Kusukela emagagasini omuntu okuqala afika kwaze kwaba yilapho kufika abaseSpain ezwenikazi laseMelika, kwamiswa amaqembu azuza intuthuko enkulu nemangalisayo. Lapha sizokwazi ukuthi ukuthuthuka kwe- amasiko angaphambi kweColumbian.
Amasiko angaphambi kwe-Columbian
Uma kukhulunywa ngamasiko e-Pre-Columbian, kubhekiselwa kubantu ababehlala endaweni eyaziwa namuhla ngokuthi i-generic Americas, ngokoqobo kwaze kwaba ukufika kukaChristopher Columbus ekhulwini leshumi nanhlanu. Nokho, empeleni, elithi "pre-Columbian" lihlanganisa wonke umlando wamasiko aboMdabu baseMelika kuze kube yilapho lawo masiko eshabalala, ancipha, noma asakazeka ngaphansi kwethonya laseYurophu, ngisho noma lokhu kwenzeka eminyakeni eminingi, ngisho namakhulu eminyaka, ngemva kokufika kukaColumbus. eLatin America, igama elivamile elithi pre-Hispanic.
Inani labantu baseMelika
Sekuyisikhathi eside kunenkulumompikiswano yesayensi mayelana nokuthi abantu baseMelika baqala kanjani futhi nini. Enye yemibono eyamukelwa kakhulu ithi izakhamuzi zokuqala zaseMelika zaziyigagasi labantu abayimizulane abavela e-Asia abangena kuleli zwekazi ngeBering Land Bridge, manje eyiBering Strait, phakathi namakhulu eminyaka ambalwa, ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA mitochondrial eyazuzwa okhokho base-Amerindi. ubufakazi bokuthi izakhi zofuzo eziningana zivela e-Asia.
Kodwa-ke kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi kunomehluko omkhulu emaqenjini abomdabu eNingizimu Melika aphakamisa ukuthi imvelaphi yawo ingaba amaMelanesia noma ama-Australia angaphambili.
Iqiniso lokuthi izinsuku ezamukelwa kakhulu umphakathi wesayensi, lezo zeClovis eNyakatho Melika zangonyaka we-12900 kanye nonyaka ka-13500 AP (ngaphambi kwamanje) kanye nempucuko yaseMonte Verde eChile yangonyaka we-14800 AP ifaka ukungabaza indawo yokuhlala kuphela ngesiqondiso esisenyakatho-eningizimu.
Amasiko aseMelika
Kulo lonke izwekazi laseMelika kwakunamasiko amaningi angaphambi kweColumbian kanye nempucuko eminingi. Lokho okubizwa ngamasiko aphezulu angaphambi kwe-Columbian ngochwepheshe kwachuma eMesoamerica nase-Andes. Lawa masiko abonakala ngokuzuza uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwenhlangano yezombangazwe nezenhlalakahle kanye nokumelwa okuphawulekayo kwezenkolo nezobuciko. Amanye amaqembu abantu ezwekazini awazange afinyelele izinga lamasiko lamasiko aphezulu angaphambi kwe-Columbian, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuminyana kwabantu abaphansi kanye nempilo yabo ye-semi-nomadic.
Amasiko aseMelika angaphambi kwe-Columbian adala futhi athola izinto ezibalulekile kanye nentuthuko enjengamakhalenda awo amangalisayo, intuthuko yawo kwezolimo njengokuthuthukiswa kokwakhiwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zommbila namazambane, intuthuko enkulu yezakhiwo, izinhlelo zokunisela, ukubhala okuthuthukisiwe kanye nezibalo, izinhlangano zezombangazwe nezenhlalo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Amasiko ase-Pre-Columbian aseNyakatho Melika
Isimo sezulu saseNyakatho Melika sasingazinzile phakathi nenkathi yama-archaic, sizinza cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi edlule. Lesi simo sezulu sabangela ukuba ama-paleoindians okuqala afuduke ngamaqembu amancane asakazekela kuwo wonke amazwe aseMelika, efuduka esuka endaweni eyodwa eya kwenye njengoba izinsiza zazidliwa. Ngemva kwezinkulungwane zeminyaka, phakathi nenkathi ye-Middle Archaic, kwaqala ukuvela izinhlobo ezithile zenhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi.
Izindunduma zobumba zokuqala ezenzelwe izinjongo zezenkolo endaweni yase-Monte Sano eSigodini sase-Lower Mississippi zahlehlela emuva ku-6500 BC, eziningi zalezi zindunduma zatholakala ezifundazweni zamanje zase-US eLouisiana, Mississippi naseFlorida.
Isiko laseMississippi
Isiko likaMississippian lalingelinye lamasiko amakhulu kakhulu angaphambi kwe-Columbian ayekhona eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-United States phakathi kwekhulu lesi-1539 nele-XNUMX. Leli siko lalibonakala ngokwakhiwa kwezindunduma zokungcwaba. Kwavela e-Mississippi River Valley. Cishe kube nomthelela kumasiko e-Tennessee River Valley. Cishe zonke izinto ezivubukulwe zangomhla zamuva zesiko laseMississippian zihlehlela emuva ku-XNUMX, lapho umnqobi waseSpain u-Hernando de Soto ehlola le ndawo. Bonke abantu besiko laseMississippi babenokuningi okufanayo okufanayo:
Ukwakhiwa kwezindunduma zokungcwaba-amaphiramidi aneziqongo ezincishisiwe, phezu kwalezi zindunduma, ezinye izakhiwo zakhiwe: izakhiwo zokuhlala, amathempeli, ukungcwaba, njll. Ukulima okusekelwe kummbila kwezinye izikhathi kukhulu. Isingeniso kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-molluscs yomfula, ngezinye izikhathi olwandle, njengesengezo sobumba lwe-ceramic. Amanethiwekhi okuhweba abanzi anabela entshonalanga eziNtabeni ZaseRocky, enyakatho kuya eGreat Lakes, eningizimu kuya eGulf of Mexico, nasempumalanga kuya e-Atlantic Ocean.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhungo sobukhosi noma isigaba samakhosi esinamazinga amaningi. Ukuthuthukiswa nokuqiniswa kokungalingani komphakathi. Ukufakwa endaweni eyodwa kwamandla ahlangene ezepolitiki nawenkolo ezandleni zabantu abambalwa noma oyedwa nje. Isiko laseMississippian lalingenalo ukubhala noma izakhiwo zamatshe. Babekwazi ukucubungula izinsimbi, kodwa abazange bazincibilikise.
izizwe zomlando
Ekufikeni kwabantu baseYurophu, amasiko angaphambi kwe-Columbian aseNyakatho Melika ayenenani elikhulu lezindlela zokuphila, kwakukhona imiphakathi yezolimo ehlala phansi kanye namaqembu angama-semi-nomadic abazingeli nabaqoqi. Phakathi kwamaqembu ahlezi, amaNdiya asePueblo, amaMandan, amaHidatsa nabanye abavelele. Kwezinye izimo bakhe izindawo zokuhlala ezilinganisiwe ngisho namadolobha afana neCahokia, endaweni namuhla ehlala idolobha lesimanje lase-Illinois.
Amasiko e-Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica
Isifunda esiqala enkabeni yeMexico siya eningizimu kuya enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeCosta Rica saziwa ngokuthi iMesoamerica. Kulesi sifunda, iqembu lamasiko angaphambi kwe-Columbian ahlobene nomunye nomunye ngokwesiko athuthukiswe isikhathi esicishe sibe yiminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezintathu. Lawa masiko angaphambi kwe-Columbian azuze intuthuko enkulu njengokwakhiwa kwamaphiramidi namathempeli amakhulu, ulwazi oluyinkimbinkimbi kwizibalo, isayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nemithi. Bakha amakhalenda okubhala, anembe kakhulu; baphumelele kwezobuciko kanye nezolimo ezijulile.
EMesoamerica kwakunemibuso eminingi, imibuso kanye nezifunda zamadolobha eziqhudelana zodwa, nokho amasiko aphambili angaphambi kweColumbian esifundeni kwakuyi: Olmec, Teotihuacan, Toltec, Mexica kanye namaMayan.
Impucuko yase-Olmec
Impucuko yase-Olmec indala kunazo zonke ezaziwayo zaseMesoamerican. Imodeli yamasiko eyasungulwa ama-Olmec yasebenza njengesibonelo samasiko omdabu awaphumelela. Cishe ngonyaka wezinkulungwane ezimbili namakhulu amathathu ngaphambi kukaKristu endaweni yomfula iGrijalva, i-Olmec yokuqala yaqala ukwenza izitsha zobumba. Ama-Olmec andisa ithonya lawo kuyo yonke iMexico yanamuhla ngohlobo lwawo lohulumeni, amathempeli awo nemibhoshongo yawo eyinqaba, ukubhala kwawo, isayensi yezinkanyezi, ubuciko bawo, izibalo zawo, umnotho wawo, nenkolo yawo.
Impucuko yaseTeotihuacan
Idolobha laseTeotihuacán, ngolimi lwesiNahuatl elisho ukuthi "idolobha lonkulunkulu", lihlehlela emuva ekupheleni kwenkathi yangaphambi kwakudala, cishe iminyaka eyikhulu ngemva kukaKristu. Akwaziwa kahle ukuthi obani abasunguli bayo, kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi i-Otomi yayibambe iqhaza kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwayo. Ngemva kokuthola ukulawula isifunda, iTeotihuacán yathuthuka ngempumelelo futhi yaba idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke hhayi eMesoamerica kuphela, kodwa emhlabeni wonke.
Idolobha lalithembele ngokuphelele kwezolimo, ngokuyinhloko ukutshalwa kommbila, ubhontshisi, namathanga. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye yezombangazwe nezomnotho yayisekelwe ezimpahleni ezivela kwamanye amazwe: izitsha zobumba, ezikhiqizwa eSigodini sasePuebla-Tlaxcala, kanye nemithombo yemvelo yaseSierra de Hidalgo. Yomibili imikhiqizo yaziswa kakhulu kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica futhi yathengiswa njengezinto zikanokusho ezindaweni ezikude zaseNew Mexico naseGuatemala. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-Teotihuacán yaba i-eksisi eyinhloko yenethiwekhi yezohwebo yaseMesoamerican.
Impucuko yaseTarascan-Purepecha
Ekuqaleni kwayo, imiphakathi eminingana ezimele yahlala endaweni eyayizoba umbuso waseTarascan, umholi wabantu basePurépecha, okuthiwa iTariacuri, wanquma ukuhlanganisa imiphakathi eyayihlala osebeni lwasePátzcuaro ibe yisifunda esisodwa esiqinile, esabe sesaba ukuhlanganisa imiphakathi ehlala ogwini lwasePátzcuaro. elinye lamasiko ase-pre-Columbian athuthuke kakhulu eMesoamerica.
Ngaphandle kwenhloko-dolobha yawo, iTzintzuntzan, lo mbuso wawulawula amadolobha angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye. Umbuso weTarascan wawuhlukaniswa ngolwazi lwawo kwezensimbi futhi wasebenzisa ithusi, isiliva negolide ekwenzeni amathuluzi, izinto zokuhlobisa, izikhali nezikhali.
Impucuko yamaMeya
AmaMayans ayengabadali besiko laseMesoamerican elithuthuke kakhulu nelidume kakhulu. Izici eziningi zesiko lamaMaya ziyefana nemikhuba yabanye abantu abazungezile, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhalenda amabili, isimiso sezinombolo zamadesimali, ukutshalwa kommbila, izinganekwane ezithile ezinjengamalanga amahlanu, inkolo yeNyoka Enezimpiko, namaMaya. unkulunkulu wemvula, okuthiwa Chak ngolimi Mayan.
AmaMayans awazange akhe umbuso owodwa, kodwa ayebumbene ngamaqembu amancane, elwa njalo.
I-elite yayilawula ezolimo futhi, njengakuyo yonke i-Mesoamerica, yakhokhisa izintela emazingeni aphansi, okubavumela ukuthi baqoqe izinsiza ezanele zokwakha izikhumbuzo zomphakathi ezigunyaza amandla abo kanye nezikhundla zomphakathi. Ngesikhathi se-Early Classic, cishe ngo-370, i-Maya elite yagcina ubuhlobo obuqinile neTeotihuacán, futhi mhlawumbe i-Tikal, elinye lamadolobha amaMaya amakhulu kakhulu kule nkathi, yayingumngane obalulekile weTeotihuacán, elawula ukuhweba eGulf Coast nasezindaweni eziphakeme.
Impucuko yama-Aztec
Kuwo wonke amasiko angaphambi kwe-Columbian aseMesoamerica, uMbuso Wama-Aztec ungomunye odume kakhulu ngomcebo wawo namandla ezempi, atholakala ngokuxhashazwa kwabanye abantu. Ama-Aztec ayevela enyakatho noma entshonalanga yeMesoamerica. Izakhamuzi zesifunda saseMexico iNayarit zazikholelwa ukuthi i-Aztlán yasenganekwaneni yayisesiqhingini saseMexcaltitán.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imvelaphi, amasiko amasiko ama-Aztec ayengahlukani kakhulu nalawo aseMesoamerica yakudala. Eqinisweni, babenezici ezifanayo nabantu baseMesoamerica emaphakathi. Ama-Aztec ayekhuluma ulimi lwesiNahuatl, olwalusetshenziswa nangamaToltec namaChichimecas abafika ngaphambili.
Amasiko ase-Pre-Columbian aseNingizimu Melika
Ngokwezilinganiso, phakathi nenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka emahlathini, ezintabeni, emathafeni nasezigwini zaseNingizimu Melika kwakukhona izakhamuzi eziphakathi kwezigidi ezingamashumi amahlanu nekhulu. Amaqembu alezi zakhamuzi ahlelwa aba imiphakathi engahlali phansi, okwakubaluleke kakhulu kuyo iMuisca yaseColombia, iValdivia yase-Ecuador, amaQuechua nama-Aymara asePeru naseBolivia.
Impucuko yaseNorth Chico
Kuyimpucuko yangaphambi kweColumbian yesifunda saseNorte Chico noma saseCaral, ogwini olusenyakatho-maphakathi nePeru. Yisifunda esidala kunazo zonke esaziwayo sangaphambi kweColumbian eMelika, sachuma phakathi kwekhulu lama-XNUMX nele-XNUMX ngaphambi kukaKristu esikhathini esibizwa nge-pre-ceramic period (ngasikhathi sinye nokudlondlobala kwempucuko yaseGibhithe lasendulo, eMesophothamiya nase-Indus Valley).
Elinye igama livela egameni lendawo yaseCaral eSigodini saseSupe enyakatho yeLima, lapho kwatholakala khona indawo enkulu yemivubukulo yaleli siko. UCaral watholwa okokuqala ngumvubukuli wasePeruvia uRuth Martha Shady Solís ngo-1997.
Ngokusho kwe-nomenclature ye-archaeological, i-Norte Chico iyisiko le-pre-pottery yesikhathi se-archaic sekwephuzile; asikho isampula ye-ceramics, inani lemisebenzi yobuciko etholakele lincane kakhulu. Impumelelo ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu yesiko laseNorte Chico ukwakhiwa kwayo kwezikhumbuzo, ezinamapulatifomu agingqikayo namaplaza ayindilinga. Ubufakazi bemivubukulo bubonisa ukuthi leli siko linobuchwepheshe obuthile bokwenza izindwangu.
Umbuso wama-Inca
I-Inca Empire inkulu eNdiya eNingizimu Melika ngokwendawo kanye nenani labantu. Yayithatha indawo kusukela ePasto yanamuhla eColombia kuya eMfuleni iMaule eChile. Lo mbuso wawuhlanganisa yonke indawo manje ebizwa ngokuthi iPeru, iBolivia, ne-Ecuador (ngaphandle kwengxenye yezindawo eziyisicaba ezisempumalanga, ezimbozwe amahlathi angadluleki), ingxenye yeChile, Argentina, neColombia.
Uphenyo lwemivubukulo lubonisa ukuthi inani elikhulu lezinto azifezile ama-Inca azithola empucukweni yangaphambili, kanye nasezizweni ezingomakhelwane ezazingaphansi kwazo.
Ngesikhathi sokuvela endaweni yomlando yama-Inca eNingizimu Melika, kwakukhona uchungechunge lwempucuko: i-Moche (eyaziwa ngezitsha zayo ezinemibala kanye nezinhlelo zokunisela), i-Huari (lesi sifundazwe sasiyisibonelo soMbuso Wama-Inca, nakuba inani labantu likushilo, ngokusobala ngolimi oluhlukile, isi-Aymara), i-Chimú (i-ceramics kanye nesakhiwo sezakhiwo)
Ezinye izimpucuko kwakuyilezi: I-Nazca (eyaziwa ngokudala imigqa ebizwa ngokuthi i-Nazca, kanye nezinhlelo zabo zokuhlinzeka ngamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, izitsha zobumba), i-Pukina (impucuko yedolobha laseTiahuanaco elinabantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-40, empumalanga yedolobha. ILake Titicaca), i-Chachapoyas ("Amaqhawe Asemafu", eyaziwa ngenqaba yayo esabekayo i-Kuelap, ebizwa nangokuthi "i-Machu Picchu del Norte").
Isiko leChavín
Isiko lamaChavín yimpucuko yangaphambi kweColumbian eyayikhona ezindaweni eziphakeme ezisenyakatho ye-Andes endaweni yasePeru yanamuhla kusukela ngo-900 kuya ku-200 BC. Isiko lamaChavín lalisesigodini saseMosna, lapho kuhlangana khona imifula iMosna neHuachecsa. Lesi sigodi sisendaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-3150 ngaphezu kolwandle, okwamanje sihlala abantu baseQuechua, Hulka kanye namaPuna.
Indawo edume kakhulu yemivubukulo yesiko laseChavín amanxiwa e-Chavín de Huántar, phezulu ezintabeni zase-Andean enyakatho yeLima. Idolobha kukholakala ukuthi lakhiwa cishe ngo-900 BC. C. futhi yayiyisikhungo senkolo sempucuko yaseChavín. Njengamanje, leli dolobha limenyezelwe njengeNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba yi-UNESCO. Kukhona ezinye izikhumbuzo ezibalulekile zalesi siko, isibonelo, inqaba yaseKuntur Wasi, ithempeli laseGaragay elinezithombe ze-polychrome, nezinye.
Nazi ezinye izixhumanisi onentshisekelo kuzo: