Ama-Exosomes: Ziyini?, ukubaluleka kwazo nokunye

Noma ama-exosomes azinakwa emhlabeni wesayensi selokhu zatholwa, kusanda kutholakala ukuthi empeleni zibaluleke kakhulu emisebenzini yento ephilayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezivikelo kanye nokusabalala kwezifo. Thola okwengeziwe lapha!

isakhiwo exosomes

Ayini ama-Exosomes?

Okokuqala nje, kufanele sichaze ukuthi ama-vesicles ayizigaba ezincane ezikwazi ukuqoqa imfucuza ekhiqizwa amangqamuzana lapho enza imisebenzi yawo, futhi wona lawo ma-waste ayanyakaza noma awamunce. Manje, ake sicabangele ama-exosomes Ama-vesicle atholakala ngaphandle kweseli.

Lawa mabhaluni amancane akhiwa ulwelwesi lwe-plasma oluwazungezile futhi lwakhiwe yi- Isakhiwo se-DNA, i-RNA, i-miRNA, amaprotheni, i-lipids nezinye izakhi ngamanani amancane, lezi zingatholakala ezintweni ezikhiqizwa futhi ezifihliwe ngumzimba, njengegazi, umchamo noma izicubu.

Nakuba emangqamuzaneni kukhona nezinye organelles ukuthi ingxenye yabo, bonke banemisebenzi ehlukene futhi nokho exosomes ngokuvamile ukudideka nezinye izingxenye, noma akwaziwa ukuthi empeleni ukufeza ehluke kakhulu futhi imisebenzi ebaluleke ngokulinganayo.

Ukutholwa

I-Los ama-exosomes bafakazelwa phakathi nocwaningo olugxile emangqamuzaneni abomvu egazi angakavuthwa, noma asemancane kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho angawufezi umsebenzi okufanele awenze ngempela. Lokhu kwenzeka eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-50 edlule, kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, ukubukeka kwawo akuzange kuthathe ukubaluleka kwangempela ngaleso sikhathi njengoba ayedideka kalula nenye imfucumfucu ekhiqizwa amangqamuzana.

Kwaze kwafika u-1987 lapho ososayensi bakwazi ukuqamba lezi zinhlayiya ngokuthi ama-exosomes futhi baqhubeka bezinikeza incazelo efanele, nokho, baphinde banganakwa futhi lokho kwaze kwaba cishe eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule, lapho ulwazi olutholwe futhi lwadalulwa ngama-exosomes lwanda kakhulu.

Ukwakheka kanye Nezimpawu

Ama-vesicles e-intraluminal akwazi ukudala ama-exosomes, nokho, lezi aziveli kuwo wonke ama-vesicle futhi ngisho nanamuhla inqubo yokukhetha enquma ukuthi yiziphi izimbotshana ezikwazi ukukhiqiza lezi zihlukaniso ezincane akwaziwa.

Naphezu kwalokhu, kunemibono eminingi mayelana nokwakheka kwayo, esekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi ulwelwesi luyahlukana ngenhloso yokuvala ama-cytoplasms (aphuma ku-membrane). izingxenye zamaseli we-prokaryotic kanye ne-eukaryote). Inqubo ichazwa kanje; khona kanye phakathi nokwakheka kwe-vesicle, ulwelwesi luyaphuma endaweni yalo bese luhlanganisa ingqamuzana elakha i-cytoplasm.

Ama-exosomes mancane uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-extracellular compounds, akala phakathi kwama-nanometer angu-40 no-100. Lezi zinengxenye ye-DNA ebonakala futhi iqhathaniswe nesandulelayo, esizinikeza amandla okufeza imisebenzi ethile evuna into ephilayo.

Lesi yisizathu sokuthi ama-exosome athole ukuqashelwa okungaka muva nje, njengoba isayensi ifunde amathuba okuba awasebenzise njengokungenelela kunqubo ethile yebhayoloji eyonakalisayo noma elimaza uhlelo lwezinto eziphilayo.

Imisebenzi kanye Nokubaluleka kwama-Exosomes

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amaphesenti amakhulu olwazi olutholiwe mayelana nalawa ma-vesicles luvela ocwaningweni olwenziwa ukufakazela ukubamba kwawo iqhaza kanye negalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwezivikelo ezikhiqizwa umzimba ngokwemvelo ukumisa nokuqeda noma yisiphi isifo noma igciwane elishintshayo futhi lilimaze. umzimba.

Ikakhulukazi, ama-exosomes ayindlela evamile yokudlulisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaseli ahlukene, ngakho-ke abandakanyeka kakhulu ezinkambisweni nasezinhlelweni ezithuthuka emzimbeni kusuka kumaseli kanye nomsebenzi wawo ngamunye.

Nakuba ekuqaleni, imisebenzi yalezi zinto yayibukelwa phansi futhi yasibekela ezinye izinhlayiya, izifundo zamuva ziye zakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iminikelo yazo emzimbeni ayiyona into encane futhi inenani elikhulu ezinqubweni eziningi zesistimu yezinto eziphilayo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinalo ukuthi ucwaningo oluningi luye lwembula ukuthi ama-exosomes angaba wusizo kakhulu ekusekeleni amasosha omzimba, ngoba uguquko lokuziphendukela kwemvelo noma inqubo ingawenza ukudluliselwa okuphelele kokugcina nokudlulisa umuthi ekugxilweni okuhlukene kwamaseli, ngendlela. ukuthi lezi zikhiqiza kabusha futhi zizalane ngokushesha, zikwazi ukulwa nama-infectious agents kalula.

Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izinto ezingaba kuhle ngalawa ma-organelles, ngoba kuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi abandakanyeka enqubweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yezifo eziningi ngaphakathi komzimba, ngoba abakwazi kuphela ukuthutha imfucuza namaprotheni, bangakwazi futhi ukukhonza njengenhlangano. izindlela zokuxhumana phakathi kwamagciwane athathelwanayo namagciwane.

Ithonya lama-Exosomes kuCancer

Amangqamuzana omzimba kufanele agcwalise umjikelezo wokuphila lapho anda khona, athuthukise imisebenzi yawo futhi lapho eqala ukuwohloka ayafa, kanti umdlavuza uyisifo esiba khona lapho eqala ukuzala ngokushesha futhi nobukhulu bawo bukhula ngokwedlulele, yini zivumela ukuthi zifeze imisebenzi yazo futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, zivimbela ukusebenza kwamanye amaseli.

Lesi sifo singenziwa kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba, ngoba amangqamuzana ahlakazekile kuwo wonke umzimba futhi lokhu kwenzeka endaweni ethile lapho kukhiqizwa khona lokhu kuguqulwa ekubunjweni kwamaseli.

Into elimaza kakhulu ukuthi la maseli awagcinwa endaweni eyodwa, uma ethola ithuba lokuhlakazeka futhi adlulele kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba wethu, azokwenza lokho, okwenza lesi sifo sibe yisimo esinzima kakhulu ukusilawula, njengoba kungekho. ukunakekela ukulwa nesifo engxenyeni eyodwa yomzimba.

Isici esibalulekile futhi kulezi zimo yindawo lapho amangqamuzana asakazeka khona, ngoba izitho ezibalulekile ezihilelekile, isimo esiyingozi kakhulu kumuntu othwalayo.

Manje, ungahle uzibuze, ingabe i-exosomes ihlangene ngani nakho konke lokhu?Kuhle, kulula kakhulu; Lawa ma-organelle angenza kube lula ukusabalala kwamangqamuzana ayingozi kuwo wonke umzimba futhi alindele ukufika kwawo endaweni ethile, alungiselele indawo lapho efika futhi anqume ukuthi kufanelekile yini ukuthola isimila.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ochwepheshe bahlola futhi bathuthukise izakhiwo ze-exosomes ukuze zisetshenziswe ekuhlolweni okubizwa ngokuthi i-liquid biopsy, esetshenziselwa ukubona kalula amangqamuzana omdlavuza umzimba ongase ube nawo ngesampula yegazi, ngale ndlela isifo singaba khona. ukuhlaselwa kusenesikhathi futhi ukululama kungenzeka kube yimpumelelo.


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