Ngalesi sihloko ezithakazelisayo ungathola konke mayelana Cultura Chachapoyas, inkolo yakho nokunye. Ungayeki ukuyifunda! futhi uzokwazi eminye yemininingwane ebaluleke kakhulu yempucuko yayo yasendulo kanye namanxiwa ezakhiwo zayo.
Isiko le-Chachapoyas
Isiko lamaChachapoyas, elakhiwa iqembu lemiphakathi ezimele, lahlala emahlathini ase-Andes esenyakatho yePeru. Isifunda esibonakala ngezimvula ezicishe zingapheli, ukuba namafu, uhlaza oluwugqinsi namaxhaphozi.
Ngale ndlela, yandisa indawo yayo phakathi kuka-800 no-1570 AD. C. cishe amakhilomitha angama-300 ngaphezu kweminyango yamanje yase-Amazonas naseSan Martín.
Isifinyezo esingokomlando sesiko le-Chachapoyas
AmaChachapoya ayeyinzalo yabanye abantu base-Andean abavela kwamanye amazwe, abashintsha isiko labo ngokuhlanganisa amasiko namasiko ase-Amazon. Lesi siko lachuma ngokwehlukana, lachuma ngesikhathi sakudala, nokho, ngekhulu le-15 lahlanganiswa neTahuantinsuyo.
Ngenxa yalokho, labo ababebizwa ngokuthi amaqhawe amafu, naphezu kokuphikisa ukubusa kwamaInca, banqotshwa ngokushesha. Nokho, ukuvukela okungapheli kwamaChachapoya kwaphoqa amaInca ukuba awahlukanise ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zendawo.
Cishe ngo-1532, lapho kufika leli koloni, amaChachapoya asekela abaseSpain ekunqobeni kwabo, kodwa lokhu kwagcina kwehlisa inani labantu abambalwa ababekhona, laze lanyamalala.
Izici zesiko Chachapoyas
Impucuko yamaChachapoyas yayakhiwe ubuholi obuncane obabutholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme zoMfula i-Utcubamba. Wonke lamadolobha, ayenemikhuba efanayo, ayengawezombangazwe ezizimele futhi ayebuswa isigaba sabapristi, esasiholwa i- curaca. Izizathu kuphela zokuhlanganiswa kwalezi zifundazwe kwakungezempi nezenkolo.
Ngokuphathelene nomsebenzi wezomnotho, ezolimo zazivundile, njengoba inhlabathi yakule ndawo yayivunde kakhulu. Amazambane, i-olluco, i-oca, amazambane ababayo kanye nezitshalo zequinoa nazo zithuthukise ukuzingela, ukuqoqa kanye nokufuya.
Izinkolelo zesiko Chachapoyas
Ngenxa yobuncane bobufakazi bokunquma ukuthi obani onkulunkulu abakhulu besiko lamaChachapoyas, kukholelwa ukuthi babekhulekela inyoka, i-condor ne-jaguar. Okuqinisekisiwe ngempela ukuthi ezinkolelweni zabo kwakukhona ihlelo labafile.
Isiko lomngcwabo wesiko lamaChachapoyas lalihlanganisa ukusonga izinsalela zomufi ngendwangu. Kungcwatshwa ezindaweni ezingazodwa noma ezindaweni eziphakeme zezintaba, ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zamathuna:
I-Sarcophagi: Izinkolelo zesiko le-Chachapoyas sarcophagus
Zakhiwe ngomoba nobumba, zazifakwa kuphela ngaphakathi kwezinsalela zomuntu, ngokuvamile eziba nkulu. Izindawo ezivelele njengeKarajía, Ayachaqui, Léngate, Pueblo de los Muertos, Chipiruc ne-Ucaso.
Ama-Mausoleums noma amathuna amakhulu: izinkolelo zamasiko ama-chachapoyas mausoleums, ayengamathuna asesimweni sezindlu, ezakhiwe ngamatshe e-chicola nodaka, ezipendwe izindonga zangaphandle ezinophahla lwe-gable.
Le modeli itholakala eRevash, Sholón, Laguna de los Cóndores, Los Pinchudos, Pueblo de los Muertos, Guanlic, La Petaca-Diablohuasi.
Ukwakhiwa kwesiko leChachapoyas
Uma kukhona into ehlukanisa isiko le-Chachapoyas, yisakhiwo sayo, esinqunywa izakhiwo ezenziwe ngamatshe, ama-friezes futhi ahlotshiswe ngemihlobiso yobujamo bejometri noma imiklamo ye-iconographic yezinyoka emadwaleni ngokuphindaphindiwe.
Izindlu ngokuvamile zaziyiziyingi, zisekelwa igumbi elingaphansi elinezitebhisi noma ama-ramp aholela emnyango. Ezinye zezakhiwo ezivelele zesiko le-Chachapoyas zaziyizi:
Kuelap.
Chachapoyas Culture Architecture Kuelap. Idolobha elivikelwe elinezindonga eziphakeme ezingaphezu kwamamitha angu-600, elisendaweni ephakeme ye-Andes yase-Amazonian emaphethelweni ewa.
Njengoba yayineminyango emithathu kuphela, yayinesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi semizila kanye nokukhipha amanzi emvula emiseleni ehamba kule ndawo. Inezakhiwo ezingaba ngu-500, eziningi zazo eziyindilinga, ezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi:
Torreon, isakhiwo esingamamitha angu-7 ukuphakama esasisebenza njengesivikelo ekuhlaseleni okungenzeka okuvela emadolobheni angomakhelwane.
imbobo, emise okwe-cone ehlanekezelwe futhi ingaphezudlwana kwamamitha angu-5 ukuphakama, yayiyindawo yokuhlola izinkanyezi.
Castillo Kwakuyikhaya lombusi wesiko lamaChachapoyas, elinesakhiwo esingunxande esakhiwe amapulatifomu amathathu.
I-Pajaten Enkulu; Itholakala ehlathini lase-San Martín, le nqaba ebabazekayo ibonise amafrieze anezithombe ezingokomfanekiso ze-anthropomorphic figures ezinezingalo nemilenze evulekile noma izinyoni ezinamaphiko anwetshiwe. Cishe izakhiwo ezingamashumi amabili zakhiwe endaweni, ezintathu zazo ezinobubanzi obungamamitha angu-15.
Ukubonakaliswa kwesiko le-Chachapoyas
Phakathi kwezinkulumo eziyinhloko zobuciko zesiko le-Chachapoyas yilezi:
I-Cerámica
Ngobuhle kwakuwubuciko obulula be-ceramic obunemisebenzi ye-utilitarian futhi eyenziwe ngobumba. Ukuze benze lokhu, babesebenzisa amaphini okugoqa, okungukuthi, baxova amasilinda amade obumba ngeminwe yabo.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko kwakuyizitsha ezisaqanda, izimbiza eziyisicaba ezinezibambo, kanye nemikhumbi eyimbulunga. Ihlotshiswe ngamaphethini ejiyomethri apendiwe noma imigqa eqondile noma egobile.
Isikhuhlu
Imicimbi yesiko le-ceramic ye-Chachapoyas, benza i-sarcophagi yabahlonishwa abangasekho, benza nezibalo zokhuni ezifana ne-Pinchudos, izithombe ababezisebenzisa njengemihlobiso yezakhiwo ezazinama-phalluses amakhulu ahlobene nokuzala. Baphinde baqopha izimo ze-anthropomorphic ematsheni futhi benza amafrieze okuhlobisa.
Indwangu
Njengomsebenzi womngcwabo, ayengabaluki abahle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ukotini, okungamabhande asetshenziswa kakhulu.
Ukushiya imisebenzi esobala yezakhiwo nemingcwabo, isiko lamaChachapoyas kungenzeka ukuthi laliyimpucuko ephakeme yasePeru yasendulo, nokho, isiphetho salo sisulwe yizenzakalo zomlando.
Okuncane Okuncane NgeSiko LamaChachapoyas
Ake sikhulume kancane ngomunye weLos Chachapoyas, ikakhulukazi indawo ebizwa ngokuthi; UKuélap, noma Cuelap.
UKuélap
Kuyindawo ebalulekile yokuvubukula yangaphambi kwe-Inca esenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Andes yasePeru, esifundazweni saseLuya, yakhiwe isiko laseChachapoyas.
Yakha iqoqo elikhulu lezakhiwo zamatshe elibonakala ngesimo salo esiyisikhumbuzo, elinenkundla enkulu yokwenziwa, eqondiswe ukusuka eningizimu kuye enyakatho, ebekwe onqenqemeni lwetshe lomcako esiqongweni seCerro Barreta (engamamitha ayi-3000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle). Ipulatifomu inweba cishe ngamamitha angama-600 futhi inodonga oluzungezayo olufinyelela kumamitha ayi-19 ukuphakama ezindaweni.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwayo bekufanele kuqale cishe ngekhulu le-XNUMX, okuhambisana nesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwesiko le-Chachapoyas, futhi umsebenzi wawo bekufanele ufinyelele umvuthwandaba phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX.
Izindonga zayo ezinkulu kanye nezakhiwo zangaphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi kufakazela umsebenzi wayo njengeqembu labantu elihleleke kahle, elihlanganisa izindawo zokuhlala zokuphatha, ezenkolo, zemikhosi kanye nezihlala unomphela.
Indawo nokufinyelela
I-Kuelap archaeological complex itholakala emnyangweni we-Amazonas, esifundazweni saseLuya. Kungenwa kumgwaqo wesifunda saseLeimebamba, ushiya umgwaqo wetiyela eNuevo Tingo.
Eduze nosebe loMfula i-Utcubamba, lapho indlela iqhubeka khona endleleni ekhuphukayo, ize ifike ethafeni eliseduze netshe lesikhumbuzo, lapho kukhona indlela eqonda ngqo eNtabeni.
Ukufinyelela kungenzeka futhi ngomgwaqo owumqansa oqala edolobheni lase-El Tingo, eduze nogu lwase-Utcubamba, ngebanga elingamakhilomitha angu-8,9 kanye nokwehla ngamamitha angu-1.200. Kusukela ngomhla ka-2 Mashi 2017, le ndawo izofinyeleleka kusetshenziswa izimoto zamakhebula.
Ukutholwa
Lesi sici esibalulekile sokwakhiwa kweChachapoyas sahlala singanakwa kwaze kwaba ngu-1843. Isizathu siwukuthi le ndawo ayifinyeleleki kalula, enamahlathi futhi ingaphansi kwezimvula ezihlala njalo.
Nokho, ngo-January 31 wonyaka okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla, phakathi nomsebenzi kule ndawo, uJuan Crisóstomo Nieto, ijaji laseChachapoyas, wakwazi ukubabaza ubukhulu bayo eqondiswa abantu bendawo ababeyazi kakade le ndawo yemivubukulo. Leli qiniso lingabhekwa "njengokutholwa" kwe-Kuelap.
Kamuva, leyo ndawo yanaka izazi ezithile futhi yafuna ukwazi ngezinto zakudala. Phakathi kwabo, umFulentshi uLouis Langlois, owayihlaziya ngeminyaka yawo-1930, no-Adolf Bandelier, owayichaza ekuqaleni, bagqama.
Kodwa-ke, kwakungumvubukuli wasePeruvia kanye nesazi-mlando uFederico Kauffmann Doig owachitha isikhathi sakhe esiningi efunda futhi ecwaninga indawo namasiko eChachapoyas.
Descripción
Ukufinyelela okuyinhloko: Umnyango oyinhloko ufakazela ukusetshenziswa kwawo kwezibalo eziphakeme, hhayi nje ngenxa yokuma kwawo nemininingwane yezakhiwo, kodwa nangenxa yokubekwa kwamatshe amaningi ekwakhiweni kwawo ahlotshiswe ngezimpawu ezihlukahlukene zenkolo, okuhlanganisa ubuso nezilwane, inganekwane, izinyoka. , kanye nezimpawu.ezinokuqukethwe okujulile kwezenkolo.
Kulokhu kufinyelela, ubufakazi benqubo yokukhula kwesayithi buye bagcinwa, ikakhulukazi izendlalelo ezinkulu zokugcwalisa ezivumela ngokulandelana ukunwetshwa kokufinyelela, kokubili ekuphakameni nasekukhuleni kwangaphakathi.
Ithempeli elikhulu: ingenye yezikhungo ezingcwele ezibaluleke kakhulu zetshe lesikhumbuzo. Lesi sakhiwo, esisesimweni sekhoni ephendukile, silinganisa u-13.5m ububanzi phezulu, lapho kuye kwaqoshwa khona ubufakazi obanele beminikelo ehlukahlukene emicikilishweni eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa ukubekwa kwamathambo abantu ngaphakathi kwesitsha. ingaphakathi, eliguqulwe kahle laba yindlu enkulu yamashaneli.
Eduze kwesakhiwo, kutholwe ukungcwatshwa kwabantu kanye neminikelo eminingi kusukela ogwini olusenyakatho, njengeSierra de Ayacucho eningizimu neCajamarca enyakatho.
Inkundla eyindilinga: etholakala ngokushesha odongeni oluseningizimu yesiza, yayinomsebenzi ohlobene eduze neMeya ye-Templo. Umlingiswa obhekele ukusebenza kwethempeli bekufanele ahlale kule nkundla.
Ukuphela kwendaba ye-Kuelap kuhlotshaniswa nokubulawa kwabantu okukhulu okwenzeka kuphela ngaphakathi kwemingcele yalesi sigcawu, esingafaki abesifazane, kodwa kwenziwa iqembu lendawo elihlelekile, esimweni sokungqubuzana kwamandla. .
Leli qiniso lalandelwa umlilo omkhulu ophawula izinsuku zokugcina zokuhlala endaweni. Isenzakalo esinjalo esidabukisayo kumelwe ukuba senzeka cishe ngo-1570, lapho isimiso sezinkantolo zaseNdiya sisungulwa umbuso wamakoloni waseSpain. Enkabeni yalesi sigcawu kwakunebhokisi lamathambo amathambo elifana naleli eliqoshwe engxenyeni engenhla nemaphakathi yeMeya yeTemplo.
Idolobha Eliphezulu; itholakala enyakatho nasentshonalanga yesiza futhi inodonga oluyihlukanisayo futhi ihlukanise nayo yonke indawo yokuhlala.
Inemikhakha emithathu echazwe kahle, engafinyelelwa ezindaweni ezimbili, eyodwa enikeza ukufinyelela embonini yaseNyakatho nePhakathi kanti enye ivumela ukufinyelela kuphela emkhakheni waseNingizimu, okuyindawo yokuhlala.
Izindawo zokuhlala ezengeziwe e-Alto Sur: Ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esikhethekile, kuye kwatholwa ithuna le-Inca, lengane esemusha, lineminikelo yezinga eliphezulu, kuhlanganise nezitsha zobumba ezinhle, izinto zokhuni ezicekelwe kabi, nendandatho yensimbi yasekhaleni.
Kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuwumnikelo wohlobo lwe-Capacocha, isiko lama-Inca elisezindaweni ezibaluleke kakhulu ezingokwenkolo embusweni.
Indawo emaphakathi yePueblo Alto; lo mkhakha bekufanele wenze umsebenzi womphakathi ngesikhathi sokugcina somsebenzi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, zingaki kuphela ezinezakhiwo ezintathu zesikwele nezingunxande, kusukela esikhathini se-Inca, ezidlulana nezakhiwo eziyisiyingi ezindala.
Emaphethelweni aseningizimu ale ndawo kunesakhiwo esingama-quadrangular esicekeleke phansi, esiqukethe imingcwabo eminingi yabantu. Lesi sakhiwo kumele sibe nophahla olugxunyekwe noma olune-gable. Ngezansi kukhona imikhondo yezakhiwo ezindala.
Umsebenzi
Ngokuqondene nomsebenzi okwakhiwe ngawo lesi sizinda semivubukulo, impendulo egculisayo nayo ayikho. Itshe lesikhumbuzo livame ukuchazwa ngokuthi "inqaba", ngenxa yendawo yalo namandla nokuphakama kwezindonga zalo.
Abanye abavubukuli bazama ukubonisa ukuthi lesi siza, esingaphezu kwenqaba, sasingase sibe inqaba ehloselwe ukukhonza njengesiphephelo sabantu esimweni esiphuthumayo. Bathe ngenxa yalokho, mhlawumbe ngokufanisa, indima efanayo neyayidlalwa izifunda eYurophu yangenkathi ephakathi.
Izindonga eziphakeme ezimboze isiteji kanye nokufinyelela okuncane esigodlweni engxenyeni yayo yokugcina ziphakamisa, empeleni, ukuthi itshe lesikhumbuzo sase-Kuelap ngabe lakhiwe ukuze lisebenze njengesivikelo sokuzivikela, noma ukuthi okungenani beliyoba indawo evikelekile. abangeneleli. Kodwa lokhu okungenzeka akukona ngempela ukuphikisa ezinye, mhlawumbe ezibaluleke kakhulu, izincazelo.
Nazi ezinye izixhumanisi onentshisekelo kuzo: