Amaqabunga Esihlahla: Izinhlobo, Ungawabona Kanjani? Futhi nokuningi

I-Las amaqabunga esihlahla, kanye namagxolo awo, ubukhulu bawo nokuma komqhele waso, kusisiza ukuba sihlukanise isihlahla kwesinye. Ngamunye we amaqabunga ezihlahla nezitshalo, inesici esibahlukanisa kwesinye, yingakho kunenkolelo yokuthi lezi zifana neminwe yezihlahla.

Ayini amaqabunga esihlahla?

Amaqabunga ezihlahla aziwa njengesitho semifino esihlala sicaba futhi esifeza umsebenzi oyinhloko wokwenza i-photosynthesis. Ukukhuluma nge-anatomically kanye ne-morphologically yeziqu namaqabunga ezihlahla nezitshalo ngokujwayelekile, lezi zihlobene ngokuqinile futhi ndawonye, ​​lezi zitho ezimbili zakha isiqu sesitshalo.

Amaqabunga ajwayelekile noma ajwayelekile kakhulu, aziwa nangokuthi ama-nomophiles, akuzona kuphela esingazithola ekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo naphakathi nomjikelezo wazo wokuphila ngokujwayelekile.

Njengoba ukuhluma kwesitshalo kuqala, amaqabunga azalwa ngayinye yalezi angaba uhlobo oluhlukile, ama-cotyledons (uma kwenzeka amaqabunga okuqala), ama-prophyll, ama-bracts nama-anthophyll (uma kwenzeka izimbali).

lezi ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo zamaqabunga esihlahla, ayoba nesimo esihlukile futhi asebenze komunye nomunye.

umsebenzi wamaqabunga esihlahla

Omunye wemisebenzi eyinhloko yamaqabunga ezihlahla nazo zonke izitshalo ukuthi asinika esinye sezici ezibalulekile zokuphila kule planethi, umoya-mpilo.

Amaqabunga agcwalisa umsebenzi wokuthatha i-carbon dioxide etholakala emoyeni futhi ayilungise ngaphakathi kwawo ngenkathi inqubo ye-photosynthesis yenziwa, ngale ndlela, ingasiza ekuhlanzeni umoya futhi, thina Inikeza umoya-mpilo ukuthi bonke abaphilayo. izinto zidinga ukusinda.

umsebenzi wamaqabunga esihlahla

Nakuba lokhu kungewona kuphela umsebenzi waso, ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqabunga nawo anesibopho sokugcina isihlahla siphila, ngoba ngaso, kwenziwa inqubo ye-photosynthesis, enikeza isitshalo ukudla futhi isisize sikhule futhi siphefumule.

Ingxenye yesihlahla iyashiya

Njengoba sesishilo, amahlamvu amelela iminwe yezihlahla, lokhu kusho ukuthi isihlahla ngasinye sineminwe yaso, lokhu kusho ukuthi ngasinye sazo sinesici esiyingqayizivele kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwaso.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye ezakha amaqabunga, ngoba ngale ndlela, kuyoba lula kakhulu ngathi ukuqonda ukuthi zihlukaniswa kanjani.

UPeterole

Lokhu kutholakala esisekelweni esinomthwalo wokuhlanganisa igatsha nesiqu sesitshalo, saziwa nangegama lesisekelo sefoliar. Ingaziwa njengoba inomumo omncane futhi oyi-cylindrical, nakuba, ngezinye izikhathi, ingaba yincane kakhulu, icishe ibe mncane, noma isitshalo singase siswele.

iqabunga lesihlahla petiole

Izitifiketi

Ezitshalweni ze-vascular, ama-stipules angatholakala ohlangothini ngalunye lwesisekelo seqabunga, lokhu kubonisa ukuthi banesimiso sabo sokuthutha i-sap, ngaphezu kwalokhu, bangafika ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene kanye nokubunjwa.

Ngokuvamile, eyodwa itholakala eqabungeni ngalinye lesihlahla futhi umsebenzi wayo ukuvikela i-leaf primordium, uma isifinyelele ekupheleni kokukhula kwayo, ngokuvamile iyanyamalala.

I-Limbo

Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-lamina, lokhu kubhekisela endaweni eyisicaba yeqabunga, kuyo, ingxenye engaphezulu yaziwa ngokuthi i-beam futhi ngokuvamile inombala omnyama kancane, kuyilapho ingxenye engezansi yaziwa ngokuthi ngaphansi futhi ihlale ilula. ngombala.

I-blade ivame ukuhlukaniswa ngokonqenqema lwayo njenge: iphelele noma ibushelelezi, i-lobed, i-toothed, i-cleft, i-split noma i-serrated.

Isihlokwana

Ukuphela kweqabunga kuyaziwa kanjalo, okungukuthi, ingxenye ephambene nesisekelo seqabunga. Kwamanye amaqabunga, i-apex ayikwazi ukuchazwa ngokucacile, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, kuye ngokuthi umumo, i-apex ingase noma ingabonisi ngokucacile noma ichazwe.

Ubambo

Lokhu kubhekisela kunethiwekhi yezinzwa ezingabonakala eqabungeni, lapho i-sage ijikeleza khona, ngale ndlela, iqabunga lingakwazi ukuxhumana nesitshalo sonke.

isikhuphasha sekhwapha

Lokhu kutholakala endaweni yokuxhumana phakathi kwesiqu neqabunga, umsebenzi walo ukukwazi ukudala amahlumela angazalana esikhathini esizayo noma ahlale elele esitshalweni.

izingxenye zamaqabunga esihlahla

Ukwahlukaniswa kwamaqabunga esihlahla

Amaqabunga ezihlahla, ngokuvamile, anqunywa ngenxa yemvelo etholakala kuyo, ngenxa yalokhu, iqabunga lithatha ifomu elisiza ukuba libe nokuvumelana okuphumelelayo.

Sizokwazi ukuthi kuqoqwa kanjani abahlukene izinhlobo zamaqabunga esihlahla namagama azo:

Ngenxa yokuma kwayo

  • Okulula: Yilabo, kusukela ku-petiole, iqabunga elilodwa kuphela elizalwa, lokhu kusho ukuthi kuneqabunga elilodwa kuphela nge-petiole.
  • Inhlanganisela: Kulesi simo, ngokuphambene nangaphambili, amaqabunga ahlukahlukene achazwe azalwa avela ku-petiole, eyaziwa ngokuthi amapheshana.

Ngenxa yobambo lwayo

  • I-Uninervia: Yilawo mahlamvu ane-central nerve kuphela, singabona lolu hlobo lwamaqabunga ephayini.
  • Ama-Plurinervias: Ngokuphambene ne-uninervias, kulawa maqabunga, singabona ukuphindaphinda okuningi kwezinzwa.

amagama amaqabunga esihlahla

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamahlamvu, uthola kulawulwa ukuma, unqenqema, imizwa kanye nokwethulwa anakho. Namuhla, sizokwethula kwezinye izici ezingakusiza ukuthi uthole ishidi ngalinye kuye ngokuthi libukeka kanjani.

amagama amaqabunga esihlahla

Kuye ngesimo seshidi lakho

Ngalokhu kuhlukaniswa, sibeke izinhlobo ezahlukene zezindlela lapho amaqabunga ezihlahla angabonwa khona, nokho, kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi kubhekiselwa endaweni eyisicaba lapho kwenzeka khona i-photosynthesis.

Ake sazi ukuthi ayini lawa mafomu:

  • I-Ensiform: kulokhu, amaqabunga anesimo esifana nenkemba futhi ukuqedwa kwawo kukhomba.
  • i-acicular: Ukuma kwayo kufana nenaliti, inwetshiwe futhi ibukhali, inokuphela kwe-apex ecacile futhi echazwe.
  • I-Filiform: kulokhu amaqabunga mancane kakhulu, afana nezintambo.
  • Komugqa: lawa amaqabunga amancane futhi amancane anemiphetho ehambisanayo.
  • I-Oblanceolate: kulokhu, amaqabunga afana nomcibisholo, nakuba angase abe oval.
  • I-Oblong: inomumo oyisiyingi ovame ukuba mude kunobubanzi.
  • I-oval: Kulokhu, i-blade inomumo we-elliptical.
  • I-Rhomboid: Lawa mahlamvu anesici kanye nesimo esifana nese-rhombus.
  • i-ovate: Lolu hlobo lwamaqabunga lunomumo ofana noweqanda, isisekelo salo sibanzi kunesihloko futhi i-apex yalo ichazwa ngokusobala.
  • Obovate: lokhu kuphambene ne-ovate, i-apex yayo ibanzi kunesisekelo.
  • Intambo: ukuma kwaleli qabunga kufana nenhliziyo.
  • Kuvinjelwe: Le blade imise okwenhliziyo ehlanekezelwe, iphambene nentambo.
  • I-Deltoid: ukubukeka kwayo kufana nohlamvu lwesiGreki, isisekelo sayo sibanzi futhi isihloko sayo silungile.
  • I-Orbicular: enomumo oyindilinga.
  • lungisa kabusha: enesimo esifana kakhulu nesimo sezinso.
  • Spatula: Lolu hlobo lwamaqabunga lunomumo ofana nowama-spatula, anesisekelo esincanyana kanye ne-apex ebanzi.
  • I-Flabellate: ukwakheka kwayo kufana nokokuphephetha.
  • I-Panduriform: efana kakhulu neyesiginci, njengoba iqala ngesisekelo esibanzi esinwebeka sibheke phezulu.
  • ilire: kulokhu, sibona iqabunga eliqala ububanzi esisekelweni, lifinyele phakathi nendawo, bese linwebeka futhi liye phezulu.
  • iqhutshiwe: lawa mahlamvu ahlukaniswe abe ama-lobe athi ukujula kancane futhi akhonjiswe ngasesisekelo sawo, unqenqema olungaphezulu lwaleli qabunga luyakholisa kuyilapho eliphansi liqondile.
  • Kubuyekeziwe: leli qabunga linesihloko esicijile lapho ama-lobe amabili ahlukene angabonwa khona esisekelweni.
  • Sagittate: nakuba lokhu nakho kunesimo esifana nesomcibisholo, isisekelo saso sinezimbobo ezimbili ezibukhali.

Amaqabunga ezihlahla ngokweshidi lawo

Ngokusho kokuma kwe-apex

Njengoba sesivele sazi, i-apex yeqabunga ngalinye isendaweni yayo yokugcina, okungukuthi, sikhuluma ngethiphu ephambene nesisekelo. Lokhu kungabonisa isimo lapho isitshalo sitholakala khona.

Lapho i-apex ifa, lokhu kusitshela ukuthi kunezinkinga zesimo sezulu, ngempande yesihlahla, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile komanyolo, ukungcola ngokweqile nezinye izakhi. Manje, sesizokwazi ukuthi zihlukaniswa kanjani futhi Uhlobo lwamaqabunga zezihlahla ngokuma kwamathiphu azo:

  • I-Acuminate: lezi zethula i-apex echazwe kahle noma itheminali.
  • I-Agudo: Kulokhu, i-apex ine-angle ebukhali.
  • i-accuminate ebukhali: Kulesi simo, singabona ukuthi i-elliptical blade inomkhawulo obukhali ngendlela yephuzu elihle.
  • I-Apiculate: kulokhu, i-apex iqala ukwakha ngokushelelayo kuze kube yilapho iphela endaweni enhle.
  • I-Caudate: kulokhu, i-apex ibonakala inde, ifana nomsila.
  • Kubekwe icala: lena inesimo esibucayi kakhulu kune "acumidate ngokuzumayo", kulokhu, i-apex ifinyelela iphuzu elihle.
  • I-Mucronate: kulokhu, i-apex icishe ingabonakali, ngakho-ke ithiphu ayibonakali noma ayibonakali ngeso lenyama.
  • I-Mucronulate: efana ne-apiculate kodwa enethiphu elincane kakhulu.
  • Obtuse: Kulokhu, i-lamina i-elliptical futhi i-apex isesimweni se-obtuse angle.
  • Okuyindilinga: Kulokhu, i-apex iyindilinga ngokuphelele.
  • Inqanyuliwe: ubukhona bawo bucishe buqonde, bufane nalapho busikwa.
  • Sebenzisa kabusha: i-blade i-semi-straight noma ifana ne-neckline futhi i-apex yayo ilula kakhulu, okungukuthi, ayibonakali neze.
  • uphumile: kulesi simo, iqabunga linokuvulwa okuncane phezulu, kodwa kancane kakhulu.

Umuthi ushiya ngokwesiko lawo

Kuye ngesimo sesisekelo

Uma sikhuluma ngesisekelo samaqabunga, sibhekisela kuleyo ngxenye ekhulisiwe lapho isiqu sihlangana ne-petiole. Kwezinye izimo, singathola ama-appendages anomumo ohlukile. Kulezi zimo, isisekelo singahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezahlukene:

  • Acute: lokhu kwenzeka lapho isisekelo seqabunga sakha i-engeli ebukhali ne-petiole.
  • Obtuse: kulokhu, i-engeli eyakhiwe i-obtuse.
  • I-Acuminate: lapha, isisekelo seqabunga sakha unxantathu ophelele.
  • kufiphaziwe: lapha, i-lamina iyancipha ize ikwazi ukufinyelela ku-petiole.
  • Cuneate: kulokhu, izinhlangothi zama-blades ziqondile kuze kube yilapho zifika ku-petiole.
  • Intambo: i-blade yaleli qabunga ithatha isimo senhliziyo ize ifike ku-petiole.
  • lungisa kabusha: lokhu kufana kakhulu ne-chordate, isimo kuphela esithambile ngakho sifana kakhulu nokuma kwezinso.
  • Kubuyekeziwe: kulezi zimo, isisekelo sakha ama-lobe amabili ahlukene.
  • Sagittate: nakuba lokhu kufana ne-hastada, ukwehlukana kwayo kukhulu.
  • I-Auricular: Kulokhu kuhlukaniswa, kunamaqabunga awo isisekelo sawo sinezinsika ezimbili ezincane ezingasho lutho.
  • zungeleziwe: kulokhu, i-blade ihlanganiswe ne-petiole ngendlela eyindilinga.
  • Inqanyuliwe: i-blade inamathele cishe ngqo ku-petiole.
  • Akungalingani: nakuba ukuhlangana kwe-lamina ku-petiole kungalingani kodwa kunomumo oyindilinga.
  • I-Oblique: kulokhu, inyunyana phakathi kwe-petiole ne-lamina ayifani ngendlela engavamile.

Amaqabunga esihlahla ngokuya ngokuma kwesisekelo sawo

Ngokomkhawulo weshidi

Eyaziwa nangokuthi ngaphansi kwegama elithi "limbo", yilo elinikeza ukuma okungabonakala kusuka eqabungeni leqabunga, ngale ndlela, amaqabunga ngalinye lihlukile futhi liyabonakala. Phakathi kwezinto ezivame kakhulu esizitholayo yilezi:

  • Konke: Kuleli qophelo, alikho iphuzu elenza umehluko eshidini, ngoba lethulwa ngokushelelayo.
  • i-serrulated: Kulokhu, i-blade inama-spikes avela ngokulandelana futhi mancane kakhulu ngosayizi, afana kakhulu namazinyo emimese yokuthunga.
  • Sawn: ukuba khona kweziqongo ezingasho lutho kakhulu kuyaphawulwa.
  • Okusagwe kabili: lokhu kufana nokusaha, nokho-ke, iziqongo zigqame kancane futhi ungabona ubukhona bomgodi phakathi kwesinye sazo.
  • I-Crenate: lokhu kubuye kufane nokusaha, kodwa kulokhu, amaphayinti esikhundleni sokuba abe yi-peak-shape, angama-wavy kancane.
  • I-Lobed noma i-Lobed: Ukuma kwayo kungama-lobes aphimisa kahle, inezimbotshana eziphumela ngaphandle kanye nama-convexities angena ngaphakathi.
  • I-Sinuous noma i-scalloped: kulokhu, amaphuzu okuhlangana onqenqemeni anikeza umumo we-neckline kanye nokubunjwa kwe-concave.
  • Okugoqene: ama-concavities eliwavezayo aphumela ngaphandle futhi ama-convexities, kulokhu, angena ngaphakathi, nokho, aphansi kakhulu noma athambile.
  • Isigatshana: Ngenxa yokungahambi kahle elikuvezayo, libukeka liququdwa.
  • ukuguguleka: efana ne-wavy kodwa umumo ongajwayelekile.
  • Amazinyo noma amazinyo: ukuma komphetho waleli qabunga ku-serrated, nokho, ukuba khona kwawo kunameva amaningi, lokhu, ukuze kuvikelwe isitshalo ezilwaneni ezidla utshani.

Amaqabunga ezihlahla ngokohlobo lwesihlahla

Uhlobo lwamaqabunga isihlahla esinawo luyophinde luncike esimweni sezulu esichayeke kuso, indawo esikuyo kanye nesimo sesitshalo, okungukuthi, ukuthi sinempilo noma cha.

Izihlahla zihlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu amakhulu, lezo ezinamaqabunga ahlala eluhlaza, izihlahla zokuhlobisa kanye nalezo ezithela izithelo. Ake sifunde mayelana ukuhlukaniswa kwamaqabunga esihlahla:

  • Amaqabunga ezihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza: kulokhu, amaqabunga ezihlahla angabonakala unyaka wonke, isihlahla somnqumo siyisibonelo esicacile salolu hlobo lomuthi, njengoba lezi zinamaqabunga anamathele emagatsheni awo isikhathi eside noma phakathi nonyaka wonke.
  • Amaqabunga Esihlahla Sokuhlobisa: Lolu hlobo lwezihlahla lunamaqabunga aluhlaza, lokhu kusho ukuthi amaqabunga awo akhona isikhathi esithile, anamathele emagatsheni, ngokuvamile afakwe esimweni sezulu. Lezi izihlahla eziphukayoNgokuvamile zibonakala ngemibala yazo, ubukhulu kanye nokuma kwazo. Imibala yalokhu iyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ize iwe egatsheni.
  • Amaqabunga Esihlahla Sesithelo: Ezimweni eziningi, lezi zihlahla zinamaqabunga ahlala eluhlaza, okungukuthi, zinjalo amaqabunga ezihlahla noma izihlahlana ezihlala unyaka wonke. Izithelo zayo zikhula ngezikhathi ezithile nangaphansi kwezimo ezithile.

Ukubaluleka kwamaqabunga ezitshalo

Amaqabunga ezihlahla nezitshalo ngokujwayelekile, agcwalisa imisebenzi ethile ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni nasemhlabeni, yingakho kubalulekile ukuthi kube nezimila eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka eMhlabeni wethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulokhu kuvela i- Ukubaluleka kwezihlahla kanye namahlamvu awo eplanethi ngokujwayelekile.

Ake sifunde okwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi iyini le misebenzi ebalulekile:

Umjuluko

Lena inqubo efana kakhulu naleyo yokuhwamuka. I-Transpiration iyingxenye yomjikelezo wemvelo wamanzi futhi ohlanganisa ukulahlekelwa umhwamuko wamanzi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zesitshalo, ikakhulukazi ngamaqabunga, nakuba le nqubo ingenziwa futhi ngeziqu.

Kodwa-ke, ukuphefumula okuningi kwenzeka nge-stomata yezitshalo. Uma lesi sakhiwo sivulwa futhi sivalwa, sikhiqiza izindleko zamandla ezihambisana nalokhu kulahlekelwa kwesitimu.

Lokhu kuvumela ukusakazeka kwe-carbon dioxide ukuba kwenziwe, okubalulekile ekufezeni inqubo ye-photosynthetic kusuka emoyeni kuya endaweni yangaphakathi yeqabunga, ukuphuma komoya-mpilo ongaphakathi kweqabunga ukuya ngaphandle kanye nesikhathi, ukulahlekelwa umhwamuko wamanzi.

Ngenqubo yokuphefumula, ukupholisa kwesitshalo nakho kwenziwa, ngale ndlela, ukugeleza kwanoma iyiphi yazo zonke izakhi zamaminerali namanzi kuvunyelwe kusuka empandeni yesitshalo kuya emaqabunga.

Lokhu kugeleza kwamanzi amaningi asuka ezimpandeni aye eqabungeni kubangelwa ukwehla komfutho we-hydrostatic otholakala ezindaweni ezingenhla zesitshalo okubangelwa ukwanda kwamanzi asuka ku-stomata aye endaweni ezungezile.

Lawa manzi amuncwa izimpande emhlabathini, ngenxa yenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-osmosis, noma iyiphi imineral encibilika kula manzi izothuthelwa emaqabunga nge-xylem yesitshalo.

I-Photosynthesis

Enye yezinqubo eziyisisekelo zezihlahla nazo zonke izitshalo, ngazo izinto eziphilayo ziguqulwa zibe izinhlanganisela, futhi eziphilayo, ngenxa yamandla okukhanya (amandla elanga). Ngale nqubo, amandla okukhanya aguqulwa abe amandla amakhemikhali azinzile, futhi i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) iyi-molecule yokuqala lapho kugcinwa khona amandla amakhemikhali.

Ngaphambi kwalokhu, i-ATP isetshenziswa ngaphakathi kweseli, ukuze ukuhlanganiswa kwama-molecule aphilayo futhi azinzile kakhulu angenziwa, kunjalo icala lama-carbohydrate.

Ama-organelle e-cytoplasmic anesibopho sokwenza inqubo ye-photosynthesis ama-chloroplast, lezi yizakhiwo eziluhlaza ze-polymorphous (umbala ngenxa ye-chlorophyll yesitshalo) ezitholakala ngaphakathi kwamaseli ezitshalo.

Ngaphakathi kwalawa ma-organelles, kukhona igumbi lapho i-stoma itholakala khona, lokhu kubhekene nokugcina ezinye izingxenye, phakathi kwazo singathola ama-enzyme, aphethe ukuguqula i-carbon dioxide ibe yizinto eziphilayo, ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona futhi. ama-saccule ayisicaba aziwa ngokuthi ama-thylakoids noma ama-lamellae, anolwelwesi lapho kungatholakala khona izingulube ze-photosynthetic.

Ngokuvamile, ingqamuzana leqabunga ngalinye lingase libe nama-chloroplast aphakathi kuka-50 no-70. Lezo zidalwa ezikwazi ukwenza inqubo ye-photosynthesis zaziwa ngokuthi ama-photoautotrophs, anesibopho sokulungisa i-CO.2.

Njengamanje, ukuhlukaniswa kungenziwa ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zezinqubo ze-photosynthetic, okuyizi: i-oxygen photosynthesis kanye ne-anoxygenic photosynthesis. Eyokuqala yazo ingabonwa ezitshalweni eziphakeme ezifana ne-algae ne-cyanobacteria, lapho, onikeza ama-electron amanzi, ngakho-ke, ukukhululwa komoya-mpilo kwenziwa futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuqala umjikelezo we-oxygen.

Okwesibili, i-anoxygenic noma i-photosynthesis yebhaktheriya, yenziwa ngamabhaktheriya ansomi neluhlaza esibabule, lapho, onikeza ama-electron i-hydrogen sulfide, ngenxa yalokho, into yamakhemikhali ezokhishwa esikhundleni sokuba umoya-mpilo. isibabule, esingaqukethwe ngaphakathi kwamagciwane, noma singaphinde sixoshwe ngamanzi.

I-equation yamakhemikhali esetshenziselwa i-photosynthesis ngokuvamile ilandelayo:

2nCO2 + 2n HD2 + izithombe → 2(CH2O)n + 2nA

I-Carbon dioxide + donor ye-electron + amandla okukhanya → i-carbohydrate + i-electron donor ene-oxidized.


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  1. Ubhekele idatha: I-Actualidad Blog
  2. Inhloso yedatha: Lawula Ugaxekile, ukuphathwa kwamazwana.
  3. Ukusemthethweni: Imvume yakho
  4. Ukuxhumana kwemininingwane: Imininingwane ngeke idluliselwe kubantu besithathu ngaphandle kwesibopho esisemthethweni.
  5. Isitoreji sedatha: Idatabase ebanjwe yi-Occentus Networks (EU)
  6. Amalungelo: Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ungakhawulela, uthole futhi ususe imininingwane yakho.