio Las Educandas, saphinde sakhiwa eCuzco. Kamuva, ngenxa ye-Peru-Bolivia Confederation, iCuzco yayingenye yezikhungo zale Republic eyahlala kancane kakhulu, kuphela. I-Arch of Santa Clara yahlala yalolo phawu.
ICuzco iphinde iwela enkingeni yezomnotho, yezenhlalo kanye neyokubalwa kwabantu, njengoba iningi lezakhamuzi zakhona zalahlekelwa izimpilo zazo ngenxa yezimpi eziqhubekayo ze-Independence kanye nezifo eziwumqedazwe ezabulala izakhamuzi eziningi zaleli dolobhana, nalo lase lisondele kakhulu ekuhlaselweni yiRiphabhulikhi. eBolivia ngonyaka ka-1842; ikhulu le-XNUMX laqhubeka ngaphandle kosizi noma inkazimulo ngedolobha laseCuzco.
Usongo lwezifo lwaqeda izimpilo zezakhamuzi zaseCuzco njengengxibongo ngo-1885, lwawina umklomelo wokuba idolobha elihlanzekile kunawo wonke eMelika kuze kube manje, elaqhubeka nokucekela phansi idolobha lasebukhosini base-Inca, uguquko lwezimboni lwafika ePeru izandla zabathengisi abavela e-United Kingdom, beqhubeka bempofu abomdabu baseCuzco ababengakwazi ukuncintisana nabo.
Ngonyaka ka-1872, imboni yokuqala kweziyisithupha ezazizokwaziwa kamuva ngokuthi iCervecería del Sur yafakwa edolobheni laseCuzco, ukukhuphuka kweCuzco kwakungenxa yalezi zinkampani zotshwala, ezaphela ngekhulu le-1894, okwabangela impi yabantu basePeruvia. ngonyaka ka-XNUMX.
Izingxabano zenziwa ngaphakathi kwedolobha elifanayo laseCusco, lapho ama-caceristas alahlekelwa khona, ngonyaka we-1909, kwenziwa uguquko lwentsha, kwaqalwa isikole saseCuzco, kulokho okwakuyiScientific Center yaseCuzco ngonyaka we-1897.
Cuzco ekhulwini lama-XNUMX
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-1908, iCuzco yandisa ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu basemadolobheni, ngonyaka we-13, ikakhulukazi ngoSepthemba XNUMX, kwavulwa ujantshi wesitimela oya eCuzco, okwanikeza leli dolobha amathuba amasha okuxhumana nabantu abafika echwebeni, nakuba ukudluliswa kukajantshi kwakuhamba kancane ngenxa yesimo sezintaba ze-Andes.
Ngenxa yokwanda kwenani labantu eCuzco, imifula enjengeTullumayu, iHuatanay neSaphy kwadingeka idluliselwe, kwalungiswa kabusha amadolobha edolobheni, njengemigwaqo iChoquechaka kanye neSaphy kanye neTullumayo kanye neSol avenues, okuyimigwaqo etholakala kuyo. kwavumela ukufinyelela okukhulu ezindaweni ezizungezile enkabeni yedolobha, ukuhlela kwedolobha kwanwetshwa ezindaweni eziseningizimu naseningizimu-mpumalanga.
Ngonyaka ka-1911, kwenzeka okuthile okumangalisayo eCuzco, ohambweni oluningi olwenziwa lusuka eCuzco luya endaweni ezungezile yokhahlamba lwezintaba zase-Andes, uHiram Bingham, luhlola indawo ezungezile futhi lithola amanxiwa okwakhiwa okukhulu kwendalo yama-Inca, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Machu Pichu.
Lokhu okutholakele kukhuphule imboni yezokuvakasha edolobheni laseCuzco, njengoba yaziwa njengamanje, ngoba zonke izinsuku zonyaka, izivakashi eziningi zihlala zivakashela leli dolobha, nakuba okwamanje ngenxa yobhubhane lwe-Covid-19, yonke into ikhubazekile vimbela futhi uvimbele ukusakazeka kwaleli gciwane.
Okucekele phansi izimpilo zezinkulungwane zabantu, esikhathini lapho ubuchwepheshe nocwaningo kubaluleke kakhulu futhi bengakatholi ukuthi lingakhubaza kanjani leli gciwane, abantu abaningi asebekhubazekile, ukuthi bahlale ezindlini zabo futhi banakekele. impilo yakho, ukuze ungaqhubeki nokusabalalisa leli gciwane elibi.
Ngonyaka we-1913, inkampani yangasese yasungulwa edolobheni laseCuzco, ukuze leli dolobha libe nethuba lokujabulela insizakalo kagesi enhle, lapho kwenziwa khona izifundo ezifanele ukudala isizinda samandla kagesi, esifundeni saseCorimarca. .
Izivivinyo ezifanele zenziwa futhi ngonyaka we-1914, idolobha laseCuzco laqala ukujabulela isevisi yamandla kagesi endlini ngayinye, ngenhloko-dolobha yangasese, eyayazi kahle ukuthi inzuzo yezokuvakasha izokhokhela ukuthuthukiswa amandla kagesi, izinkampani zabavakashi ziqale ngokunethezeka okukhulu ngenxa yenkonzo kagesi.
Ngonyaka ka-1921, indiza yokuqala isuka eLima iya eDolobheni laseCuzco yenziwa umshayeli wendiza wase-Italy ogama lakhe lingu-Enrique Rolandi, okwakuyizindaba ezinhle kosomabhizinisi bezokuvakasha ababebambe imihlangano ehambisanayo yokuthengwa kwendiza. okungeyedolobha laseCuzco futhi lo mshayeli wendiza i-Rolandi uzoba ngumeluleki wezobuchwepheshe kule mboni encane yezindiza ezentengiselwano.
Le ndiza yokuqala ephethwe yidolobha laseCuzco, yayiyimodeli ye-biplane, i-fighter eyenziwe yinkampani ye-SVA, lesi sithuthi sezindiza saqanjwa ngokuthi iCuzco, ngo-September 1, 1925, umshayeli waseCuzco Alejandro Velasco Astete Washona eneminyaka engamashumi amabili- ayisishiyagalombili.
Wayengowokuqala wasePeru ukundiza phezu kwe-Andes, wafika edolobheni laseLima ngemva kokundiza esuka eCuzco, kodwa ngo-September 25 walowo nyaka wehlelwa yingozi lapho umshayeli wendiza walahlekelwa ukuphila kwakhe futhi indiza yacekelwa phansi.
Lokhu kwenzeka lapho ezama ukuhlala edolobheni lasePuno, lapho ephuma endizeni evela edolobheni laseCuzco, ngo-1930, umbusi waseCuzco ogama lakhe linguJosé Vargas, owayenguJenene, owayephethe ukudliwa komhlaba othile owawuse- idolobha laseChachacomayoc nelinye elibizwa ngokuthi iLa Pólvora.
Ukwenza kuleyo ndawo isikhumulo sezindiza sokuqala esinomzila wezindiza ongcolile edolobheni laseCuzco owawusebenza kwaze kwaba ngu-1967; Le nkonzo yokuqala yabagibeli nezindiza ezithwala impahla phakathi kwedolobha laseLima neCuzco yaqala ngo-1937.
Ngokushesha umkhumbi wanikezwa izindiza ze-DC-3 kanye ne-DC-4 ezivela enkampanini yezindiza ebizwa ngokuthi i-Faucett, iminyaka emithathu futhi inkonzo yendiza yaba yinto evamile ngenxa yobuningi bezivakashi ezazizobuka idolobha lase-Machu Pichu.
Njengamanje lesi sikhala singesepaki ebizwa ngokuthi iZonal, i-Adolfo Guevara Velasco National Hospital naso sitholakala kuleso sikhala endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi yisifunda sase-Wanchaq kanye ne-Casa de la Juventud Closed Coliseum.
Ngo-1964, kwavulwa isikhumulo sezindiza i-Alejandro Velasco Astete International, egameni lomuntu wokuqala wasePeru owandizela phezu kwezintaba zase-Andes, iCuzco esinikezwe yona kusukela ngaleso sikhathi futhi iyisikhumulo sezindiza sesibili esinabantu abaningi kakhulu ePeru. , ngiyabonga enkampanini yabavakashi.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi kusukela ngo-1944, uJuni 24 kuwuSuku lweCuzco, lapho benza khona isithombe esidonsa amehlo kumakhasimende ezivakashi, esikwenza ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zezifanekiselo ezifana nePlaza de Armas, Amanxiwa e-Sacsayhuamán noma i-Inti Raymi, futhi adala iculo elithi Cuzco.
Kudlula iminyaka eyisithupha, ngonyaka ka-1950, futhi kwaba nokuzamazama komhlaba edolobheni laseCuzco, elilinganiselwa ku-6.8 esikalini sika-Richter, lokhu kwadala umonakalo ekukhuleni kwedolobha, ikakhulukazi emathempelini amakoloni nasezindlini zezindela, okubikwa ngakho ngokulandelana. isizwe sasePeruvia kanye ne-UNESCO eyathumela umcwaningi uGeorge Kubler womdabu waseMelika.
Ubani owayephethe ukwenza ucwaningo olufanele lokuphatha kanye nokuxhumanisa ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezakhiwo, uhulumeni wasePeruvia ngokulangazelela kwakhe ukubambisana nokwakhiwa kabusha kweCuzco, wakha iNombolo yoMthetho 11551, lapho uveze khona izintshisekelo zomphakathi. Cuzco , ngokusobala yinkampani yezokuvakasha futhi yabeka intela ekusetshenzisweni kukagwayi ukusekela ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezakhiwo.
Ngonyaka we-1952, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwedolobha laseCuzco kwenziwa, okwavumela ukwenziwa kwesimanje kwedolobha lezemvelo, okuvumela ukukhula okukhulu embonini yezokuvakasha, ngonyaka we-1952, inani labavakashi abangama-6092 libalwa.
Okwakulokhu kwanda unyaka nonyaka, ngo-1975, inani labavakashi laliyi-176.625, elaliphakeme kakhulu kunenani labantu basedolobheni laseCuzco, elafundelwa izakhamuzi eziyi-174.000.
Ngonyaka ka-1972, izwe lasePeruvia ngoMnyango Wezemfundo, lenza iSinqumo Esiphakeme Sokumemezela Amagugu Esizwe Esizwe endaweni Yesikhumbuzo yaseCuzco, kwakudingeka ukuthi kwandiswe idolobha phakathi kuka-1974 no-1991, ngenkathi lokhu kwenzeka Iseshini ye-VII yeKomidi Lamagugu Omhlaba le-UNESCO, edolobheni laseFlorence esizweni sase-Italy.
ICuzco imenyezelwa njengeGugu Lesiko Lobuntu ngeviki likaDisemba 05 kuya ku-09, 1983, kodwa ngo-Ephreli 05, 1986, kwenzeka enye inhlangano ye-telluric ecekela phansi ingxenye yendawo eyisikhumbuzo yedolobha laseCuzco.
Ngo-1990, uMeya uDaniel Estrada Pérez wenza uhlelo lokuhlobisa izikhumbuzo, izikwele kanye nemithombo ngesikhathi sokuphatha kwakhe; ukuthola i-Cuzco isihloko se-Historical Capital yasePeru.
Etholakala eMagna Carta yasePeru, kusukela ngo-1993, isihlangu saseCuzco sabuye sachazwa, kwashiya eceleni i-Blason Colonial ukuhlanganisa iLanga lase-Echenique, njengesihlangu esisha sedolobha laseCuzco, futhi wazama ukushintsha igama. ngolimi lwesiQosqo, kodwa ayizange ihlale, ishiya iCuzco.
I-Geography kanye nesimo sezulu sedolobha laseCuzco
Leli dolobha lisesigodini esakhiwe nguMfula i-Huatanay namagquma awuvikelayo, isimo sezulu saseCuzco sisomile futhi sipholile, njengoba siseduze nenkabazwe sinezinkathi ezimbili kuphela; elomile phakathi kwezinyanga zika-April no-October, ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka izinsuku ezinelanga zizwakala ngobusuku obuphambene lapho kubanda kakhulu futhi izinga lokushisa lehla liye ku-13°C.
Enye inkathi imvula futhi ivela phakathi kwezinyanga zikaNovemba kuya kuNdasa, izinga lokushisa liphakathi kuka-12°C, ngezinsuku ezinelanga lingakhuphuka lifike ku-20°C, kodwa umoya ovela ezintabeni uyabanda.
I-Cuzco Architectural Heritage
Ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezakhiwo ze-Inca ezingabonakala edolobheni laseCuzco, eliyingxenye yenkathi yangaphambi kwe-Columbian, ngo-1972, bamemezela ukuthi i-Cultural Patrimony of the Nation, lokhu kubonakala kusinqumo esiphezulu ngenombolo 2900- 72- ED, futhi ukuze kuvikelwe idolobha laseCuzco, iseshini ye-VII yeKomiti Yamagugu Omhlaba ye-UNESCO yabanjwa ngo-1983.
Ukunquma ukumemezela leli dolobha i-Cultural Heritage of Humanity, okuyizona zindawo ezithandwa yizivakashi edolobheni laseCuzco ezilandelayo:
Indawo yaseSan Blas, lapha kuhlala izingcweti, izindawo zokusebenzela kanye nezitolo zemisebenzi yezandla zikhona, lapho uvakashela leli dolobha ungabona ukuthi lingenye yezindawo ezikhangayo kakhulu eCuzco, imigwaqo yakhona imiqansa futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo iwumngcingo, ungabona izindlu ezinkulu ezikhangayo. zakhiwa abaseSpain, ezisekelweni zezakhiwo ze-Inca.
Inesikwele esihle futhi iyisifunda esidala kunazo zonke edolobheni laseCuzco, elasungulwa ngo-1563, libonakala ngepulpiti laso elenziwe ngokhuni, elaqoshwa ngezikhathi zamakholoni, ngolimi lwaseCuzco iBarrio de San Blas ibizwa ngokuthi iToqocachi. okusho ukuthi ngolimi lwesiCastilian imbobo kasawoti.
I-Hatun Rumiyuq Street, iyindawo evakashelwa kakhulu izinkulungwane zezivakashi, ezivakashela idolobha laseCuzco nsuku zonke, leli gama lesiQuechua lisho ngeSpanishi, Kusukela edwaleni elikhulu kunawo wonke, iSigodlo Sase-Inca Roca sasilapho, kuso, kwakhiwa iSigodlo Sombhishobhi Omkhulu .
Lo mgwaqo usuka ePlaza de Armas uye eBarrio de San Blas, lapho endleleni ungabona itshe lama-engeli ayishumi nambili odongeni lwe-Inca, phakathi nalolu hambo ungathenga izinto ezingenakubalwa ngenxa yezingcweti eziye zaba. ubuciko kakhulu.
I-Convent and Church of Nuestra Señora de La Merced, leli thempeli elihle lakhiwa ngonyaka we-1536, ukwakhiwa kwalo kokuqala kwacekelwa phansi ukuzamazama komhlaba ngo-1650, ukwakhiwa kabusha okufanelekile kwenziwa futhi kwaphela ngonyaka we-1675. isakhiwo, isitayela se-baroque siyabonwa.
Ngokukhethekile ezitebeleni zamakhwaya, emidwebeni naseziqoshweni zokhuni, lapha ungabona indawo yokukhosela yegolide namatshe ayigugu anesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-22 nokuphakama kwawo okungamasentimitha ayi-130, okumangazayo futhi okungokwenkathi yamakholoni noma kunalokho i-Inca, ngoba amaSpanish ahlwitha igolide elisethempelini likaNkulunkulu iLanga.
I-Cathedral yaseCuzco, isonto lokuqala laseCuzco kwakuyiSonto Lokunqoba elakhelwe ekwakhiweni kweSigodlo saseViracocha Inca, esakhiwa ngo-1539, kodwa njengamanje saba yindlu yesonto eyisizayo yaleli sonto elikhulu, lapho leli sonto elikhulu. I-cathedral yakhiwa phezu kweSuntur Wasi, indlu yeCondor, phakathi kuka-1560 no-1664.
Itshe lalisetshenziswa njengengxenye eyinhloko, eyakhishwa kwezinye izakhiwo ze-Inca ezazisetshenziswa amaSpanishi njengekwali, ngaphezu kwamabhulokhi egwadle anombala obomvu ayewaletha e-Inca complex ebizwa ngokuthi i-Sacsayhuaman.
Lapha abadwebi bezakhiwo baseSpain basebenze uhlelo lweRenaissance, ngaphakathi kwethempeli lezenkolo iBaroque exubene neGothic iyabonwa, inomkhandi wegolide omuhle kakhulu wenkathi yamakoloni.
Iphinde igqame ngama-altare ayo enkolo ahlaba umxhwele ngokhuni oluqoshiwe oluphucuziwe, kuleli thempeli ungabona imisebenzi emihle kakhulu yaseCusco School of Painting ehlobise izindonga zayo, liphinde libe yindlunkulu yeSifunda-bhishobhi saseCuzco.
Isikwele Esikhulu, wawubhekwa njengendawo yenjabulo umbuso wamaInca, wawubanzi kangangokuba lokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi iPlaza del Regocijo kwaba okwawo, kanye nenye indawo ebizwa ngokuthi iSan Francisco.
Ngenxa yomlando, lesi sikwele sibe yi-protagonist yezenzakalo ezihlukahlukene emlandweni, phakathi kwazo isimemezelo sokuqala sokuzimela kwesizwe sasePeruvia, esenziwe ngabazalwane abanesibongo u-Ángulo esenziwa ngo-1814.
Le Plaza de Armas, esedolobheni laseCuzco, yabona nokunqunywa ikhanda kukaJosé Gabriel Condorcanqui, obizwa ngoTúpac Amaru II, umlando wasePeruvia omthatha njengomholi wokuqala womzabalazo wabomdabu, ngesikhathi ebhekene nezinguquko zaseBourbon zeNkosi uPhilip.
Ngesikhathi sekoloni abaseSpain bakha inkundla yamatshe anemibalabala ngezandla zabomdabu, esekhona namanje, nanka amathempeli amabili enkolo, isonto lombhishobhi elidala laseCuzco nethempeli leNhlangano kaJesu, womabili akhiwe ezakhiweni ezakhiwe amaInca namaphakathi nendawo. ingxenye yesikwele ichibi futhi kuso isithombe se-Inca.
Namuhla le Plaza de Armas iyinkundla yemikhosi ehlukahlukene yamasiko nezenzo zomphakathi edolobheni laseCuzco, okuhlanganisa noMkhosi we-Inti Raymi we-Sun God, ogujwa njalo ngoJuni 24, ukuze ujabulele izinkulungwane zezivakashi ezizovakashela. gcina, ngaphezu kwemikhosi yeCorpus Christi.
Enosuku oluguquguqukayo ngokwekhalenda lenkolo yamaKatolika, ingenziwa phakathi kwezinyanga zika-April, May noma Juni, lapho kwenziwa khona udwendwe lwabangcwele abahlukahlukene bamaKatolika, kuyo yonke imidanso yesifunda igcinwa ngakho-ke njalo ngeSonto. benza ukuphakamisa ifulegi ledolobha laseCuzco nelesizwe sasePeru.
ISanturantikuy iphinde ibe seCuzco, okuwukuthengwa kwabangcwele, ngoDisemba 24, kuwumbukiso wezohwebo obhekise enkolweni yobuKristu ngoKhisimusi, njengoba nsuku zonke kunezivakashi ezivakashela leli dolobha, kufanele benze imicimbi ehlukahlukene kanye nemibukiso yezohwebo. .njengoba abahlali bendawo bahlala emnothweni wezokuvakasha.
IBandla leNhlangano kaJesu; Leli thempeli lezenkolo lakhiwe phezulu kwesakhiwo se-Inca, i-Amarucancha Palace, eyayinikezelwe kunkulunkulu wenyoka. Lapha ungabona esinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zesitayela se-baroque, ngezikhathi zamakholoni, ungabona itshe eliqoshiwe elenziwe amaInca..
Njengamanje leli thempeli lezenkolo liqukethe ama-chapel amabili, elaseLourdes kanye ne-Oratory yaseSan Ignacio de Loyola, ezindongeni zalo ungabona inqwaba yamaseyili angamakoloni avela eCusco School of Painting yedolobha laseCuzco.
ICoricancha neConvent yaseSanto Domingo, kwakuyithempeli elibaluleke kunawo wonke embusweni wamaInca elalinikezelwe kuNkulunkulu weLanga, ngesiQuechua igama lalo lithi Qorikancha, lalaziwa njengendawo yegolide, njengoba izindonga zalo zazihlotshiswe ngamashidi egolide amaInca awenza. .
Kulesi sakhiwo se-Inca, ukwakhiwa kweConvent yaseSanto Domingo kwachazwa ngesitayela seRenaissance, siqukethe umbhoshongo we-baroque, omude kakhulu kuzo zonke izakhiwo edolobheni laseCuzco, izindonga ezingenakubalwa ze-Inca zingabonakala ngaphakathi nangaphakathi. i-monolith enkabeni yayo, futhi njengakwamanye amathempeli, inqwaba yamaseyili e-Cuzco School of Painting.
I-Inca Urbanism edolobheni laseCuzco
Enye yezimfanelo ezivezwa kuleli dolobha laseCuzco ukuqina okumangalisayo konjiniyela be-Inca lapho behlela ukuhlelwa kwedolobha naphezu kokuma kwendawo, bona ngokwesiko labo babekholelwa konkulunkulu abahlukahlukene bezenkolo futhi babahloniphe. bakha amathempeli.
Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona u-Sun God Inti, uPachamama, unkulunkulukazi wenzalo, u-Huiracocha, owayeyi-Inca inombolo yesishiyagalombili, wathi waphupha noNkulunkulu uWiracocha, phakathi kwabanye, ababenziwe samuntu njengabantu.
Le ndlela yokumela onkulunkulu yiyona eyenza ukumelwa kwedolobha laseCuzco libe yi-puma, okuwuphawu lwamandla amakhulu okubhekiselwa kuwo amandla kaNkulunkulu owadala idolobha laseCuzco.
Yonke imigwaqo kanye nokuhlelwa kwamadolobha kwakhiwe ngendlela yeLanga, ngaphezu kokuxhumana nemvelo yemvelo, ngoba abazange babhubhise imvelo kodwa basebenzise imvelo ukuze bahlanganisele endaweni futhi bazivumelanise nomklamo, ukuhlakanipha okukhulu kwaboniswa. ngonjiniyela be-Inca.
Izimpawu Zombuso we-Inca, njengawo wonke amadolobha emhlabeni, iCuzco inefulegi layo, isihlangu sayo kanye neculo layo, nakuba kuyizwe elingokwesizwe sasePeruvia, ngenyanga kaJuni ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zimpawu igcinwe ngoba Ngomhla zingama-24 kukhunjulwa uMkhosi we-Inca we-Inti Raymi, futhi kuwusuku lwedolobha.
Mayelana nesihlangu, isibonakaliso seLanga lase-Echenique sisetshenziswa njengamanje, iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, njengophawu lwesihlangu sedolobha laseCuzco, njengoba izimfanelo zalo zimelela umbuso we-Inca.
Inani labantu baseDolobheni laseCuzco
Ngonyaka ka-1533, lapho kufika abaseSpain, idolobha laseCuzco lalinabantu abaphakathi kuka-40.000 200.000, kanye nenani lamadolobha angomakhelwane lafinyelela cishe ezakhamuzini ezingu-XNUMX XNUMX kule ndawo, kodwa lapho kunqotshwa, inani labantu lehla kakhulu. . .
Naphezu kwalokhu, ngokocwaningo lwezibalo zabantu ekhulwini le-1780, iCuzco yayingelinye lamadolobha anabantu abaningi ezwenikazi laseMelika, futhi esizweni sasePeru kwakuyidolobha lesibili elinabantu abaningi, ngonyaka we-XNUMX, ukuhlubuka kweTúpac Amaru II kanye ukuhlubuka kukaTúpac Catarí.
Kwakuyizimbangela zengxenye yabantu ukuba ifune ukuthuthela enhloko-dolobha yasePeru, iLima, ukuze igweme ukufela ezimpini ezazilwela inkululeko, kodwa emashumini eminyaka okugcina ekhulu le-XNUMX, izakhamuzi ezazisasele edolobheni laseCuzco zazifile. ezimpini ezihlukahlukene ababhekana nazo bebeka icala lokubonisa ekhulwini le-XNUMX.
Lapho kwenziwa isimemezelo seRiphabhulikhi yasePeruvia, ngonyaka we-1825, kungafakazelwa ngokomlando, ukuthi lapho ethola uGeneral Simón Bolívar, lapho iCongress yasePeru yaziqhenya khona futhi lo waseVenezuela ohlonishwayo wanikezwa izindondo ngokuwina izimpi zaseJunin no. Ayacucho.
Idolobha laseCuzco nje, lalinabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane, futhi ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili, kwakusele izakhamuzi eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili kuphela, ngoba kwakukhona ukuhlukaniswa kwaleli dolobha.
Ngaphandle kukagesi noma izinsiza ezifinyeleleka izakhamuzi zakhona, abantu abasha bancamela ukuzama inhlanhla enhloko-dolobha yaseLima, ngonyaka ka-1910, kwabhaliswa inani lezakhamuzi ezingu-13500 XNUMX kuphela edolobheni laseCuzco futhi iningi lalingabantu abangamamestizo.
Kodwa lapho idolobha laseMachu Picchu litholakala, konke kwashintsha kulaba bahlali, ngonyaka ka-2017 kuthiwa inani labantu baseCuzco laliyizakhamuzi ezingu-437.538 ngenxa yemboni yezokuvakasha.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabantu, ngokweNational Institute of Statistics and Informatics, idolobha laseCuzco linomasipala abakhulu abahlanu, ngonyaka wezi-2017, ukubalwa kwabantu kwabonisa ukuthi inani labantu lihlakazeke phakathi kwezakhamizi eziyi-437.538 futhi ngaphakathi kwedolobha laseCuzco izakhamizi eziyi-114.630 zihlala kuleli dolobha elikhulu. umasipala.
Cuzco Njengesikhungo Sezenkolo
Embusweni wama-Inca, idolobha laseCuzco laliyisikhungo lapho kwakukhulekelwa khona ubunkulunkulu beLanga, okwakunethempeli elikhulu elalibizwa ngokuthi i-Coricancha, okusho ukuthi indawo ebiyelwe ngegolide, kwakukhona ne-Aqllawasi eduze, okwakuyizindlu ayehlala kuzo. wayekhethile unkulunkulu welanga
Nabo babekhona kulo muzi, okuyisihlalo semindeni eyahlukene yemingcwabo yawo wonke amakhosi ayephethe umbuso wamaNka, okwakuthiwa amaPanaka, ngoba kwathi sebeshonile bacwiliswa izidumbu base benendawo ehlonishwayo esikweni lenkolo yabo, kwakukhona futhi. isigodlo lapho kwakuhlala khona umbusi owayengunkulunkulu, uNkulunkulu Ophilayo.
Ngaphandle kwabefundisi bezenkolo ababemelwe wuWillka umu owayengumfundisi omkhulu. Kuleli dolobha laseCuzco, kwakwenziwa imikhosi emikhulu yobukhosi, njengoba kwenzeka ku-Inti Raymi, owaziwa kangcono ngokuthi umkhosi kaNkulunkulu Welanga, osaqhubeka nokwethulwa ePlaza de Armas.
Ebukhoneni bezinkulungwane zezivakashi kanye nase-esplanade yase-Sacsayhuamán, nakuba le mikhosi yezokuvakasha yenziwa, iCuzco iyisihlalo sombhishobhi omkhulu wesizwe sasePeru.
Isiko edolobheni Cuzco
Benza imisebenzi eminingana yamasiko phakathi nonyaka edolobheni laseCuzco, omunye oncomeka kakhulu owe-Inti Raymi, owaziwa kangcono ngokuthi uMkhosi WeLanga LikaNkulunkulu, kwakuwumkhosi obaluleke kakhulu ngokophenyo isiko lamaInca.
Kungabonakala futhi edolobheni laseCuzco, omunye umkhosi ogujwa ngosuku lukaZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele, igama lalo msebenzi wamasiko yiNkosi yaseQoyllur Riti, lapho abahambeli abangaphezu kuka-60.000 behamba besendleleni eya ezintabeni ezikhona. embozwe iqhwa, lapho izinga lokushisa liyashintshashintsha azungeze 4 ° C, kuyilapho behamba isiko iziqhumane ezihlukahlukene uyabonwa futhi Alasitas emakethe, lo mkhosi kuthatha izinsuku ezine.
Ngenyanga kaSepthemba edolobheni laseCuzco, ikakhulukazi ngomhlaka-14, izinkulungwane zabantu abazinikele kongcwele waseHuanca, zenza uhambo lokuya endlini yakhe engcwele, abantu bakwamanye amazwe nabo bayahamba ukuyokwenza lolu hambo, njengeSonto Elingcwele, Ngo. idolobha laseCuzco, lo mkhosi uqhutshwa kodwa unikezelwe eNkosini Yokuzamazama komhlaba, ongumvikeli wedolobha, ekhumbula ukuthi uye wahlupheka ukunyakaza okuningana kwe-telluric.
Maqondana neCorpus Christi, ukuvakashelwa kwabangcwele abayishumi nanhlanu nezintombi kuyenziwa, ezidluliswa izakhamuzi zedolobha laseCuzco, ziqonde eCathhedral ngodwendwe ukuze zihloniphe umzimba kaKristu, omelwe endaweni engcwele. ibutho, ngokwesiko lamaKhatholika, eligcinwe ku-monstrance yegolide eqinile enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angamashumi amabili nesithupha futhi iyimitha elilodwa namasentimitha angamashumi amabili ukuphakama.
Kubuye kubhekwe ngoKhisimusi ngosuku lweSanturantikuy, lapho izinkulungwane zezethulo zabangcwele zithengiswa kubavakashi abangenakubalwa abavakashela eCuzco, ukuhlonipha uKhisimusi, ungabona imifanekiso ehlukahlukene yokuzalwa noma yezilwane ukuze uzibeke ekhaya lomndeni. . .
umculo edolobheni
Uma kubhekwa imisebenzi yamasiko, kukhona iCuzco Symphony Orchestra, eyakhiwe ngaphansi kwenombolo yesinqumo somqondisi 021/INC-Cuzco, kusukela ngoMashi 10, 2009, iphethe ukwenza amakhonsathi angamashumi amahlanu ngonyaka, ethulwa kuMasipala. Ithiyetha yaseCuzco.
Ngokuqondene neQosqo Centre of Native Art, yasungulwa ngo-1924, iyisikhungo sendabuko sedolobha laseCuzco, sesamukelwe uhulumeni wasePeru futhi siyiGugu LeSiko Eliphilayo Lesifunda saseCuzco.
Umnotho eDolobheni laseCuzco
Ngenxa yokuthutheleka okukhulu kwezivakashi edolobheni laseCuzco, umsebenzi walo oyinhloko ukwamukela ezokuvakasha, nokwenza ngcono ingqalasizinda kanye nezinsiza, ngoba ngenxa yabo idolobha lihlala limile, baphinde basebenze ezolimo, njengommbila nezinye zendabuko. nezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Imboni encane nephakathi nayo ihlobene nezokuvakasha, njengemisebenzi yokuzijabulisa nokuxoxisana, imikhiqizo yokudla ngaphezu kweziphuzo, phakathi kwamandla ayo ubhiya, amanzi, iziphuzo ezibandayo, ikhofi, ushokoledi, phakathi kwabanye.
Ibhange Lezohwebo
Ngokusobala, ngenxa yokuthi iyindawo ethakazelisa kakhulu izivakashi, iCuzco inamagatsha ebhange ahlukahlukene ukuze izivakashi zithole imali yazo futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ivula imithombo emisha yokuqashwa kwabakhileyo kuleli dolobha elikhulu, phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene. amagatsha asebhange atholakala lapho alandelayo:
• Ibhange Lesikweletu lasePeru
• I-BBVA Continental
• Ibhange laseScotia
•Citibank
• I-Interbank
• Ibhange likazwelonke
• I-Central Reserve Bank yasePeru
• I-Inter-American Finance Bank
• Ibhange le-Pichincha
• Ikhredithi
• Azteca Bank
• Ibhange lami
• Ibhange Lezohwebo
• I-Prestaperu
• Ikhadi lesikweletu
• Ibhokisi lePiura
• Ibhokisi le-Huancayo
• I-Quillacoop
• Ibhokisi leCuzco
• Ibhokisi le-Tacna
• I-Metropolitan Cove
• I-Edyficar yezezimali
• Ubumbano Lwezezimali
• Ibhange Lempahla
• Inhlangano Yenkululeko
• I-Santo Domingo de Guzman Cooperative
• San Pedro Cooperative
Ezombusazwe Edolobheni
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo embusweni wama-Inca, iCuzco ibizungezwe ipolitiki, njengoba yayiyisikhungo sezombangazwe esifundeni sase-Inca lapho kwanikezwa khona uhulumeni wokuqala waseTawantinsuyo, njengoba leli dolobha lalihlala izicukuthwane zoMbuso, kusukela kumbusi owayephila. unkulunkulu, izihlobo zabo, izikhulu kanye nabanye abantu ababalulekile.
Lapho abantu baseSpain befika, lalahlekelwa ukuchuma kwalo kwezombangazwe ngenxa yokuthi idolobha eliseduze netheku, njengeLima, lalikhululeke kakhudlwana ebukhosini, ngisho nangokwengeziwe laba nengxenye kwezombusazwe, ngoba laliyidolobha lokuqala ukuba nombhishobhi omkhulu.
Futhi kwakuyiphuzu elibalulekile lemizila yezohwebo, ngoba lapha iCorregimiento yayinesikhungo sayo sezindaba zentela, kamuva yaba yi-Intendancy yaseCuzco futhi ekupheleni kobusekela ngaphambi kokuzimela eNkantolo YaseNdlunkulu yaseCuzco.
Lapho izimpi ezanikeza ukuzimela kwesizwe sasePeruvia zikhululwa, indima yezombangazwe yaseCuzco yayingabonakali, ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwayo, ishaywa yi-Arequipa ngoba yayixhunyaniswa kangcono nomhlaba, kodwa ngemva kokutholakala kwemivubukulo yaseMachu Picchu, idolobha lase-Arequipa. UCuzco waphinde wacatshangelwa kwezombusazwe.
Abameleli abambalwa bamaqembu angakwesokunxele baphumile eCuzco, njengoba kwenzeka kuDaniel Estrada Pérez. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, sekuholwa amaqembu ezombusazwe, njengePeruvian Nationalist Party kanye nelinye elibizwa ngeBroad Front for Justice, Life and Liberty. , ngisho nezinhlangano zezombusazwe zesifunda.
Ezokuthutha kanye nokuxhumana
Ngenxa yokuthutheleka kwansuku zonke kwezivakashi edolobheni laseCuzco, kwenziwe intuthuko enkulu ngokwezokuthutha nezinkonzo, ukuze kusizwe izinkulungwane zezivakashi ezizofunda ngefa lama-Inca, phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezintsha ezitholakala e-Inca. ezokuthutha yi-Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport.
Lesi sikhumulo sezindiza saseCuzco savulwa ngoJulayi 22, 1967, siphakathi kwezifunda ezimbili zamadolobha amakhulu edolobha laseCuzco njenge-Wanchaq kanye neSan Sebastián, lesi sikhumulo sezindiza siphethwe yinkampani yombuso ebizwa nge-CORPAC SA.
Lapha izindiza ezivela edolobheni laseLima zitholwa nsuku zonke, minyaka yonke isikhumulo sezindiza saseCuzco sihlanganisa abantu abayi-1.700.000, siqanjwe ngomshayeli wokuqala wasePeru ukundiza phezu kwezintaba ze-Andes, ngo-1925, wabe esethula isethulo sendiza edolobheni lasePuno. , ngo-September 25 ngawo lowo nyaka, wahluleka ukulawula umkhumbi futhi wafa ngenxa yokushayisana kwawo.
Ngenxa yalesi sikhumulo sezindiza, inani elikhulu labantu libuthelwa edolobheni laseCuzco, ngenxa yalokhu lingesinye sezindiza ezinezindinganiso ezingcono kakhulu, imigwaqo yezindiza yaso igandaywe, kwabekwa amabhuloho okugibela, sinendawo yokwamukela i-Boeing 757- izindiza eziyisibonelo. 200 ngokombiko wenkampani kahulumeni.
Lesi sikhumulo sezindiza sithola izindiza zansuku zonke ezivela emadolobheni ahlukahlukene anjengeLima, iTacna, i-Arequipa, i-Iquitos, iPuerto de Maldonado neJuliaca ezingeni likazwelonke futhi ngokuphathelene nomkhakha wamazwe omhlaba iBogotá, Santiago de Chile, La Paz, kusukela ngo-2019 isuka eSanta Cruz de la. Sierra .
I-Chinchero International Airport
Ngenxa yokwanda kwezivakashi edolobheni laseCuzco, kwakhiwa esinye isikhumulo sezindiza esingaphandle kwedolobha, futhi esikhulu kakhulu, esingakwazi ukuthola ukuxhumana namanye amazwe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-Jorge Chávez International Airport, sizotholakala endaweni engamakhilomitha angu-28 ukusuka edolobheni laseCuzco. I-Cuzco esifundeni sase-Chinchero metropolitan.
Lo msebenzi uzokwenziwa yi-Kuntur Wasi Consortium, ecele uhulumeni wasePeru isamba semali eyizigidi ezingu-264,7 zamaRandi futhi inhlangano yasePeruvia izofaka kuphela i-48% yephrojekthi, enye izoba yimfihlo.
Ngenxa yalesi sikhumulo sezindiza sesimanje, kulinganiselwa ukuthi singakwazi ukwamukela isibalo sezivakashi eziyizigidi ezinhlanu ngonyaka, nethuba lokwandisa nokusiza abantu abayizigidi eziyisishiyagalombili, inani eliphelele lomsebenzi lalihlelelwe ukuthi libe ngamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-665.
Olayini besitimela nothelawayeka obheke eCuzco
Ngenxa yokuvakasha okuqinile kwezivakashi edolobheni laseCuzco, sekuxhumeke ujantshi namadolobha ahlukahlukene ahlanganisa i-Arequipa, iJuliaca nePuno, maqondana nomzila wezwe, ungaxhunywa namadolobha anjenge-Arequipa, iPuno, iPuerto esuka eMaldonado. , Abancay and Juliaca.
Umgwaqo ohlanganisa idolobha lase-Abancay yiwona oshesha kakhulu ukufika e-Cuzco, ngemva kokuthatha uhambo lomhlaba cishe amahora angamashumi amabili ngenkathi unqamula izifunda ezihlukahlukene zesizwe njenge-Apurímac, i-Lima, i-Ayacucho ne-Ica.
Kukhona nohlelo lwesitimela sesitimela esivumela izivakashi ukuthi zihambe ziye e-Machu Picchu, zisuka edolobheni laseCuzco, emgwaqweni omazombezombe osezintabeni ezihamba ngamazombezombe, zinezitobhi edolobheni lasePoroy.
Ukuze izivakashi zijabulele, isuke ilandela indlela yayo yehle iye eSigodini Esingcwele lapho kukhona khona itshe lesikhumbuzo lemivubukulo ye-Inca, iqhubeke nendlela yayo egudla uMfula i-Urubamba futhi ukusuka lapho ukuphela kwayo i-Machu Picchu.
Isici Sezempilo edolobheni laseCuzco
Ukuthuthuka okuhle kwezivakashi futhi ngenxa yokuthi iCuzco iyinhloko-dolobha yokuphatha enentuthuko yezomnotho esifundeni sasePeruvia, inendawo enhle kakhulu ngokwesayensi yezempilo, yomphakathi neyangasese, ngokwemibandela yomphakathi ekhona eCusco, yilokhu okulandelayo:
• Isibhedlela sesifunda
• Isibhedlela i-Antonio Lorraine
• Isibhedlela i-Adolfo Guevara Velazco
• I-Metropolitan Polyclinic
• I-San Sebastian Polyclinic
• I-Santiago Polyclinic
• I-La Recolecta Polyclinic
Imfundo edolobheni laseCuzco
IDolobha laseCuzco limele izikweletu zalo izikhungo ezimbili ezinkulu kusukela ezikhathini zamakholoni, njengeColegio San Francisco de Borja, esendaweni eyodwa ukusuka ePlaza de Armas, enikezelwe ekufundiseni izingane zezihlahla zezihlahla, kanye neSeminary of ISan Antonio Abad, eyasungulwa ngo-1598, okwakungokwenkolo, lezi zikhungo zaziphethwe yiNhlangano kaJesu ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngekhulu le-1825, kwasungulwa amanyuvesi amabili eCuzco, iSan Ignacio de Loyola, eyavalwa ngemva kokuxosha amaJesuit, kanye neSan Antonio de Abad, esekhona namanje.Ngo-XNUMX, ujenene ohlonishwayo uSimón Bolívar wasungula iNational College eCuzco. ISayensi Nobuciko, okwaba yisibonelo esihle iminyaka eminingi kwezemfundo.
Namuhla idolobha linezikhungo zemfundo kuwo wonke amazinga kusukela emfundweni yokuqala kuya emfundweni yasenyuvesi, phakathi kwezigqame kakhulu izikole zezenkolo ezifana neSan Antonio de Abad, San Francisco de Asís, La Merced, Salesiano , LaSalle kanye neSanta Ana.
Mayelana nezindlu zezifundo, kunezimbalwa, ezilandelayo edolobheni laseCuzco, ukuze kuqeqeshwe izakhamuzi zakhona, futhi ungathola izikhungo zezilimi ezihlukahlukene:
• Inyuvesi Kazwelonke yaseSan Antonio Abad yaseCuzco
• Inyuvesi yase-Andean yaseCuzco
• Alas Peruanas University
• Inyuvesi yase-Austral Peruvian yaseCuzco
• I-Technological University yase-Andes
• Inyuvesi yaseSan Ignacio de Loyola
• Inyuvesi yaseCesar Vallejo
• Inyuvesi Kazwelonke Yezobuciko Ezinhle "Diego Quispe Tito"
• I-TELESUP Private University
Izikhungo Zolimi
• Isikole Solimi lwesiQuechua
• I-Royal Spanish Academy
• Isikhungo Solimi se-UNSAAC
• Isikhungo Solimi se-UAC
• I-Peruvian North American Cultural Institute yaseCuzco
• Isikhungo Sezamasiko Sase-Italy
• Umfelandawonye waseFrance
Isinema eDolobheni laseCuzco
Lokhu kubanjelwa edolobheni laseCuzco, minyaka yonke ngaphansi kwegama elithi FENACO, okuyi-International Short Film Festival, iba ngenyanga kaNovemba, kusukela ngo-2004, ekuqaleni kwakuwumcimbi kazwelonke ngendlela yefilimu emfushane ne khawula imizuzu engamashumi amathathu ubude, ngokubambisana kwemibukiso yamazwe ngamazwe.
Kodwa kwaba njalo ukukhula kwayo phakathi kwabenzi bamafilimu, abadidiyeli nabasabalalisi abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene kangangokuthi nayo yaba ngamazwe ngamazwe, okwamanje isingatha amazwe angaphezu kwamashumi amathathu nesikhombisa, yenza amafilimu amafushane angaba ngu-354 emqhudelwaneni.
I-Gastronomy eDolobheni laseCuzco
Ziyizitsha ezehlukene ezijwayelekile ze-Cuzco, umkhiqizo wokuxutshwa kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokhokho bawo bangaphambi kwe-Inca, i-Inca, ikoloniyali kanye nesimanje, okuvumele inyunyana enkulu yama-flavour kaCuzco.
Umdlalo
Ngesikhathi seCopa América ka-2004, idolobha laseCuzco laba nethuba lokusingatha umdlalo phakathi kweColombia ne-Uruguay, yingakho kuqondwa ukuthi umdlalo oyintandokazi yabantu baseCuzco yibhola likanobhutshuzwayo, kuleli dolobha njengamanje kunamaqembu amathathu ezemidlalo, eyokuqala yiCienciano, engaphansi kweFirst Division.
Ukufakazela ngo-2003 ukuba ngumpetha weNdebe yaseNingizimu Melika, ngo-2004, iqhawe le-Recopa Sudamericanna, okuwukuphela kweqembu lesizwe sasePeru elikwazile ukuthola imiklomelo emkhakheni wezemidlalo wamazwe ngamazwe, elinye iqembu elivela edolobheni laseCuzco. I-Deportivo Garcilaso, ebambe iqhaza ku-Peru Cup, ilandelwa yi-Cuzco Fútbol Club, i-Cal yasungulwa ngo-2009 futhi idlala ku-First Division yesizwe sasePeru kusukela ngo-2012, iwina i-Peru Cup ngonyaka ka-2011.
Mayelana nengqalasizinda yezemidlalo, kunezinkundla zebhola ezimbalwa edolobheni laseCuzco, ezihlukaniswe izifunda zalo, siqala ngesifunda saseWanchaq, kukhona i-Inca Garcilaso de la Vega Stadium, iColiseum evaliwe "Indlu Yentsha", iWanchaq Zonal Park. , amachibi okubhukuda amabili, elokuqala libe se-Wanchaq kanye nelesibili ku-Season, i-Marianito Ferro Park kanye ne-Uriel García Coliseum.
Eduze kwedolobha laseCuzco kune-International Tennis and Shooting Club, i-UNSAAC Stadium, iQoricancha Basketball Center, i-Umanchata Park kanye neGarcilaso College Stadium.
ISan Sebastián Zonal Park kanye neCachimayo Park zitholakala esifundeni saseSan Sebastián, kanti inkundla yezemidlalo iHuancaro itholakala esifundeni saseSantiago.
Iziqu ezinikezwe idolobha laseCuzco.
Iziqu ezinikezwe idolobha laseCuzco
Uma kubhekwa isayensi yemivubukulo yama-Inca edolobheni laseCuzco, iye yathola iziqu ezihlukahlukene ezizisho ngokuziqhenya okukhulu, yilezi ezilandelayo:
• Idolobha Lokuqala kanye Nevoti Lokuqala lawo wonke Amadolobha namaDolobha AseNew Castile, anikezwe edolobheni laseMadrid ngesitifiketi saseRoyal sikaCarlos V, ngo-April 24, 1540.
• Idolobha lase-Insigne, eliNoble kakhulu, Eliqotho futhi Elithembekile laseCuzco, elibaluleke kakhulu futhi eliyinhloko yemibuso yasePeru, elinikezwe edolobheni laseMadrid ngesitifiketi sikaCarlos V, ngoJulayi 19, 1540.
• I-Archaeological Capital of America, eyaklonyeliswa yi-XXV International Congress of Americanists, eyayibanjelwe edolobheni laseLa Plata, e-Argentina, ngo-1933, yasekelwa yiCongress of the Republic of Peru ngokusebenzisa inombolo yoMthetho 7688 yangoJanuwari 23, 1933
• I-Cultural Heritage of the World, yaklonyeliswa yi-Seventh Convention of Mayor of the Great Cities of the World, eyahlangana eMilan, e-Italy ngo-April 19, 1978.
• I-Cultural Heritage of Humanity, eyaklonyeliswa yi-UNESCO, eParis, eFrance ngo-December 09, 1983
• Amagugu Esizwe Ezamasiko, anikezwe ngaphansi kwenombolo yoMthetho 23765 yangomhla zingama-30 kuZibandlela, 1983, futhi okufanayo kubizwa esihlokweni salo Mthetho, idolobha laseCuzco, Inhloko-dolobha Yezokuvakasha yasePeru.
• Inhloko-dolobha yasePeru yomlando, eklonyeliswe yiMagna Carta yesizwe sasePeruvia ku-athikili engunombolo 49 yango-1999.
• Inhloko-dolobha Yomlando yaseLatin America, eklonyeliswe yi-Latin American Congress of Councillor and Councillor, edolobheni laseCuzco, ngoNovemba 2001.
• I-American Capital of Culture, eklonyeliswe yi-American Capital of Culture Organization ngo-2007
Izivumelwano zobuzalwane nedolobha laseCuscoo
Ekuqaleni kwawo-XNUMX, idolobha laseCuzco, ngokusebenzisa uMasipala wesiFundazwe saseCuzco, lenze izivumelwano ezihlukahlukene zobuzalwane namadolobha angamashumi amabili nanye, ngenxa yalokhu, lihlanganiswe izixhumanisi zokuhleleka komlando, isiko namasiko, amadolobha Sisters. I-Cuzco yilezi ezilandelayo:
• ILa Paz, izwe laseBolivia, kusukela ngo-March 1, 1984
• I-Baguio, izwe lasePhilippines, kusukela ngo-March 08, 1984
• ISamarkand, izwe lase-Uzbekistan, kusukela ngo-August 04, 1986
• I-Mexico City, izwe laseMexico, kusukela ngo-June 17, 1997
• I-Kyoto, izwe laseJapane, kusukela ngo-September 19, 1987
• EKrakow, ePoland, kusukela ngo-November 08, 1988
• I-New Jersey, izwe lase-United States, kusukela ngo-November 08, 1988
• Chartres, izwe laseFrance, kusukela ngo-October 21, 19889
• I-Kaesong, izwe laseNyakatho Korea, kusukela ngo-Okthoba 22, 1990
• I-Athens, izwe laseGreece, kusukela ngo-September 19, 1991
• I-Santa Bárbara, izwe lase-United States, kusukela ngo-August 29, 1992
• IMoscow, izwe laseRussia, kusukela ngo-June 23, 1993
• IHavana, izwe laseCuba, kusukela ngo-November 22, 1993
• IBethlehem, izwe lasePalestine, kusukela ngo-Okthoba 22, 1993
• IJerusalema, izwe lakwa-Israyeli, kusukela ngo-March 23, 1996
• I-Copán, izwe laseHonduras, kusukela ngo-April 11, 1996
• I-Xi'an, izwe lase-China, kusukela ngoJuni 21, 1998
• I-Potosí, izwe laseBolivia, kusukela ngo-June 22, 1998
• ICuenca, izwe lase-Ecuador, kusukela ngo-March 14, 2000
• I-Montevideo, izwe lase-Uruguay, kusukela ngomhla ka-Julayi 19, 2001
• I-Rio de Janeiro, izwe lase-Brazil, kusukela ngo-Okthoba 10, 2003
Ezinye izindawo zokuhlala e- Cuzco:
Idolobha laseCuzco liheha izinkulungwane zezivakashi nsuku zonke ngenxa yezintelezi zalo zasendulo, sike sakhuluma ngeSacsayhuaman, iCoricancha neMachu Picchu, kodwa kukhona nesigodi esibomvu sasePitumarca, esiseningizimu yeCuzco, yonke into idayiwe ngombala obomvu ngoba yamaminerali atholakala emhlabathini, okunikeza lokho okukhethekile endaweni.
Kufinyelelwa ukusuka edolobheni laseCuzco, amahora amathathu okuhamba ukuya edolobheni lasePitumarca kwenziwa ngomhlaba, nakuba kungase kube ngendiza enophephela emhlane, lapho ufika edolobheni kuthatha amahora amabili ngezinyawo futhi indawo ifinyelelwa, izivakashi. kuyinto ewubukhazikhazi.
Kunenye indawo ebizwa ngokuthi iziphambano ezintathu zegolide, nayo esedolobheni laseCuzco, edolobheni lasePaucartambo, uhamba ngomgwaqo amahora amane, bese uthatha izinto zokuhamba ezizimele eziya kule ndawo, kukhona nePiquillacta, i-pre-Inca. Idolobha laseCuzco, kucatshangwa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezingaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi zazihlala kuleli dolobha, liseningizimu yeCuzco.
Uma uqonda eMachu Picchu, usuka eCuzco, ungafika e-Ollantaytambo, enezakhiwo ze-Inca, imigwaqo yayo enezintambo, izindawo zezolimo ezenziwe onjiniyela be-Inca abahle kakhulu, ababesetshenziswa kulesi sizwe, kungenzeka ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo. ngendlela Ngokumangalisayo, inamathempeli enkolo, namuhla okuyisikhungo semivubukulo.
Okuhle kakhulu mayelana nalokhu kutshalwa kwezimali kwezivakashi ukuthi iCuzco, nakuba iyinhloko-dolobha yomlando yasePeru, ihamba phambili kwezobuchwepheshe, ngoba amathikithi okuthutha okuhlukahlukene komhlaba angathengwa ku-intanethi, njengoba idolobha laseCuzco livuselelwa ngokugcwele .
Ukuvakashela i-Machu Picchu, kuyadingeka ukuhamba ukusuka edolobheni laseCuzco ukuya edolobheni lase-Aguas Calientes, lapho ungahlala khona futhi ngakusasa, ngenxa yezindawo ezihlukahlukene zokuvakasha, ungavakashela intaba enkulu ekuseni kakhulu.
Uma ukuthole kuthakazelisa, lesi sihloko esithi "Zitholele Umlando We-Cuzco, impande yoMbuso Wama-Inca" Ngiyakumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: