Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe mayelana I-Architecture ye-Chavín Culture izingane kanye nabantu abadala, sikumema ukuthi uvakashele lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo nesimangalisayo, esizinikezele kulomhlaba othize futhi sazise isimangaliso sesiko laso, kanye nezindawo eziseduze nale ndawo. Ungaphuthelwa!
Ukwakhiwa Kwesiko Lakwa-Chavín: Izimpawu Nemisebenzi Ephawuleka Kakhulu
I-Chavín architecture yayiyi-prehistoric architecture eyenziwe e-Andes yasePeru, eyayibonisa amasu okukhiqiza ahlukahlukene anobuciko obuqinile nobungokomoya. Indawo eyinhloko yemivubukulo lapho kwatholakala khona izinsalela zakhe yaziwa ngokuthi Ithempeli Lasendulo.
Izakhiwo ze-Chavín zathuthukiswa ezindaweni eziphakeme zase-Andean enyakatho yePeru kusukela ngo-900 BC. kuze kube ngu-300 BC Izakhiwo ze-C. Chavín zaba nomthelela kwezinye izimpucuko ngasogwini lwasePeru.
Indawo eyaziwa kakhulu yocwaningo lwemivubukulo yesiko laseChavín yi-Chavín de Huantar, etholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme zase-Andean ze-Ancash yanamuhla. Kukholakala ukuthi yakhiwe cishe ngo-900 BC. C. futhi yayiyindawo yokuhlangana yenkolo nezombusazwe yabantu baseChavín. Isimenyezelwe njengeNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba yi-UNESCO.
Izakhiwo zaseChavín zazigcwele izikhumbuzo ezinkulu ezakhelwe izinjongo zenkolo noma zezombangazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba abakwaChavine behlala kokubili ezintabeni nasogwini, kwadingeka bathuthukise izindlela ezahlukene zokwakha ezabaholela ekusunguleni izinto ezintsha. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi izinto ezihlukahlukene zazisetshenziswa kuye ngokuthi umongo wokwakha.
Izici eziyinhloko zezakhiwo ze-Chavín
Izakhi ezikhona kusayithi zifakazela ukuklama okukhethekile, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nobuhle bobuciko be-lithic bokuhlanganiswa kwamatshe amathuna, imishayo, amakholomu noma izithombe eziqoshiwe.
Izindwangu ezibonisa imibono yazo yezenkolo, uphawu lwazo, incazelo yokusetshenziswa komkhuba kanye nemikhosi, kanye nomsebenzi wezikhala nezindawo zezakhiwo ikakhulukazi.
Baphinde bamele umphakathi we-Chavín kanye nenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo eveza izigaba ezahlukene zokwakha kanye nezimo zamasiko, ngenxa yemisebenzi eqhubekayo yomphakathi yesayithi eyagcina imise izakhiwo zayo.
Izakhiwo eziyinhloko zazimise okwe-U, isici sokwakheka kweChavín. Nokho, bakha nezikhumbuzo kanye nemibhoshongo eyindilinga enokuvela nokuhamba okucashile ngaphansi komhlaba.
Chavin
Indawo yezenkolo ebaluleke kakhulu eChavín kwakuyiChavín de Huantar, ithempeli elikhulu eliseSigodini saseMosna, okwathi iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu laba indawo edumile yokuhambela izindawo ezingcwele kuso sonke isifunda sase-Andean.
Kule ndawo, ukudilika kwenhlabathi yasendulo kwashiya amathafa avundile, futhi ukuba seduze kwemithombo eminingi kanye nenqwaba yamatshe ahlukahlukene emisebenzi yokwakha eyisikhumbuzo kwaqinisekisa ukukhula kwesiza.
Ekuphakameni kwaso, isikhungo sasinabantu abangu-2,000 kuya ku-3,000 futhi sasihlanganisa cishe amahektha ayi-100 (400,000 m²). Ithempeli lasendulo lalakhiwe cishe ngo-750 BC. C. futhi empeleni iyisethi yezakhiwo ezisesimweni se-U. Phakathi nendawo, izitebhisi ezimbili eziholela egcekeni eliyindilinga ngezansi.
Ithempeli elisha, eliyingxenye yelidala elise-Chavín de Huantar, laziwa ngokuthi "i-El Castillo" futhi linesandiso esikhulu kunethempeli elidala.
Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwenziwa ngamatshe amakhulu futhi asindayo angama-rectangular futhi ine-plaza enkulu, ngokusho kwabacwaningi, kwakuyindawo evame ukuvakashelwa.
Izindonga zezakhiwo zikleliswe ngamatshe amatshe ayisikwele nonxande anezithombe zezidalwa eziguqukayo nezama-shaman, eziqoshwe ngokukhululeka okuphansi. Lezi zibalo zihlanganisa izici zomuntu nezinzipho ze-jaguar nezinzipho futhi zigqoke iminqwazi yenyoka efanekisela umbono ongokomoya.
Ukufakwa kwe-drainage: isampula yezakhiwo ze-Chavín
Idizayini yethempeli i-Chavín de Huantar, kanye neminye imisebenzi yezakhiwo ecatshangwa yimpucuko yaseChavín, ibonisa amasu okwakha athuthukile ajwayelane nemvelo yasePeruvia.
Lokhu kukhombisa ubuhlakani obukhulu kanye nentuthuko, kokubili kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nesakhiwo, ababenakho ngaleso sikhathi. Ukuze bavimbele izikhukhula nokucekelwa phansi kwethempeli phakathi nenkathi yezimvula, abantu balolu hlanga bakha ipayipi lokudonsa amanzi elinemisele ngaphansi kwesakhiwo sethempeli.
Tello Obelisk
I-Obelisco de Tello, esinye isakhiwo esiphawulekayo sezakhiwo, i-prismatic granite monolith evela endaweni ye-archaeological Chavín de Huantar enyakatho-maphakathi nePeru. I-obelisk ihlanganisa omunye wemifanekiso yamatshe eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu eyaziwa eMelika ngaleso sikhathi.
Isakhiwo singu-2,52 m ukuphakama nezinhlangothi ezingu-0,32 m no-0,12 m ububanzi. Ingxenye engaphezulu enenotshi inciphisa ingxenye engaphezulu yesishiyagalombili yobuso obubili obubanzi ibe amamitha angaba ngu-0,26. Ngaphandle kwenotshi, zonke izinhlangothi ezine ziyisicaba.
Isamba sesiyingi esisekelweni sicishe sibe imitha elingu-1 futhi umumo uncipha ngokulinganayo ukuya cishe kumamitha angu-0,87 ukuzungeza kunotshi. Ubuso obune noma ubuso buqoshwe kusukela phezulu kuye phansi emifanekisweni eqoshiwe ephansi.
Izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu
Abantu baseChavín basebenzisa izinto ezihlukahlukene zokwakha izakhiwo zabo. Itshe kwakuyizinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi imibhoshongo, imithombo, amaplaza, amapulatifomu kanye nezakhiwo zakhiwe ngayo. Nokho, izinto zokwakha zingashintsha kuye ngendawo ezungezile.
Ngokwesibonelo, ezindaweni eziphakeme ezinengozi enkulu yemvula, kwakusetshenziswa itshe, kodwa ezindaweni ezisogwini ezinemvula encane, lakhiwa ngodaka nenhlabathi, ngakho izakhiwo zazisaqinile kodwa zigcinwe ngezinto zokwakha.
Eminye imisebenzi ebalulekile
Phakathi kwezakhiwo zayo ezivelele zezakhiwo kukhona iPampa de las Llamas - Moxeque, isethi yamaphiramidi angu-2 abhekene, eshiya isikhala phakathi nendawo yeplaza enkulu kunazo zonke esifundeni sase-Ancash, ePeru. I-Pacopampa, isakhiwo semivubukulo esitholakala ezintabeni zasePeru, nayo iphakathi kwemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu. I-Pacopampa yayiyindawo yokuqala lapho i-Chavín yasendulo yayisebenzisa i-metallurgy.
IChongoyape, okuyimanje enesikhungo sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, bekuyisihlalo sesibili semikhosi yabantu baseChavín. I-Garagay, enye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zempucuko yaseChavín yasendulo. Iqukethe inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinto zobumba ezaziwa kusukela ePeru yasendulo.
Isitayela, amasu kanye nemisebenzi
Njengoba iwukwakhiwa kwale mpucuko, isitayela sokuqala sokuklama kwesakhiwo esasakazekela kuso sonke isifunda sase-Andean, imakwe ngokugxila okuqinile ngokomoya kanye namasu okwakha amasha.
Yini eyayibonisa ukwakheka kwesiko Chavin
Okokuqala, ukwakhiwa kwesiko laseChavín kwakhiwe ngezigaba ezimbili, ezahlukaniswa esikhungweni semikhosi saseChavín de Huántar, ngenxa yalokho, eyokuqala ibhekisela esakhiweni sokuqala esibizwa ngokuthi iThempeli Elidala, elashiywa ngemva kokunwetshwa. ukunikeza isikhathi sesibili, esinqunywa ukwakhiwa kweThempeli Elisha.
Umdwebo wezakhiwo we-Chavín wawuphawulwe ngokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezimise u-"U". Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhe amapulatifomu okuphakamisa amathempeli anemibukiso engaphansi komhlaba. Baphinde basebenzisa imihlobiso enjengama-lintels, ama-cornices namakhanda e-nail adumile.
Ukwengeza, laba bakhi abangochwepheshe bakha amaphiramidi ancishisiwe anephaseji noma amagumbi angaphansi, izikwele eziwunxande ezicwile, kanye nemigodi eyindilinga. Ngenxa yalokhu, basebenzisa itshe njengempahla yokwakha izintaba, kuyilapho ogwini basebenzisa udaka ne-adobe.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, abakwaChavines babenolwazi oluthuthukisiwe lomsindo kubunjiniyela bamanzi, njengoba imisebenzi efana neyaseChavín de Huántar yayinemisele eyenza imisindo efana nokubhonga nokugeleza kwamanzi.
Impela konke ukuklanywa kwezikhala nezindawo zezakhiwo zesiko lalesi sizwe kwakunezinjongo ezivelele zenkolo nezombusazwe.
Imisebenzi ebalulekile ye-architecture Chavin
Imisebenzi yezakhiwo ephawuleka kakhulu yesiko lakwaChavín isatshalaliswa eminyangweni elandelayo yasePeruvia:
Ancash.
Itholakala esifundazweni sase-Huari, e-Chavín de Huántar, ithathwa njengesikhungo sokuhambela esibaluleke kakhulu e-Andes, esakhiwe ngezakhiwo ezinemibhoshongo encishisiwe, njengethempeli elidala, i-El Castillo noma ithempeli elisha kanye ne-obelisk yaseTello, okubonisa ubuciko obuhle bobunjiniyela nekhono lokuphatha ukuqoshwa kwamatshe.
Cajamarca
Kufakwe esiqongweni segquma esifundazweni sase-San Pablo, i-Kuntur Wasi noma i-Casa del Cóndor, ibhilidi elalinethonya le-Chavín, elihlanganisa amapulatifomu anezitebhisi, iplaza elingunxande ngezansi nezitebhisi ezine eziholela ezakhiweni ezihlukahlukene zomngcwabo kanye ne-monolithic.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eSierra Norte, kunePacopampa, isakhiwo esinamapulatifomu amathathu abekwe phezulu asesimweni sephiramidi encishisiwe.
Ezinye izikhumbuzo eziphawulekayo zezakhiwo zesiko laseChavín yiChongoyape eLambayeque, iCaballo Muerto eLa Libertad, iGaragay eLima kanye neChupas e-Ayacucho, ngaleyo ndlela iyingxenye yomfanekiso omkhulu wemilingo wenkolo yale mpucuko.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye: