Ashoka Omkhulu (268-232 BC) wayengumbusi wesithathu woMbuso WaseMauryan (322-185 BC), owaziwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ngokulahla impi, wachaza kabanzi ngomqondo wokuthi Dhamma (ukuziphatha okuhle komphakathi), ubuBuddha basakazeka futhi babusa ngokungaguquki inhlangano yezombangazwe ecishe ibe ngamaNdiya.
El Umbuso waseMauryan Yafinyelela ukuphakama kwayo phakathi nokubusa kuka-Ashoka, kusukela e-Iran yanamuhla kuya cishe kulo lonke izwekazi laseNdiya. Ekuqaleni u-Ashoka wakwazi ukubusa lo mbuso omkhulu ngokulandela izimiso zesivumelwano sezombangazwe I-Arthashastra, okuthiwa uNdunankulu u-Chanakya (owaziwa nangokuthi u-Kautilya no-Vishnugupta, 350-275 BC) ehhovisi ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Chandragupta (321-297 BC), umkhulu ka-Ashoka nomsunguli wombuso.
Ashoka, ngaphandle kokuhlupheka
Ashoka , cishe igama elanikezwa umbusi lapho ezalwa, lisho “ngaphandle kokuhlupheka”. Kodwa-ke, emibhalweni eqoshwe ngamatshe yaziwa ngokuthi i-Devanampiya Piyadassi, okusho ukuthi ngokwesazi-mlando uJohn Keay (ngokuvumelana kwezazi) kusho. "Abathandwa bonkulunkulu" kanye "nohlobo".
Eminyakeni yokuqala yokubusa kwakhe, u-Ashoka kuthiwa wayengenasihluku ikakhulukazi, waze waqala umkhankaso wokulwa noMbuso waseKalinga. Ngaphandle kwezimiso zakhe, konke esikwaziyo ngaye kuvela emibhalweni yobuBuddha, emphakamisa njengesibonelo sokuguquka nokuziphatha okuhle.
Ngemva kokufa kuka-Ashoka, umbuso awudala nomndeni wakhe wathatha iminyaka engaphansi kwengama-50 futhi nakuba wayengumbusi omkhulu kunawo wonke weminye yemibuso emikhulu futhi enamandla kakhulu yasendulo, igama lakhe lalahleka kuze kube yilapho likhonjwa isazi saseBrithani kanye nesazi sasempumalanga uJames Prinsep (1799-1840 AD) ngo-1837 AD Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, u-Ashoka. iye yaqashelwa njengenye yamakhosi athakazelisa kakhulu asendulo ngesinqumo sakhe sokwenza kanjalo yeka impi, ngenxa yokuqina kwakhe ekuphishekeleni ukubekezelela inkolo nomzamo wakhe onokuthula wokuba ubuBuddha buqashelwe njengenye yezinkolo ezinkulu zomhlaba.
Ubusha nokuvuka emandleni
En los I-Puranas (I-encyclopedia yamaHindu ekhuluma ngamakhosi, amaqhawe, izinganekwane nonkulunkulu), nakuba igama lika-Ashoka livela, ukuphila kwakhe akukhulunywa. Imininingwane yobusha bakhe, ukuphakama kwamandla, nokuphika impi ngemuva komkhankaso weKalinga ufika kithi emithonjeni yamaBuddha, ezicini eziningi, ezibhekwa njengenganekwane kunomlando.
Usuku lokuzalwa luka-Ashoka akwaziwa, kodwa kuthiwa wayengomunye wabantwana abayikhulu iNkosi uBindusara (100-297 BC) aba nayo nomunye wamakhosikazi akhe. Igama likamama liyahlukahluka kuye ngemithombo, komunye umbhalo ubizwa ngokuthi Subhadragi, komunye ngokuthi Dharma. Futhi isigaba sokuhlangana siyahlukahluka ngokuya ngemibhalo ecatshangelwayo, kwezinye ichazwa njengendodakazi ye-Brahmin, i-caste ephakeme kakhulu yezenhlalo, kanye nenkosikazi eyinhloko yaseBindusara.
Kwabanye njengowesifazane ophansi nonkosikazi omncane. Iningi lezazi liye layilahla indaba yamadodana angu-100 kaBindusara futhi likholelwa ukuthi u-Ashoka ungowesibili emadodaneni amane. USusima, umfowabo omdala, wayeyindlalifa efanele yesihlalo sobukhosi futhi u-Ashoka wayenethuba elincane lokubusa, ikakhulukazi njengoba wayengeyona intandokazi kayise.
UBindusara wanika indodana yakhe u-Ashoka ibutho elingenazikhali
Enkantolo wathola imfundo esezingeni eliphezulu, wafundiswa i-karate futhi wafundiswa ngokulandela izimiso ze i-artashastra njengendodana yenkosi, nakuba yayingathathwa njengomuntu ozokhethwa esihlalweni sobukhosi. I i-artashastra iyincwadi ehlanganisa izindaba ezihlukahlukene zezenhlalo kodwa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, iyibhukwana lesayensi yezombangazwe equkethe iziyalezo eziphathelene nayo indlela yokubusa ngempumelelo. Bekungabhalwa uChanakya njengondunankulu kaChandragupta, owakhetha futhi waqeqesha uChandragupta ukuthi abe umbusi. Ngenkathi u-Chandragupta elahla i-Bindusara, laba bakamuva kuthiwa bafundiswe ngokuhambisana nomthetho. i-artashastra futhi ngenxa yalokho, cishe ngokuqinisekile, babenjalo nabantwana bakhe.
Cishe eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala, u-Ashoka wathunyelwa ohambweni oluvela enhloko-dolobha yasePataliputra ukuya eTakshashila (Taxila) ukuze aqede ukuvukela. Inganekwane ithi uBindusara wanika indodana yakhe ibutho elingenazikhali; ngomzuzwana wesibili kuyoba ukungenelela okungaphezu kwemvelo ukukulungisa. Ngokwenganekwane efanayo, U-Ashoka waba nesihawu ngalabo ababeka phansi izingalo lapho befika. Awekho ama-akhawunti ohambo luka-Ashoka oluya eTaxila, kodwa ukubaluleka komlando kunamathiselwe kuyo ngokusekelwe emibhalweni namagama ezindawo, nakuba imininingwane ingaziwa.
Ukusuka othandweni kuya empumelelweni
Ngemuva kokunqoba kweTaxila, uBindusara wathumela indodana yakhe ukuthi ibambe idolobha elibalulekile kwezohwebo lase-Ujjain. Nakulokhu, u-Ashoka ukwazile ukufeza umsebenzi ngempumelelo. Imininingwane yokuthi wakufeza kanjani lokhu ayaziwa, njengoba, njengoba uKeay ephawula, "okwakubhekwa njengokubalulekile ngokwemilando yamaBuddha kwakuwukuthandana kwakhe nendodakazi yomthengisi wendawo". Igama lalo wesifazane kwakungu-Devi (owaziwa nangokuthi uVidisha-mahadevi) wasedolobheni laseVidisha okwathi, ngokwamasiko athile, wabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekwethuleni i-Ashoka kuBuddhism. Amazwana abalulekile:
Ngokusobala, wayengashadile no-Ashoka, okungenani wayezimisele ukuhamba naye ePataliputra futhi abe enye yezindlovukazi zakhe, kodwa. wamnika izingane ezimbili, umfana nentombazane. Indodana, uMahinda, yayizohola umkhankaso wamaBuddha eSri Lanka futhi umama kungenzeka ukuthi kakade wayengumBuddha; lokhu kuzokwandisa amathuba okuthi u-Ashoka asondele ezimfundisweni zikaBuddha (ngaleso sikhathi).
Devi kanye Buddhism
Ezinye izinganekwane zithi u-Devi wethula u-Ashoka eBuddhism, kodwa abanye basikisela ukuthi u-Ashoka wayesevele engumBuddha lapho ehlangana noDevi futhi kungenzeka ukuthi wabelane ngezimfundiso zakhe. UbuBuddha kwakuyihlelo lezenkolo nepolitiki eliseceleni kwelaseNdiya ngaleso sikhathi, ingesinye sezikole zomcabango eziningi ezihlukene (njenge-Ajivika, iJainism, kanye neCharvaka) ezazilwela ukuvunywa kanye nohlelo lwenkolelo yobuorthodox. i-sanatan dharma ("ukuhleleka kwaphakade"), okwaziwa kangcono ngokuthi ubuHindu. Intshisekelo ebudlelwaneni buka-Ashoka no-Buddhist Devi omuhle, kunokuba impumelelo yakhe yokuphatha, ingabonwa njenge umzamo wokugcizelela ukuxhumana kwasekuqaleni kombusi wesikhathi esizayo nenkolo lokho kungamenza adume
U-Ashoka wayesese-Ujjain ngenkathi i-Taxila ivukela futhi. Kulokhu uBindusara wathumela uSusima owayesesemkhankasweni ngesikhathi uyise egula wathi akabuye. Nokho, izikhonzi zombusi zakhetha u-Ashoka esikhundleni, owabizwa futhi wathweswa umqhele (ngokwezinganekwane ezithile, wazithwesa umqhele) lapho uBindusara efa. U-Ashoka wabe esenza ukuba uSusima (noma abefundisi bakhe) abulawe ngokuphonswa emgodini wamalahle lapho ashiswa khona waze wafa. Inganekwane isho lokho U-Ashoka naye wabulala abanye abazalwane abangu-99., kodwa izazi zithi wabulala ababili kuphela nokuthi omncane, uVitashoka, walahla ukulandelana waba indela engumBuddha.
I-Kalinga War kanye nokuzinikela kwe-Ashoka
Lapho eqala ukubusa, kubikwa ukuthi u-Ashoka wazibonakalisa njengo umdlwembe ononya nononya efuna injabulo ngezindleko zezikhonzi zakhe, ezazijabulela ukuhlukumeza abagwetshiwe futhi bevalelwe emajele abo aziwa ngokuthi Isihogo sika-Ashoka noma Isihogo Emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, u-Keay ukhomba umehluko phakathi kokuxhumana kuka-Ashoka neBuddhism ngo-Devi kanye nokuvezwa kombusi omusha njengedemoni eligcwele igazi eliphenduke u-saint, ephawula:
Imithombo yamaBuddha ivame ukuchaza indlela yokuphila ka-Ashoka yangaphambi kobuBuddha njengokuzitika, kodwa egcwele unya. Ngakho-ke ukuguqulwa kwaba okungavamile kakhulu ngoba "ngendlela efanele yokucabanga" ngisho ne-monster ingaguqulwa ibe yisibonelo sobubele. Le fomula, ngoba yayiyiyo, yayivimbela noma yikuphi ukwamukelwa kwesithakazelo sokuqala sika-Ashoka eBuddhism, futhi lokhu kungase kuchaze ukuziphatha okunonya okuthiwa kuye ngemva kokufa kukaBindusara.
Ukuthi kule nkolelo-mbono kukhona isikhwama seqiniso lomlando kungatholakala ezimisweni zika-Ashoka lapho kuchazwa ukuziphatha kwakhe okunonya nokungenasihawu; ngokuqondile, i-Edict XIII yeNsika Enkulu ibhekisela eMpini yaseKalinga nokuchitheka kwegazi okwalandela. Umbuso waseKalinga, osogwini oluseningizimu yePataliputra, wajabulela ingcebo eningi ngokuhweba. Umbuso waseMauryan wawuzungeza i-Kalinga futhi izinqubomgomo ezimbili ngokusobala zaphumelela ekusebenzelaneni kwezohwebo. Akwaziwa ukuthi yini eyadala umkhankaso weKalinga, nokho, ngo-260 BC. C., i-Ashoka yahlasela umbuso yenza isibhicongo esadla ukuphila kwezakhamuzi ezingu-100.000 150.000 kanye nokudingiswa kwabanye abangu-XNUMX XNUMX, okushiya abanye bebulawa indlala nezifo.
Inkundla efanayo yempi yashintsha i-Ashoka
Ngemuva kwalokho, kuthiwa u-Ashoka uhambe enkundleni yempi futhi, ukubukela ukufa nokubhujiswa okubangelwe, wezwa ushintsho olukhulu lombono yena ngokwakhe alulandisa ku-XIII Edict:
Ekunqobeni uKalinga, Othandekayo Wonkulunkulu (Ashoka) wazizwa ezisola; lapho izwe elizimele linqotshwa, ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi, ukufa nokudingiswa kwabantu kuba buhlungu kakhulu koThandekayo Wonkulunkulu futhi kumkhathaza kakhulu… , abamaziyo, amaqabane nezihlobo... Namuhla, uma ikhulu noma inkulungwane lalabo ababulawa noma abafa noma abadingiswa ngenxa yokuthathwa kukaKalinga behlupheka ngendlela efanayo, kungaba nzima emqondweni we Sthandwa Sami .
Ashoka ngaleso sikhathi wayilahla impi futhi wajoyina ubuBuddha, kodwa kwakungelona ukuguquka kungazelelwe, njengoba kuvame ukwenzeka, kodwa ukwamukelwa kancane kancane kwezimfundiso zikaBuddha okungenzeka ukuthi wayesejwayelene nazo. Ngaphambi kwalokho okwenzeka eKalinga, kungenzeka ukuthi u-Ashoka wayewazi umlayezo kaBuddha futhi akazange awuthathe ngokungathí sina, okwamvimbela ukuba aguqule ukuziphatha kwakhe nganoma iyiphi indlela. Lokhu kuziphatha okufanayo kuye kwaphawulwa ezinkulungwaneni zabantu—amakhosi adumile, ojenene noma labo amagama abo ayolibaleka—abathi bangabenkolo futhi bagcine isikhathi bengayinaki imithetho yayo eyisisekelo.
Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi ulwazi luka-Ashoka ngeBuddhism lwaluyisisekelo futhi kwakungemva kukaKalinga lapho ethatha uhambo olungokomoya efuna ukuthula nokuzikhulula okwamholela ekukhetheni izimfundiso zobuBuddha phakathi kwezindlela eziningi ezitholakalayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yikuphi, u-Ashoka wayeyokwamukela izimfundiso zikaBuddha ngendlela ayengayenza ngayo njengenkosi futhi enze ubuBuddha isikole esiyinhloko somcabango wenkolo.
Indlela yokuthula nokugxeka
Njengoba kusungulwe ngokomlando, lapho eseba umBuddha, u-Ashoka waqala indlela yokuthula futhi wabusa ngobulungisa nesihe. Wayeka ukuzingela ukuze ahambe uhambo olungcwele; wasungula i-vegetarianism, lapho kanye kwahlatshwa amakhulu ezilwane ngamadili emakhishini asebukhosini. Ngaso sonke isikhathi wayetholakala ukuze axazulule izinkinga zezikhonzi zakhe nemithetho esekelayo eyayizuzisa wonke umuntu, hhayi nje abantu abaphakeme nabacebile.
Ulwazi mayelana nokubusa kuka-Ashoka ngemva kweMpi yaseKalinga luvela emibhalweni yamaBuddha, ikakhulukazi leyo i-Sri Lankanezinqumo zakhe. Nokho, izazi zanamuhla ziye zangabaza ukunemba kwale ncazelo, ziphawula ukuthi u-Ashoka akazange abuyisele umbuso kwabasinde eMpini yaseKalinga, futhi abukho ubufakazi bokuthi wasusa abadingiswa abangu-150.000 XNUMX. Futhi akazange enze noma yimuphi umzamo wokuqeda izikhali. .futhi kunobufakazi bokuthi isazosetshenziswa ukuqeda ukuvukela ngomzamo wokugcina ukuthula.
U-Artashastra, umbhalo oyisithenjwa we-Ashoka
Konke lokhu kucatshangelwa kuwukuhunyushwa okunembile kobufakazi, kodwa akunaki umlayezo oyisisekelo we- i-artashastra, umbhalo oyisithenjwa wokuqeqeshwa kuka-Ashoka, owawusetshenziswa futhi uyise nomkhulu wakhe. I i-artashastra kwenze kucace lokho umbuso onamandla ungaphathwa kuphela umbusi onamandla. Umbusi obuthakathaka uzozinikela kuye nasezifisweni zakhe, umbusi ohlakaniphile uzocabangela inhlalakahle ehlangene. Ngokulandela lesi simiso, u-Ashoka wayengenakukwazi ukwethula ngokugcwele ubuBuddha njengenqubomgomo kahulumeni ngoba, okokuqala, kwakudingeka alondoloze isithombe esiqinile emphakathini, futhi okwesibili, iningi lezifundo zakhe lalingewona amaBuddha futhi lalizoyizonda inqubomgomo enjalo. .
U-Ashoka kungenzeka ukuthi uzisole ngokwakhe ngempi yaseKalinga futhi ngibe noguquko ngobuqotho, kodwa akakwazanga ukubuyisela uKalinga kubantu bakubo noma ahoxise ukudingiswa ngoba kwakuyomenza abonakale eyizifunda ezibuthakathaka, eziqinisa isibindi noma amazwe angaphandle ukuze enze izenzo ezinobutha. Okwenziwayo kwenziwa futhi umbusi waqhubeka nokufunda emaphutheni akhe, ezimisele ukuba indoda nenkosi engcono.